Abstract:This article analyzes the widespread implementation of the little teacher system in China from the 1930s to the 1950s. Developed by prominent educator Tao Xingzhi, the little teacher system sought to promote universal education by requiring schoolchildren to tutor illiterate adults during after-school hours. I argue that the little teacher system constituted a radical reconceptualization of children as a vanguard force that could be mobilized to transform illiterate adults into modern citizens. While other Chinese intellectuals emphasized the need to mold children into new citizens that could meet the challenges of the future, Tao argued that the urgent threat of imperialism demanded a new conceptualization of children as capable of remolding adults in the present. As a radical challenge to the age-based hierarchies underpinning both Western liberal and traditional Chinese conceptions of childhood, the case study of China's little teachers reveals how anti-imperialist struggles generated new notions of childhood beyond the confines of Western models and inherited traditions.
{"title":"Save the Adults: The Little Teacher System and the Politics of Childhood in Modern China","authors":"J. Neubauer","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article analyzes the widespread implementation of the little teacher system in China from the 1930s to the 1950s. Developed by prominent educator Tao Xingzhi, the little teacher system sought to promote universal education by requiring schoolchildren to tutor illiterate adults during after-school hours. I argue that the little teacher system constituted a radical reconceptualization of children as a vanguard force that could be mobilized to transform illiterate adults into modern citizens. While other Chinese intellectuals emphasized the need to mold children into new citizens that could meet the challenges of the future, Tao argued that the urgent threat of imperialism demanded a new conceptualization of children as capable of remolding adults in the present. As a radical challenge to the age-based hierarchies underpinning both Western liberal and traditional Chinese conceptions of childhood, the case study of China's little teachers reveals how anti-imperialist struggles generated new notions of childhood beyond the confines of Western models and inherited traditions.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"175 1","pages":"266 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83538831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bring the World to the Child: Technologies of Global Citizenship in American Education by Katie Day Good (review)","authors":"Timothy Kelly","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0038","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"80 1","pages":"327 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86697280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Case of the Slave-Child, Med: Free Soil in Antislavery Boston by Karen Woods Weierman (review)","authors":"Sarah E. Yerima","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"19 1","pages":"332 - 334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82922783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This essay explores the potential for poetry to illuminate moments of initiative and resistance on the part of boy acolytes (chigo) involved in non-illicit/condoned sexual relationships with adult monks in medieval Japanese Buddhist temples. Discussing numerous poems found in various anthologies produced in Buddhist temples, some in the context of poetic exchanges, the article argues that the vision communicated in poetry suggests some chigo enjoyed a surprising degree of freedom of voice, thought, and action that is at odds with current historiography, by which measure these boys of various ages would have had no power. In addition, the monks who granted the youths this freedom expressed both anxiety and helplessness in the face of the boys' self-agency. As this suggests, some authors and compilers of such poems—including youths themselves—chose to present a realm wherein chigo maintained a remarkable autonomy within an otherwise strict, hierarchical society.
{"title":"A Poetic Voice for Autonomy: Child Subjectivity in Premodern Japan","authors":"Or Porath","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay explores the potential for poetry to illuminate moments of initiative and resistance on the part of boy acolytes (chigo) involved in non-illicit/condoned sexual relationships with adult monks in medieval Japanese Buddhist temples. Discussing numerous poems found in various anthologies produced in Buddhist temples, some in the context of poetic exchanges, the article argues that the vision communicated in poetry suggests some chigo enjoyed a surprising degree of freedom of voice, thought, and action that is at odds with current historiography, by which measure these boys of various ages would have had no power. In addition, the monks who granted the youths this freedom expressed both anxiety and helplessness in the face of the boys' self-agency. As this suggests, some authors and compilers of such poems—including youths themselves—chose to present a realm wherein chigo maintained a remarkable autonomy within an otherwise strict, hierarchical society.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"34 1","pages":"229 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83182119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article examines the emotional value of sixteenth-century Japanese children's voices in some of the writings of Jesuit missionary Luís Fróis. First, I discuss class and gender issues when poor Japanese boys are described as mocking the Jesuits during the first years of their mission in Japan. Next, I draw attention to Fróis's descriptions of the impact convert children had on their communities, including the reversal of generational power relations. I then explain the emotional value of Japanese boys' voices in Fróis's report about the twenty-six Christian martyrs who were executed in Nagasaki on February 5, 1597. I argue that Fróis used Japanese children's words, especially boys', to highlight to his European readership the impact Jesuit missionaries had at the levels of local households and communities. I moreover suggest that Fróis likened Japanese children to holy martyr children of the early Roman Catholic Church so that his European readership would empathize with Japanese Christian children. More than earlier Christian writers, however, Fróis added vivid details of Japanese boys' emotional expressions in an effort to move European readers towards more support for the Jesuit missionary enterprise overseas.
{"title":"Naughty, Bold, and Blessed: Sixteenth-century Japanese Children's Voices Mediated in the Writings of Luís Fróis","authors":"P. Jolliffe","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines the emotional value of sixteenth-century Japanese children's voices in some of the writings of Jesuit missionary Luís Fróis. First, I discuss class and gender issues when poor Japanese boys are described as mocking the Jesuits during the first years of their mission in Japan. Next, I draw attention to Fróis's descriptions of the impact convert children had on their communities, including the reversal of generational power relations. I then explain the emotional value of Japanese boys' voices in Fróis's report about the twenty-six Christian martyrs who were executed in Nagasaki on February 5, 1597. I argue that Fróis used Japanese children's words, especially boys', to highlight to his European readership the impact Jesuit missionaries had at the levels of local households and communities. I moreover suggest that Fróis likened Japanese children to holy martyr children of the early Roman Catholic Church so that his European readership would empathize with Japanese Christian children. More than earlier Christian writers, however, Fróis added vivid details of Japanese boys' emotional expressions in an effort to move European readers towards more support for the Jesuit missionary enterprise overseas.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"10 1","pages":"211 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72952903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Colonized through Art: American Indian Schools and Art Education, 1889–1915 by Marinella Lentis (review)","authors":"Mackenzie Cory","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"64 1","pages":"322 - 324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85606866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
will likely claim. Given the powerful role that we saw the COVID-19 pandemic play in shaping technology advancements in K–12 education in recent years, it might be useful to consider the impact that the 1918 influenza outbreak played in this earlier push for technology in the classroom. And if Good had written this book in the years after COVID-19’s arrival rather than just before, she might have explored this issue. Bring the World to the Child offers sound advice to those writing the history of our recent embrace of K–12 technology, as it steers those historians beyond technologies’ nuts and bolts to a focus on the ideological messages that the technology imparts. What readers will get in this volume is a clear, persuasive, and richly documented exploration of the discourse surrounding the large-scale introduction of technology in early twentieth-century American classrooms.
{"title":"Children and Youth as Subjects, Objects, Agents: Innovative Approaches to Research Across Time and Space ed. by Deborah Levison, Mary Jo Maynes, and Frances Vavrus (review)","authors":"Birgitte Søland","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0039","url":null,"abstract":"will likely claim. Given the powerful role that we saw the COVID-19 pandemic play in shaping technology advancements in K–12 education in recent years, it might be useful to consider the impact that the 1918 influenza outbreak played in this earlier push for technology in the classroom. And if Good had written this book in the years after COVID-19’s arrival rather than just before, she might have explored this issue. Bring the World to the Child offers sound advice to those writing the history of our recent embrace of K–12 technology, as it steers those historians beyond technologies’ nuts and bolts to a focus on the ideological messages that the technology imparts. What readers will get in this volume is a clear, persuasive, and richly documented exploration of the discourse surrounding the large-scale introduction of technology in early twentieth-century American classrooms.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"62 1","pages":"329 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90799697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Behind Closed Doors: Hidden Histories of Children Committed to Care in the Late Nineteenth Century (1882–1899) by Annie Skinner","authors":"C. Phillips","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"130 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75277581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
an enormous physical strain on young bodies but also resulted in a (limited) sort of protection for those deemed useful. Many Jewish children lied about their ages and presented themselves as older than they were in an effort to avoid seeming immediately expendable. This was particularly important in Plaszow, given that no children were allowed in the camp. Another central issue to the history of childhood is the intersection of age with class, gender, and other identity factors. Clearly being labeled by the Nazis as of the “Jewish race” was the primary, determinative factor shaping Jewish children’s experiences in Kraków. But a family’s economic resources, a child’s physical appearance, young people’s knowledge of languages—all these played a role in individual outcomes. Sliwa is sensitive to these issues and pays careful attention to them, not shying away from the effect that class status, in particular, could have on children’s fates. She might do more with gender distinctions, especially given the recent scholarship on sexual violence during the Holocaust. Finally, Jewish Childhood in Kraków is a model of how to research the history of childhood by combining various types of sources (in this case, in multiple languages across many archives). Sliwa makes good use of everything from survivor testimony to Nazi records to materials produced within the Kraków ghetto and Plaszow camp, approaching every topic from more than one perspective. She is attentive to change over time both in children’s circumstances and in their own life cycles as the war went on and on. The book may be a local study, but it is an important reminder of the larger truth that children were among both the victims and survivors of the Holocaust. Their experiences are just as important as anyone else’s in documenting that horrific past but also in bearing witness to the lives children have led and continue to lead even amid genocidal madness.
{"title":"Mobilizing Japanese Youth: The Cold War and the Making of the Sixties Generation by Christopher Gerteis (review)","authors":"Joelle Nazzicone","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0035","url":null,"abstract":"an enormous physical strain on young bodies but also resulted in a (limited) sort of protection for those deemed useful. Many Jewish children lied about their ages and presented themselves as older than they were in an effort to avoid seeming immediately expendable. This was particularly important in Plaszow, given that no children were allowed in the camp. Another central issue to the history of childhood is the intersection of age with class, gender, and other identity factors. Clearly being labeled by the Nazis as of the “Jewish race” was the primary, determinative factor shaping Jewish children’s experiences in Kraków. But a family’s economic resources, a child’s physical appearance, young people’s knowledge of languages—all these played a role in individual outcomes. Sliwa is sensitive to these issues and pays careful attention to them, not shying away from the effect that class status, in particular, could have on children’s fates. She might do more with gender distinctions, especially given the recent scholarship on sexual violence during the Holocaust. Finally, Jewish Childhood in Kraków is a model of how to research the history of childhood by combining various types of sources (in this case, in multiple languages across many archives). Sliwa makes good use of everything from survivor testimony to Nazi records to materials produced within the Kraków ghetto and Plaszow camp, approaching every topic from more than one perspective. She is attentive to change over time both in children’s circumstances and in their own life cycles as the war went on and on. The book may be a local study, but it is an important reminder of the larger truth that children were among both the victims and survivors of the Holocaust. Their experiences are just as important as anyone else’s in documenting that horrific past but also in bearing witness to the lives children have led and continue to lead even amid genocidal madness.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"116 1","pages":"319 - 322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79192860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Historians of East Asia, particularly those based at Western institutions, have only just begun to study children and childhoods in earnest. This Special Issue considers three young authors' approaches to the historical study of children within and right at the institutional edges of religion, pedagogy, and nation building. Rather than reinforcing binary opposites between flesh-and-blood children on the one hand and symbolisms of childhood on the other, the present authors carefully ponder where on various continuums the children they study ought to be placed––of children as autonomous actors or victims of discipline and punishment, as objects or agents of Christian proselytizing, sexual desire, and revolutionary nation building. My critical introduction aims to highlight how these histories matter and how they ought to complicate the histories of pretty much everything.
{"title":"Unstable Statuses, Fleeting Identities: Re-introducing East Asia's Children","authors":"Sabine Frühstück","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Historians of East Asia, particularly those based at Western institutions, have only just begun to study children and childhoods in earnest. This Special Issue considers three young authors' approaches to the historical study of children within and right at the institutional edges of religion, pedagogy, and nation building. Rather than reinforcing binary opposites between flesh-and-blood children on the one hand and symbolisms of childhood on the other, the present authors carefully ponder where on various continuums the children they study ought to be placed––of children as autonomous actors or victims of discipline and punishment, as objects or agents of Christian proselytizing, sexual desire, and revolutionary nation building. My critical introduction aims to highlight how these histories matter and how they ought to complicate the histories of pretty much everything.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"47 1","pages":"179 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81068685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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