Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1353/hcy.2024.a916846
{"title":"Teenage Dreams: Girlhood Sexualities in the US Culture Wars by Charlie Jeffries (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2024.a916846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2024.a916846","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"21 1‐2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139394479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/hcy.2023.a909998
Barnabas Balint
Reviewed by: The Children's Republic of Gaudiopolis: The History and Memory of a Budapest Children's Home for Holocaust and War Orphans by Gergely Kunt Barnabas Balint The Children's Republic of Gaudiopolis: The History and Memory of a Budapest Children's Home for Holocaust and War Orphans. By Gergely Kunt. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2022. xii + 236 pp. Cloth $75.00. In this insightful work, Gergely Kunt highlights a little-known educational experiment in postwar Hungary: the Children's Republic of Gaudiopolis. Led by Lutheran minister Gábor Sztehlo, the republic offered children in his postwar orphanage the opportunity to explore democracy, develop as responsible citizens, and heal wartime trauma. Kunt's analysis of the republic draws extensively on its wider context, showing how the experiment was influenced by—and defied—the Christian churches, the Hungarian state, both German and Soviet occupiers, and Sztehlo's own personality. [End Page 509] The book is split into four sections, providing a roughly chronological approach to the history and memory of Sztehlo's work. Kunt begins with Sztehlo's personal history. By outlining his work as a Lutheran minister in a Hungarian town that had no Jewish population, Kunt gives nuance to our understanding of Sztehlo as a rescuer of Jews, showing him as a "passive minister who concentrated solely upon his Church's or his own aims" (26). Through telling the history of how Sztehlo established children's homes to protect Jews in late 1944, Kunt problematizes the categories of bystander and rescuer during the Holocaust, exposing the process through which Sztehlo moved from one to the other. He then shows how the wartime children's homes became the postwar orphanage in which he could establish Gaudiopolis. In the second section, Kunt describes the diverse group of children in the orphanage. While most of them had been labeled Jewish during the war but converted to Christianity, there was an influx of new children, including those of Hungarian perpetrators. Kunt presents short biographies of some of them, showcasing this variety. He then takes a similar approach to understanding the everyday activities of the orphanage and its connected school, detailing the personal histories and professional activities of Dr. Margit Revesz, the orphanage psychiatrist, and Zoltan Rakosi, the Hungarian literature teacher. By doing this, Kunt reveals how their wartime experiences shaped how they related to the children and approached their care and education. Delving deeper into the structure of Gaudiopolis, Kunt then describes how Sztehlo established various "ministries" that were led by democratically elected children and performed practical roles in the orphanage. These ranged from organizing workshops (Ministry for Industry) to running events and programs (Ministry for Social Welfare). Kunt argues that these activities enabled children to "experience what it meant to have rights as a member of a minority gro
{"title":"The Children's Republic of Gaudiopolis: The History and Memory of a Budapest Children's Home for Holocaust and War Orphans by Gergely Kunt (review)","authors":"Barnabas Balint","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.a909998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.a909998","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: The Children's Republic of Gaudiopolis: The History and Memory of a Budapest Children's Home for Holocaust and War Orphans by Gergely Kunt Barnabas Balint The Children's Republic of Gaudiopolis: The History and Memory of a Budapest Children's Home for Holocaust and War Orphans. By Gergely Kunt. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2022. xii + 236 pp. Cloth $75.00. In this insightful work, Gergely Kunt highlights a little-known educational experiment in postwar Hungary: the Children's Republic of Gaudiopolis. Led by Lutheran minister Gábor Sztehlo, the republic offered children in his postwar orphanage the opportunity to explore democracy, develop as responsible citizens, and heal wartime trauma. Kunt's analysis of the republic draws extensively on its wider context, showing how the experiment was influenced by—and defied—the Christian churches, the Hungarian state, both German and Soviet occupiers, and Sztehlo's own personality. [End Page 509] The book is split into four sections, providing a roughly chronological approach to the history and memory of Sztehlo's work. Kunt begins with Sztehlo's personal history. By outlining his work as a Lutheran minister in a Hungarian town that had no Jewish population, Kunt gives nuance to our understanding of Sztehlo as a rescuer of Jews, showing him as a \"passive minister who concentrated solely upon his Church's or his own aims\" (26). Through telling the history of how Sztehlo established children's homes to protect Jews in late 1944, Kunt problematizes the categories of bystander and rescuer during the Holocaust, exposing the process through which Sztehlo moved from one to the other. He then shows how the wartime children's homes became the postwar orphanage in which he could establish Gaudiopolis. In the second section, Kunt describes the diverse group of children in the orphanage. While most of them had been labeled Jewish during the war but converted to Christianity, there was an influx of new children, including those of Hungarian perpetrators. Kunt presents short biographies of some of them, showcasing this variety. He then takes a similar approach to understanding the everyday activities of the orphanage and its connected school, detailing the personal histories and professional activities of Dr. Margit Revesz, the orphanage psychiatrist, and Zoltan Rakosi, the Hungarian literature teacher. By doing this, Kunt reveals how their wartime experiences shaped how they related to the children and approached their care and education. Delving deeper into the structure of Gaudiopolis, Kunt then describes how Sztehlo established various \"ministries\" that were led by democratically elected children and performed practical roles in the orphanage. These ranged from organizing workshops (Ministry for Industry) to running events and programs (Ministry for Social Welfare). Kunt argues that these activities enabled children to \"experience what it meant to have rights as a member of a minority gro","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/hcy.2023.a909991
Tiia Sahrakorpi
Abstract: This article examines how Nazi children's magazines used emotional narrativization to create and sell fantasies about gender, race, and the Volksgemeinschaft [people's community]. These magazines are neglected sources on Nazi print culture; their content and context add to our understanding of child indoctrination. Children's magazines had no Jewish characters in their stories, while dark-skinned, non-Aryan peoples were culturally appropriated and caricatured to create power fantasies. This article argues that through compelling narratives, hegemonic masculine traits were fetishized and glamorized to appeal to young boys in order to prepare them to serve in both the Volksgemeinschaft and the army.
{"title":"Belonging to The Body of The Nation: Gender, Race, and The Volksgemeinschaft in Hitler Youth Magazines, 1933–1938","authors":"Tiia Sahrakorpi","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.a909991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.a909991","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This article examines how Nazi children's magazines used emotional narrativization to create and sell fantasies about gender, race, and the Volksgemeinschaft [people's community]. These magazines are neglected sources on Nazi print culture; their content and context add to our understanding of child indoctrination. Children's magazines had no Jewish characters in their stories, while dark-skinned, non-Aryan peoples were culturally appropriated and caricatured to create power fantasies. This article argues that through compelling narratives, hegemonic masculine traits were fetishized and glamorized to appeal to young boys in order to prepare them to serve in both the Volksgemeinschaft and the army.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/hcy.2023.a909985
Mona Gleason
Abstract: Sarah Maza has argued that "children obviously don't make history" given they are marginal to more meaningful, adult-driven change over time. In her response to Maza's claims, Nara Milanich encourages historians of children and youth to explore children's unique modalities of power, rather than focusing on their agency, to help unearth youthful contributions to historical change. Here, I engage with two of these four modalities of power as outlined by Milanich, namely children's temporariness and their ostensible malleability (via a reciprocal process I call "negotiated malleability") to social reproduction, using examples from my research on the Elementary Correspondence School (ECS) that operated in the western Canadian province of British Columbia between 1919 and the late 1950s. Rather than searching for children's agency in this history, however, I think through their entanglements with temporariness and malleability in relation to adults. In so doing, I demonstrate how and why young people wielded power and how they effected powerful responses from adults—primarily the parents, teachers, and administrators associated with the ECS. I argue that analyzed through a framework that privileges children's modalities of power in relation to adults, children emerge as significant contributors to change over time.
{"title":"\"Children Obviously Don't Make History\": Historical Significance and Children's Modalities of Power","authors":"Mona Gleason","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.a909985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.a909985","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Sarah Maza has argued that \"children obviously don't make history\" given they are marginal to more meaningful, adult-driven change over time. In her response to Maza's claims, Nara Milanich encourages historians of children and youth to explore children's unique modalities of power, rather than focusing on their agency, to help unearth youthful contributions to historical change. Here, I engage with two of these four modalities of power as outlined by Milanich, namely children's temporariness and their ostensible malleability (via a reciprocal process I call \"negotiated malleability\") to social reproduction, using examples from my research on the Elementary Correspondence School (ECS) that operated in the western Canadian province of British Columbia between 1919 and the late 1950s. Rather than searching for children's agency in this history, however, I think through their entanglements with temporariness and malleability in relation to adults. In so doing, I demonstrate how and why young people wielded power and how they effected powerful responses from adults—primarily the parents, teachers, and administrators associated with the ECS. I argue that analyzed through a framework that privileges children's modalities of power in relation to adults, children emerge as significant contributors to change over time.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/hcy.2023.a909987
Emily Gallagher
Abstract: Since the history of children and youth gained momentum in the 1970s, historians have expressed frustration over the difficulties of locating children's voices in archives. While the availability of child-authored material presents a major challenge for many children's historians, not all are destined to work with lost or fragmentary evidence. By examining holdings of child art and writing in Australian collections, this article resists the assumption—common in the historiography of children and youth—that only fragments of child-authored material have survived in archives. In Australia, children's documentary records are far more voluminous than many scholars have previously acknowledged, comprising a surprisingly large array of children's art, writing, audiovisual and material culture.
{"title":"Hidden in Plain Sight: Child-authored Material in Australian Museums and Archives","authors":"Emily Gallagher","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.a909987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.a909987","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Since the history of children and youth gained momentum in the 1970s, historians have expressed frustration over the difficulties of locating children's voices in archives. While the availability of child-authored material presents a major challenge for many children's historians, not all are destined to work with lost or fragmentary evidence. By examining holdings of child art and writing in Australian collections, this article resists the assumption—common in the historiography of children and youth—that only fragments of child-authored material have survived in archives. In Australia, children's documentary records are far more voluminous than many scholars have previously acknowledged, comprising a surprisingly large array of children's art, writing, audiovisual and material culture.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/hcy.2023.a909990
Barbara Turk Niskač
Abstract: Drawing on the educational role ascribed to work in children's upbringing, the article analyzes children's work and its many ambiguities as presented in children's magazine Pionirski list [Pioneers magazine ] in socialist Yugoslavia. The magazine featured content for children, about children, as well as contributions produced by children themselves, telling how they experienced different forms of work in their everyday lives. Most notably, Pionirski list addressed children as self-managing pioneers actively participating in shaping social reality, and at the same time it was only yet building and reproducing a construct of the child as a self-managing pioneer and future self-managing worker in line with Yugoslavia's third way of socialism. Although Yugoslavia was consolidating schooling as the child's main obligation and breaking with exploitative child labor, it promoted a social organization centered on productive and socially useful work that included children as well. It built on Marxist notions of self-determined work, yet the understanding of work as inseparable from life also related to the ethos of the agricultural society's domestic economy. After breaking with the USSR, Yugoslavia embraced worker self-management as a so-called third way to socialism. All these various aspects of work fed into the educational value ascribed to work in childhood and placed it in a mutually constructive relationship with play and leisure rather than as their opposite.
{"title":"The Ambiguous Nature of Children's Work in Socialist Yugoslavia: An Analysis Based on Children's Magazine Pionirski List","authors":"Barbara Turk Niskač","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.a909990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.a909990","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Drawing on the educational role ascribed to work in children's upbringing, the article analyzes children's work and its many ambiguities as presented in children's magazine Pionirski list [Pioneers magazine ] in socialist Yugoslavia. The magazine featured content for children, about children, as well as contributions produced by children themselves, telling how they experienced different forms of work in their everyday lives. Most notably, Pionirski list addressed children as self-managing pioneers actively participating in shaping social reality, and at the same time it was only yet building and reproducing a construct of the child as a self-managing pioneer and future self-managing worker in line with Yugoslavia's third way of socialism. Although Yugoslavia was consolidating schooling as the child's main obligation and breaking with exploitative child labor, it promoted a social organization centered on productive and socially useful work that included children as well. It built on Marxist notions of self-determined work, yet the understanding of work as inseparable from life also related to the ethos of the agricultural society's domestic economy. After breaking with the USSR, Yugoslavia embraced worker self-management as a so-called third way to socialism. All these various aspects of work fed into the educational value ascribed to work in childhood and placed it in a mutually constructive relationship with play and leisure rather than as their opposite.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/hcy.2023.a910002
SE Duff
Reviewed by: Home Economics: Domestic Service and Gender in Urban Southern Africa by Sacha Hepburn SE Duff Home Economics: Domestic Service and Gender in Urban Southern Africa. By Sacha Hepburn. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2022. xiv + 233 pp. Cloth £80.00. Children and young people were not only at the frontier of the colonial encounter in Africa—in schools, churches, and workplaces—but they were frequently at the forefront of anticolonial movements, as nationalist organizations relied on their young supporters to turn out, often in protest, against colonial states. How, then, did youth understand life in postcolonial Africa? This is one of the questions animating Sacha Hepburn's new study of domestic work in independent Zambia. Indeed, perhaps the best-known study of ordinary people's experiences of the boom and bust of postcolonial economies is also on [End Page 517] Zambia, a small, resource-rich state in southern Africa. In Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt (1999), anthropologist James Ferguson recounts how miners, and especially retired miners, understood the promise of modernity made possible by copper mining after independence from British rule in 1964, and the disappointments that followed. Hepburn, though, is interested in women and children and, in particular, those who worked (and still work) in middle-class households in urban areas. How did—and do—these frequently exploited, harassed, and underpaid workers make sense of postcolonial political freedom? The book comprises seven chapters, including an introduction and conclusion. It is divided, roughly, in three parts. The first is on the feminization of domestic labor in the mid-1960s. As in much of southern Africa, the domestic workforce in what was Northern Rhodesia consisted overwhelmingly of African men. This was due partly to racist anxieties about the sexual danger posed by African women to white men (and, indeed, many African parents worried about the threat posed to their daughters by white men, discouraging these young women from seeking employment as domestic servants) but was also the result of the division of labor within African households. While African women and children worked to maintain rural households, men left to seek waged labor, often as cooks, cleaners, and gardeners. As more lucrative positions in industry and commercial agriculture opened up for men after independence, and as employers—who were increasingly African and middle-class—sought out women and children for domestic work, men were gradually supplanted as domestic workers. Hepburn explores the nature of increasingly feminized domestic work in the postcolonial era in the second section, and, indeed, scholars of childhood and youth will find Chapters 2 and 3 especially interesting. Drawing on a number of oral interviews with current and former domestic workers and employers, Hepburn produces a nuanced, sympathetic portrait of why middle-clas
作者:Sacha Hepburn SE Duff《家政学:南非城市的家庭服务与性别》。萨莎·赫本著。曼彻斯特:曼彻斯特大学出版社，2022。xiv + 233页。布80.00英镑。儿童和年轻人不仅在非洲的学校、教堂和工作场所处于殖民主义的前沿，而且他们经常站在反殖民主义运动的前沿，因为民族主义组织依靠他们的年轻支持者挺身而出，经常抗议殖民国家。那么，年轻人是如何理解后殖民时代非洲的生活的呢?这是促使Sacha Hepburn对独立的赞比亚国内工作进行新研究的问题之一。事实上，关于后殖民经济繁荣与萧条的普通人经历的最著名的研究可能也在赞比亚，一个非洲南部资源丰富的小国。在《现代性的期望:赞比亚铜带城市生活的神话与意义》(1999)一书中，人类学家詹姆斯·弗格森讲述了1964年赞比亚脱离英国统治独立后，矿工，尤其是退休矿工如何理解铜矿开采带来的现代性希望，以及随之而来的失望。然而，赫本对妇女和儿童很感兴趣，尤其是那些在城市中产阶级家庭工作过(现在仍在工作)的妇女和儿童。这些经常被剥削、骚扰和低薪的工人是如何理解后殖民政治自由的?全书由引言和结语等七章组成。它大致分为三部分。第一篇是关于20世纪60年代中期家务劳动的女性化。和非洲南部的大部分地区一样，北罗得西亚的家庭劳动力绝大多数是非洲男性。这部分是由于种族主义者担心非洲妇女对白人男子构成的性危险(事实上，许多非洲父母担心白人男子对他们的女儿构成的威胁，使这些年轻妇女不愿寻找家庭佣人的工作)，但也是非洲家庭内部分工的结果。当非洲妇女和儿童为维持农村家庭而工作时，男人则外出寻找有偿劳动，通常是厨师、清洁工和园丁。独立后，随着工业和商业农业为男性提供了更多利润丰厚的职位，随着雇主——越来越多的非洲人和中产阶级——寻找妇女和儿童来做家务，男性逐渐被取代为家庭佣工。赫本在第二部分探讨了后殖民时代日益女性化的家务劳动的本质，事实上，研究童年和青年的学者会发现第二章和第三章特别有趣。赫本通过对现任和前任家政工人和雇主的口头采访，细致入微地描绘了为什么中产阶级妇女会寻找农村妇女和女孩来打扫家庭和抚养孩子，以及为什么农村妇女和女孩会进入这项工作。对于非洲中产阶级妇女来说，农村非洲女孩使她们能够在获得更多教育和就业机会所带来的机会与社会对她们继续负责维持家庭的期望之间进行导航。一个“来自农村的女孩”——她可能是(远房)亲戚——可以被吸收到这个家庭中，像一个小亲戚一样对待，同时也像照顾自己的弟弟妹妹一样照顾中产阶级的孩子。对于来自贫困农村地区的女孩来说，做家务可能是养家糊口的一种手段，或者是上高中的机会，并最终找到收入更高的工作。这些女孩占据了多个世界:在某些情况下，她们是社会上的成年人，是雇主的“孩子母亲”;从农村迁移到城市的职业妇女，以及作为女佣和保姆工作的女孩和家属。正如赫本所指出的那样，亲属关系的语言掩盖了女孩在中产阶级家庭中容易受到剥削和虐待的程度，以及其中雇主和雇员之间关系的复杂性。最后一部分——剩下的两章——将研究带到现在，关注经常杂乱无章的国家监管家务劳动和儿童……
{"title":"Home Economics: Domestic Service and Gender in Urban Southern Africa by Sacha Hepburn (review)","authors":"SE Duff","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.a910002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.a910002","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Home Economics: Domestic Service and Gender in Urban Southern Africa by Sacha Hepburn SE Duff Home Economics: Domestic Service and Gender in Urban Southern Africa. By Sacha Hepburn. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2022. xiv + 233 pp. Cloth £80.00. Children and young people were not only at the frontier of the colonial encounter in Africa—in schools, churches, and workplaces—but they were frequently at the forefront of anticolonial movements, as nationalist organizations relied on their young supporters to turn out, often in protest, against colonial states. How, then, did youth understand life in postcolonial Africa? This is one of the questions animating Sacha Hepburn's new study of domestic work in independent Zambia. Indeed, perhaps the best-known study of ordinary people's experiences of the boom and bust of postcolonial economies is also on [End Page 517] Zambia, a small, resource-rich state in southern Africa. In Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt (1999), anthropologist James Ferguson recounts how miners, and especially retired miners, understood the promise of modernity made possible by copper mining after independence from British rule in 1964, and the disappointments that followed. Hepburn, though, is interested in women and children and, in particular, those who worked (and still work) in middle-class households in urban areas. How did—and do—these frequently exploited, harassed, and underpaid workers make sense of postcolonial political freedom? The book comprises seven chapters, including an introduction and conclusion. It is divided, roughly, in three parts. The first is on the feminization of domestic labor in the mid-1960s. As in much of southern Africa, the domestic workforce in what was Northern Rhodesia consisted overwhelmingly of African men. This was due partly to racist anxieties about the sexual danger posed by African women to white men (and, indeed, many African parents worried about the threat posed to their daughters by white men, discouraging these young women from seeking employment as domestic servants) but was also the result of the division of labor within African households. While African women and children worked to maintain rural households, men left to seek waged labor, often as cooks, cleaners, and gardeners. As more lucrative positions in industry and commercial agriculture opened up for men after independence, and as employers—who were increasingly African and middle-class—sought out women and children for domestic work, men were gradually supplanted as domestic workers. Hepburn explores the nature of increasingly feminized domestic work in the postcolonial era in the second section, and, indeed, scholars of childhood and youth will find Chapters 2 and 3 especially interesting. Drawing on a number of oral interviews with current and former domestic workers and employers, Hepburn produces a nuanced, sympathetic portrait of why middle-clas","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/hcy.2023.a909996
James Wunsch
Reviewed by: Boy and Girl Tramps of America by Thomas Minehan James Wunsch Boy and Girl Tramps of America. By Thomas Minehan. Introduction by Susan Honeyman. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2023. xxii + 162 pp. Cloth $99.00, paper $30.00. At the beginning of the Depression, Thomas Minehan, a University of Minnesota graduate student in sociology, began interviewing the unemployed men who were lining up at soup kitchens and flop houses in Minneapolis. Eventually he came to feel that if he was to gain a genuine understanding of those men, then [End Page 505] he should make an effort to live among them. "One evening in November, 1932," he wrote, "I disguised myself in old clothes and stood in a bread line in the cold and rain" (xix). He then began visiting hobo encampments ("jungles") beyond downtown, and on weekends, vacations, and during the summer, he stowed away in boxcars to join those seeking work or handouts in various Midwestern cities. Among those stealthily boarding or departing from boxcars––tramps were subject to arrest and beatings at the hands of the railway police––were a surprising number of school-age boys and even some girls. Those kids became the subject of Minehan's Boy and Girl Tramps of America, published in 1934. Minehan's Depression-era study finds a place within the stories of runaways and castaways from Hansel and Gretel and Joan of Arc to Ben Franklin and Huck Finn. If what allowed Huck and Jim to escape was the river, then for Minehan's vagabonds it was the railroad. In the decades after the Civil War, the veterans, the drifters, and the unemployed who began riding the rails would be joined by youngsters whose numbers during the Depression swelled to 250,000. In 1933, the Civilian Conservation Corp was established to provide outdoor work opportunities for young men, but since the program was limited to those eighteen and older, it was of little help for the majority of runaways. Riding the rails was dangerous. Cops ("bulls") could knock out teeth. During the winter, fingers, toes, and ears might be lost to frostbite. Arms and legs were fractured or severed when kids fell, jumped, or were pushed from moving trains. Minehan interviewed 882 boys and 72 girls (the majority between thirteen and nineteen) and compiled 509 case histories. If the kids had been living at home, then they would have been chatting about sports and school; on the road the talk was mostly about food, clothing, and shelter. Later, round a campfire or riding in a boxcar, the talk would turn to fighting with bulls and other kids, or the best towns and places for a handout. Since girls were vulnerable to sexual assault, it was no surprise that they made up only a fraction of the tramp population. But by disguising themselves as boys, travelling in groups and bestowing sexual favors as needed or desired, they made their way with a measure of security. The particular concern of younger boys was "wolves," predatory adult males. Among the older boys a
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Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/hcy.2023.a909997
Aisling Shalvey
Reviewed by: Children, Poverty and Nationalism in Lithuania, 1900–1940 by Andrea Griffante Aisling Shalvey Children, Poverty and Nationalism in Lithuania, 1900–1940. By Andrea Griffante. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Pivot, 2019. vii + 148 pp. Cloth £49.99, e-book £39.99. This book is a welcome addition to the history of childhood, nationalism, and charitable organizations. The text is separated into chapters tackling concise eras and offering a fresh comparison with other similar European movements. Solid contextual literary analysis grounds this book well in relation to similar [End Page 507] works and reflects openly about where these works can contribute to understanding the Lithuanian experience of childhood and nationalism and where a more local context is required. Griffante observed that with the widening of the field of research on child studies, how children are viewed as future citizens with their own agency has come more to the fore. Concerns over national identity based on language, ethnic group, and interaction with the elite through charitable organizations are all touched upon in the introduction and thoughtfully discussed in later chapters. Griffante, in this context, notes that "children were not the passive recipients of disseminated messages" but could exercise their individuality in how they interacted with these organizations, which tried to frame poverty and nationalism as methods of shaping and creating model citizens (2). She sets the stage for the rest of the book, highlighting nationalistic ideas and modernity but also how children refused to cooperate with these broader ideas. The core questions beginning the deeper analysis are answered within this volume, including contemplation on the function of social control through aid, the impact of linguistic nationalism, and the role of the destitute and orphaned child in relation to modernity and morality. The first chapter begins with the turn of the century and argues that, while an educated minority began to express a vision for an ethnically homogenous Lithuania, there was no administrative, religious, linguistic, or socioeconomic consistency. Reflecting this, then, child assistance for poverty similarly differed based on region. Griffante explains that by 1920, a more homogenous framework emerged following wartime displacement. She also splits Lithuanian nationalism into two phases, the first being up to the First World War and involving expanding the middle class and nation building; the second, from 1920 to 1940, involved a more homogenous ethnic, cultural, and linguistic group seeking to achieve modernity via sociopolitical policies. In both eras, social cohesion was integral, and this was done to varying degrees of success primarily through voluntary charitable organizations targeting the nation's poor and destitute children in search of the ideal moldable citizen. Griffante underscores that children became the focus of nationalism through their perceived future human
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Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/hcy.2023.a909984
Linda Mahood
Editor's Introduction Linda Mahood As this issue goes to press, the 2023 biennial conference of the Society for the History of Children and Youth, held at the University of Guelph, Canada, has concluded. Two hundred hybrid panels, roundtables, plenaries, and keynote addresses were presented. As always, the Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth welcomes submissions on the history of childhood and youth from any period or location. Many articles in this issue focus on letters from children and young people and examine how scholars engage with them to understand how children have negotiated their place in the adult word. This issue opens with articles by Mona Gleason and Mashid Mayar. Both authors deploy theory to examine how childhood has been the currency of, and at stake in, the archival record. Here, and elsewhere in her influential scholarship, Gleason argues that child's history is a field open to new theory and scholarly practice. In "Children Obviously Don't Make History": Historical Significance and Children's Modalities of Power," Gleason adopts a "modalities of power" framework to show how children do, indeed, make history. Using examples from elementary school correspondence in British Columbia between 1919 and the late 1950s, Gleason develops the concept of "negotiated malleability" to highlight the way young people manipulate and negotiate predicaments with the adults who populate their daily lives. Mayar's "Playes Print the Letter": American Child(hoods) as Archival Present/ce" sees similarity in the notions of nostalgia, desire, fantasy, and power that bind Childhood Studies to Archival Studies. Examining letters that children sent to the juvenile periodical St. Nicholas in the 1890s, Mayar says the conflict at the center of the inaccessibility of childhood archival material is about the types of knowledge it promises to produce. Moving to the 1970s, Emily Gallagher's "Hidden in Plain Sight: Child-authored Material in Australian Museums and Archives" argues that historians have expressed frustration over the difficulties of locating children's voices in archives. By examining holdings of child art and writing in Australian collections, Gallagher show how children's documentary records [End Page 339] are far more voluminous than many scholars have previously acknowledged, comprising a surprisingly large array of children's art, writing, and audiovisual and material culture. If the archival record involves privileging certain pieces of evidence over others, it is a project that highlights normative sex, gender, and racial inequalities. Christina Burr's article about girl's leisure, fashion, and subculture also analyzes young people's writing. In "They Are Just Girls": Clara Bow's Star Persona, Female Adolescence, and the Flapper Youth Spectator," Burr argues that in the 1920s, a new confrontational type of adolescent femininity emerged—the flapper. The flapper may have been inspired by Hollywood movies; however, fan letters and
在本期付印之际，在加拿大圭尔夫大学举行的2023年儿童和青年历史学会两年一次的会议已经结束。200个混合小组、圆桌会议、全体会议和主题演讲进行了介绍。一如既往，《儿童和青年历史杂志》欢迎来自任何时期或地点的关于儿童和青年历史的投稿。这期杂志的许多文章关注儿童和年轻人的来信，并研究学者如何与他们接触，以了解儿童如何在成人世界中协商自己的位置。本期以Mona Gleason和Mashid Mayar的文章开篇。两位作者都运用理论来研究童年是如何成为档案记录的货币和利害关系的。格里森在这本书和她其他有影响力的学术著作中认为，儿童史是一个向新理论和学术实践开放的领域。在《儿童显然不能创造历史:历史意义和儿童的权力形态》一书中，格里森采用了“权力形态”的框架来展示儿童是如何创造历史的。格里森以1919年至20世纪50年代末不列颠哥伦比亚省的小学书信为例，提出了“协商延展性”的概念，以突出年轻人与日常生活中常见的成年人处理和协商困境的方式。Mayar的“游戏打印信件”:美国儿童(儿童)作为档案的存在/ce”看到了怀旧，欲望，幻想和权力的概念的相似性，这些概念将儿童研究与档案研究联系在一起。在研究了19世纪90年代儿童寄给青少年期刊《圣尼古拉斯》(St. Nicholas)的信件后，马亚尔说，儿童档案材料难以获取的核心矛盾在于它有望产生的知识类型。回到20世纪70年代，艾米丽·加拉格尔(Emily Gallagher)的《隐藏在明处:澳大利亚博物馆和档案馆中由儿童撰写的材料》(Hidden in Plain Sight: children -作者)认为，历史学家对在档案中找到儿童声音的困难表示失望。通过研究澳大利亚收藏的儿童艺术和文字，加拉格尔展示了儿童的文献记录比许多学者之前认为的要多得多，其中包含了大量的儿童艺术、文字、视听和物质文化。如果档案记录涉及对某些证据的特权，那么它就是一个突出规范的性别、性别和种族不平等的项目。Christina Burr关于女孩的休闲、时尚和亚文化的文章也分析了年轻人的写作。在《她们只是女孩》一书中，伯尔认为，在20世纪20年代，出现了一种新的对抗类型的青春期女性——少女。“摩登女郎”可能受到了好莱坞电影的启发;然而，影迷的来信和感言显示了女孩影迷是如何在-à-vis好莱坞理想中重建自己的青春期身份的，这是由备受争议的银幕偶像克莱尔·鲍所体现的。鲍是一个“当红”女孩，她给演出带来了活力、活泼、冲动和性感的吸引力——一战后新的女性理想。韦恩·里格斯的文章从性别和社会性别转向政治运动和教育社会化，重点关注第一次世界大战的青年运动。1914年，英国既没有征兵制军队，也没有任何执行征兵制的官僚机制。在《教会旅和战场:一战前英国男孩的军事化》一书中，里格斯将青年、宗教和军国主义的交集与英国成功的征兵工作联系起来。里格斯说，男孩的旅将军事纪律和训练与宗教教学相结合，确保了超过50%的英国男孩接受某种形式的军事训练。因此，到1916年，英国拥有世界上最大的志愿军。芭芭拉·特尔克·尼斯卡伊特关注印刷媒体和政治教育。在《社会主义南斯拉夫儿童工作的模糊性:基于儿童杂志《皮涅夫斯基》榜单的分析》中，作者分析了社会主义南斯拉夫儿童杂志对工作、娱乐和休闲的描绘。在与苏联决裂后，南斯拉夫将工人自我管理作为所谓的社会主义第三条道路。儿童杂志皮涅尔斯基列举了建立在马克思主义观念基础上的农业社会风气……
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