Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.24966/ocr-8887/100055
Anushree Gupta
{"title":"A Case of Unilateral Optic Neuritis in a 13 Year Old Boy","authors":"Anushree Gupta","doi":"10.24966/ocr-8887/100055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/ocr-8887/100055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91268,"journal":{"name":"HSOA journal of ophthalmology & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44125704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.24966/ocr-8887/100054
S. Onwubiko
Aim: To investigate the variation in tear-film secretion and function between rainy and dry seasons among healthy adults in Enugu, Nigeria. Methods: This was a population-based, longitudinal study involving a cohort of 31 healthy adult Nigerians residing in Enugu in 2018. The objective tests for tear secretion (Schimer’s test) and function (tearfilm break-up time, TBUT) were conducted on the 62 eyes of the participants in January and July, the peaks of dry (D) and rainy (R) seasons, after obtaining their socio-demographic information. Their palpebral fissure height (PFH) and length, (PFL) were also obtained. Data was analysed using SPSS version 21. The level of significance was at p< 0.05. Results: The participants comprised of more females, 20 (64.5%) than males, with a mean age of 33.7 ± 9.6 SD years. They were mainly civil servants with tertiary education.The mean TBUT -R was 30.0 ±18.3 seconds and D, 15.6 ± 9.5. The mean Schirmer’s test-R was 25.2 ± 10.1 mm and D, 22.1 ± 11.2 mm. There was significant difference between these means in rainy and dry seasons. (p =0.000 TBUT, p = 0.04 Schirmer’s test). When TBUT and Schirmer’s test in both seasons were correlated with PFH and PFL, only TBUT -R and PFH showed a significantly positive correlation (r = 0.54, p= 0.002). Conclusion: A significant seasonal variation in tear-film secretion and function exists among adults in Enugu. The higher the PFH, the less the break-up of the tear-film during rainy season. These findings have great implications in the management of dry eyes. The use of therapeutic lubricant gels to prolong the TBUT time in dry seasons may therefore be preferred.
{"title":"Seasonal Variation in Tear Secretion and Tear-Film Stability among Adults in Enugu, Nigeria: A Longitudinal Study","authors":"S. Onwubiko","doi":"10.24966/ocr-8887/100054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/ocr-8887/100054","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To investigate the variation in tear-film secretion and function between rainy and dry seasons among healthy adults in Enugu, Nigeria. Methods: This was a population-based, longitudinal study involving a cohort of 31 healthy adult Nigerians residing in Enugu in 2018. The objective tests for tear secretion (Schimer’s test) and function (tearfilm break-up time, TBUT) were conducted on the 62 eyes of the participants in January and July, the peaks of dry (D) and rainy (R) seasons, after obtaining their socio-demographic information. Their palpebral fissure height (PFH) and length, (PFL) were also obtained. Data was analysed using SPSS version 21. The level of significance was at p< 0.05. Results: The participants comprised of more females, 20 (64.5%) than males, with a mean age of 33.7 ± 9.6 SD years. They were mainly civil servants with tertiary education.The mean TBUT -R was 30.0 ±18.3 seconds and D, 15.6 ± 9.5. The mean Schirmer’s test-R was 25.2 ± 10.1 mm and D, 22.1 ± 11.2 mm. There was significant difference between these means in rainy and dry seasons. (p =0.000 TBUT, p = 0.04 Schirmer’s test). When TBUT and Schirmer’s test in both seasons were correlated with PFH and PFL, only TBUT -R and PFH showed a significantly positive correlation (r = 0.54, p= 0.002). Conclusion: A significant seasonal variation in tear-film secretion and function exists among adults in Enugu. The higher the PFH, the less the break-up of the tear-film during rainy season. These findings have great implications in the management of dry eyes. The use of therapeutic lubricant gels to prolong the TBUT time in dry seasons may therefore be preferred.","PeriodicalId":91268,"journal":{"name":"HSOA journal of ophthalmology & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47620014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.24966/ocr-8887/100056
M. Gill
This retrospective cross-sectional cohort study describes the long-term visual and anatomic outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment using a treat and extend (TAE) regimen. The cohort consisted of 224 treatment-naïve eyes with age related macular degeneration (NV-AMD) from 202 patients that were treated with anti-VEGF agents bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept using a TAE regimen by four physician investigators in a large urban referral center from 2008-2015. Subjects were evaluated for visual acuity, injection frequency and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Over a seven-year follow-up period (mean 3.4 years), an average 20.2 ± 14.7 injections were administered per patient. Visual acuity was 0.70 logMAR (20/100 Snellen) at the first visit and 0.67 logMAR (20/93 Snellen) at the final visit, with 74% of eyes maintaining or gaining more than 2 lines of vision. Longterm, 45.1% of eyes achieved 20/50 or better, while 27.1% were 20/200 or worse. 61.2% received monotherapy with no difference in visual acuity outcomes or injection frequency between the agent used. OCT analysis showed decreased fluid from initial to final follow-up visit: 70.1% to 15.6% with sub-retinal fluid (SRF) and 47.3% to 18.8% with intraretinal fluid (IRF) with no difference between the agent used. This study demonstrates that most patients (74%) improve or maintain visual acuity gains long-term using a TAE model with a significant portion (45.1%) achieving 20/50 or better with sustained treatment.
{"title":"Long-Term Outcomes of Treat and Extend Regimen of Anti-Vascular Endothelial\u0000Growth Factor in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration","authors":"M. Gill","doi":"10.24966/ocr-8887/100056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/ocr-8887/100056","url":null,"abstract":"This retrospective cross-sectional cohort study describes the long-term visual and anatomic outcomes of anti-vascular\u0000endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment using a treat and extend (TAE) regimen. The cohort consisted of 224\u0000treatment-naïve eyes with age related macular degeneration (NV-AMD) from 202 patients that were treated with\u0000anti-VEGF agents bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept using a TAE regimen by four physician investigators\u0000in a large urban referral center from 2008-2015. Subjects were evaluated for visual acuity, injection frequency and\u0000optical coherence tomography (OCT). Over a seven-year follow-up period (mean 3.4 years), an average 20.2 ± 14.7\u0000injections were administered per patient. Visual acuity was 0.70 logMAR (20/100 Snellen) at the first visit and 0.67\u0000logMAR (20/93 Snellen) at the final visit, with 74% of eyes maintaining or gaining more than 2 lines of vision. Longterm, 45.1% of eyes achieved 20/50 or better, while 27.1% were 20/200 or worse. 61.2% received monotherapy with\u0000no difference in visual acuity outcomes or injection frequency between the agent used. OCT analysis showed decreased\u0000fluid from initial to final follow-up visit: 70.1% to 15.6% with sub-retinal fluid (SRF) and 47.3% to 18.8% with intraretinal fluid (IRF) with no difference between the agent used. This study demonstrates that most patients (74%) improve\u0000or maintain visual acuity gains long-term using a TAE model with a significant portion (45.1%) achieving 20/50 or\u0000better with sustained treatment.","PeriodicalId":91268,"journal":{"name":"HSOA journal of ophthalmology & clinical research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69144783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The laser is a device that emits light in the form of extremely narrow wavelengths of specified wavelength. This device consists of a light collecting or activating agent that is inside the light intensifying chamber. This material strengthens the light beam produced by an external energy source (electricity or light).
{"title":"Laser and Chlorophyll in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jocr.03.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jocr.03.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"The laser is a device that emits light in the form of extremely narrow\u0000wavelengths of specified wavelength. This device consists of a light\u0000collecting or activating agent that is inside the light intensifying\u0000chamber. This material strengthens the light beam produced by an\u0000external energy source (electricity or light).","PeriodicalId":91268,"journal":{"name":"HSOA journal of ophthalmology & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42042316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: With the exception of retinoblastoma and melanoma of the uveal tract, primitive ocular cancers originate from the accessory structures of the eye, especially the eyelids and the conjunctiva. While in developed countries these cancers are mostly encountered after 60 years, in black Africa their prevalence has increased in young adults. Objective: To determine the epidemiological, clinical and histological profile of these tumors in the University Hospital of Brazzaville. Methodology: Mini analysis of nine (9) of our publications, published between 2015 and 2017, in the journals: East African Medical Journal, Health Science and Diseases, EC Ophthalmology, and Revue de Médecine et de Pharmacie. HIV serology has been systematically requested except for cases of retinoblastoma. Histological evidence was made in all cases. Results: 86 patients had been seen. Average age 31.2 years (2 years - 75 years), sex ratio equal to 1.08. Reasons for consultation: exophthalmia (44), mass (35%), leucocoria (20%) and palpebral wounds (1%). Affected structures: conjunctiva (38%), retina (35%) and eyelid (27%). Histological types: squamous cell carcinoma (55.5%), retinoblastoma (25.9%), basal cell carcinoma (8.5%), sebaceous carcinoma (5.5%), Kaposia’s sarcoma (3.5%) and acral melanoma lentiginous (1.1%). HIV serology was positive in 38% overall, but in 100% of conjunctival cancers. Conclusion: Primitive ocular cancers are dominated in children by retinoblastoma. In young adults, these are essentially opportunistic cancers in the context of HIV / AIDS.
{"title":"Primitive Ocular Cancers in the University Hospital of Brazzaville","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jocr.03.02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jocr.03.02.02","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: With the exception of retinoblastoma and melanoma of the uveal tract, primitive ocular cancers originate from the accessory structures of the eye, especially the eyelids and the conjunctiva. While in developed countries these cancers are mostly encountered after 60 years, in black Africa their prevalence has increased in young adults. Objective: To determine the epidemiological, clinical and histological profile of these tumors in the University Hospital of Brazzaville. Methodology: Mini analysis of nine (9) of our publications, published between 2015 and 2017, in the journals: East African Medical Journal, Health Science and Diseases, EC Ophthalmology, and Revue de Médecine et de Pharmacie. HIV serology has been systematically requested except for cases of retinoblastoma. Histological evidence was made in all cases. Results: 86 patients had been seen. Average age 31.2 years (2 years - 75 years), sex ratio equal to 1.08. Reasons for consultation: exophthalmia (44), mass (35%), leucocoria (20%) and palpebral wounds (1%). Affected structures: conjunctiva (38%), retina (35%) and eyelid (27%). Histological types: squamous cell carcinoma (55.5%), retinoblastoma (25.9%), basal cell carcinoma (8.5%), sebaceous carcinoma (5.5%), Kaposia’s sarcoma (3.5%) and acral melanoma lentiginous (1.1%). HIV serology was positive in 38% overall, but in 100% of conjunctival cancers. Conclusion: Primitive ocular cancers are dominated in children by retinoblastoma. In young adults, these are essentially opportunistic cancers in the context of HIV / AIDS.","PeriodicalId":91268,"journal":{"name":"HSOA journal of ophthalmology & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49427273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: Aim of the study is to Compare the astigmatism induced by a reduced temporal sclerocorneal tunnel incision manual small incision cataract surgery with an extended temporal clear corneal Phacoemulsification of similar width . Methods: A Prospective, randomised controlled study was carried out in 224 selected patients who were again divided into two groups - Group A (112 patients) and Group B (112 patients). Group A patients underwent temporal manual small incision cataract surgery with a 5.5 mm sclerocorneal incision and Group B underwent phacoemulsification by a 2.8 mm clear corneal temporal incision which was extended to 5.5 mm before IOL implantation. In both groups, a 5.25 mm rigid PMMA IOL was implanted in the bag. UCVA and BCVA of both group of patients was quantified and analyzed at 1 week and at 6 weeks Observation: It was seen that the mean surgically Induced astigmatism in group A (N=112) was 0.5625D , which was slightly lesser than that in Group B (N=112) which was 0.65D, although the p-value of 0.26 indicated that there was statistically no significant difference in visual outcomes between the two groups of patients. Here, a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Conclusion: In Skilled and Safe hands, refractive outcomes following performing a 5.5mm temporal sclerocorneal frown-incision manual small incision cataract surgery and a phacoemulsification procedure by a 2.8mm temporal clear corneal incision extended to 5.5mm for implanting a 5.25mm rigid PMMA IOL , are comparable.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of 5.5mm Temporal Sclerocorneal Manual Small Incision\u0000Cataract Surgery Versus 5.5mm Temporal Clear Corneal Extended-incision\u0000Phacoemulsification with Implantation of a 5.25mm Rigid pmma Intraocular lens\u0000in the Bag","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jocr.03.02.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jocr.03.02.01","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Aim of the study is to Compare the astigmatism induced by a reduced temporal sclerocorneal tunnel incision\u0000manual small incision cataract surgery with an extended temporal clear corneal Phacoemulsification of similar width .\u0000Methods: A Prospective, randomised controlled study was carried out in 224 selected patients who were again divided\u0000into two groups - Group A (112 patients) and Group B (112 patients). Group A patients underwent temporal manual\u0000small incision cataract surgery with a 5.5 mm sclerocorneal incision and Group B underwent phacoemulsification by\u0000a 2.8 mm clear corneal temporal incision which was extended to 5.5 mm before IOL implantation. In both groups, a\u00005.25 mm rigid PMMA IOL was implanted in the bag. UCVA and BCVA of both group of patients was quantified and\u0000analyzed at 1 week and at 6 weeks\u0000Observation: It was seen that the mean surgically Induced astigmatism in group A (N=112) was 0.5625D , which was\u0000slightly lesser than that in Group B (N=112) which was 0.65D, although the p-value of 0.26 indicated that there was\u0000statistically no significant difference in visual outcomes between the two groups of patients. Here, a p-value of < 0.05\u0000was considered statistically significant.\u0000Conclusion: In Skilled and Safe hands, refractive outcomes following performing a 5.5mm temporal sclerocorneal\u0000frown-incision manual small incision cataract surgery and a phacoemulsification procedure by a 2.8mm temporal clear\u0000corneal incision extended to 5.5mm for implanting a 5.25mm rigid PMMA IOL , are comparable.","PeriodicalId":91268,"journal":{"name":"HSOA journal of ophthalmology & clinical research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41581501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-30DOI: 10.24966/OCR-8887/100051
S. Monteiro
Introduction: Eye conditions affect the military in its operations and can be an obstacle to the promotion of a soldier. Purpose: To determine the eye conditions encountered among military staff in Parakou. Patients and methods: This is an analytical and retrospective study. It was carried out in the ophthalmology department of the Parakou Army Training Hospital. It took place over a two year period, from June 15, 2012 to June 15, 2014. All files of military staff who were consulted during the period had been reviewed. Retired military staff had been excluded. The variable studied was the eye conditions encountered. Results: One hundred and forty-seven military staff was examined during the study period. The male sex represented 84.35% of the study population. The average age of the patients was 37.17 ± 12.62 years. The 28-37 age groups represented 38.78%. The main eye diseases encountered were conjunctival pathologies (40.13%) dominated by conjunctivitis, ametropias (24.48%) dominated by myopia and then presbyopia (22.45%). Conclusion: Eye conditions encountered among military staff are often benign. However, a periodic ophthalmological consultation will make it possible to diagnose the most serious pathologies in time and treat them properly.
{"title":"Profile of Ocular Disorders in the Military Staff in Parakou","authors":"S. Monteiro","doi":"10.24966/OCR-8887/100051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/OCR-8887/100051","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Eye conditions affect the military in its operations and can be an obstacle to the promotion of a soldier. Purpose: To determine the eye conditions encountered among military staff in Parakou. Patients and methods: This is an analytical and retrospective study. It was carried out in the ophthalmology department of the Parakou Army Training Hospital. It took place over a two year period, from June 15, 2012 to June 15, 2014. All files of military staff who were consulted during the period had been reviewed. Retired military staff had been excluded. The variable studied was the eye conditions encountered. Results: One hundred and forty-seven military staff was examined during the study period. The male sex represented 84.35% of the study population. The average age of the patients was 37.17 ± 12.62 years. The 28-37 age groups represented 38.78%. The main eye diseases encountered were conjunctival pathologies (40.13%) dominated by conjunctivitis, ametropias (24.48%) dominated by myopia and then presbyopia (22.45%). Conclusion: Eye conditions encountered among military staff are often benign. However, a periodic ophthalmological consultation will make it possible to diagnose the most serious pathologies in time and treat them properly.","PeriodicalId":91268,"journal":{"name":"HSOA journal of ophthalmology & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49021547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The eyelids and periorbital tissues undergo significant changes with aging and often constitute a major concern for those seeking facial rejuvenation. Over the last decade, there has been a steady increase in the demand for lower eyelid rejuvenation. Many techniques and approaches exist to address these concerns, including both noninvasive (filler, lasers, or chemical resurfacing) and invasive (Blepharoplasty or midface lift) procedures. The danger of side effects when performing lower blepharoplasty has kept many patients and physicians away from the surgery, yet advances in lower eyelid blepharoplasty techniques made this procedure more relevant. The exact surgical approach remains controversial and is largely dependent upon surgeon preference and a patient’s cosmetic desire. Here we review the aging changes in the lower lid, indications, preoperative considerations, operative techniques, and complications of lower lid blepharoplasty.
{"title":"Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty","authors":"S. Rostami, J. Torre, C. Czyz","doi":"10.33140/jocr.03.01.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jocr.03.01.1","url":null,"abstract":"The eyelids and periorbital tissues undergo significant changes with aging and often constitute a major concern for those seeking facial rejuvenation. Over the last decade, there has been a steady increase in the demand for lower eyelid rejuvenation. Many techniques and approaches exist to address these concerns, including both noninvasive (filler, lasers, or chemical resurfacing) and invasive (Blepharoplasty or midface lift) procedures. The danger of side effects when performing lower blepharoplasty has kept many patients and physicians away from the surgery, yet advances in lower eyelid blepharoplasty techniques made this procedure more relevant. The exact surgical approach remains controversial and is largely dependent upon surgeon preference and a patient’s cosmetic desire. Here we review the aging changes in the lower lid, indications, preoperative considerations, operative techniques, and complications of lower lid blepharoplasty.","PeriodicalId":91268,"journal":{"name":"HSOA journal of ophthalmology & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42937911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eyebrow ptosis is the earliest manifestation of the aging forehead. Surgical procedures to lift the ptotic brow were first published in the early 1900s and since the introduction of the direct brow lift technique, there have been numerous minor refinements to this procedure, as well as some major developments in surgical techniques. It was modified to utilize a mid-forehead or a coronal incision, and then superseded by the endoscopic technique of brow lifting. Yet, with the armory of brow lifting techniques that currently exist, there still is a major role for the direct brow lift, herein described in detail.
{"title":"Direct Brow Lift - An Update of Current Literature","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jocr.03.01.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jocr.03.01.2","url":null,"abstract":"Eyebrow ptosis is the earliest manifestation of the aging forehead. Surgical procedures to lift the ptotic brow were first published in the early 1900s and since the introduction of the direct brow lift technique, there have been numerous minor refinements to this procedure, as well as some major developments in surgical techniques. It was modified to utilize a mid-forehead or a coronal incision, and then superseded by the endoscopic technique of brow lifting. Yet, with the armory of brow lifting techniques that currently exist, there still is a major role for the direct brow lift, herein described in detail.","PeriodicalId":91268,"journal":{"name":"HSOA journal of ophthalmology & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45878660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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