Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boae023
Colin Bower
Many plant species orient their flowers to the Sun. Such orientations may be dynamic (heliotropism or solar tracking) or static, adopting fixed non-random azimuths to points on the daily arc of the Sun (conversotropism as defined herein). Two cauline greenhood orchid species, Diplodium reflexum and D. ampliatum (Pterostylidinae), are shown to be negatively conversotropic and non-heliotropic. Cauline greenhoods are trap and window flowers having large translucent light panels that glow when backlit flowers are viewed from the front. Conversotropism in greenhoods is thought to maximize light transmission through the window panels to manipulate the behaviour of fungus gnat pollinators. Conversotropism is so far documented in only seven species in five plant families, but is likely to be more widespread. The general characteristics of conversotropism are summarized and a new two stage model of window function in greenhoods is proposed. Window flowers in the Lady Slipper orchids (Cypripedium) and in Arums of the genus Arisaema are also predicted to be conversotropic. The evolution of conversotropism in cauline greenhoods highlights the importance of floral windows in these orchids. The highly unusual trap flowers may use light both as a pollinator attractant and repellent at different stages of the pollination process. Greenhoods appear to exploit the instinct of flies to escape confinement and the behaviours enabling it. This probably also applies to other trap flowers and adds insect escape behaviours to the many other drives, instincts, and behaviours exploited by plants for pollination.
许多植物物种都将花朵对准太阳。这种定向可能是动态的（向日葵或太阳跟踪），也可能是静态的，采用固定的非随机方位角，指向太阳日弧线上的点（本文定义的会向性）。两个茎生绿球兰物种 Diplodium reflexum 和 D. ampliatum（翼手目）被证明具有负向辐向性和非向日性。茎生绿球花是一种诱捕花和窗花，具有大型半透明光板，当从正面观察背光花朵时，光板会发光。人们认为，绿萝的同向性是为了最大限度地提高透光窗板的透光率，从而操纵真菌蚋传粉者的行为。迄今为止，只有五个植物科的七个物种记录了同向性，但这种现象可能更为普遍。本文总结了会向性的一般特征，并提出了一个新的绿色植物窗口功能两阶段模型。据预测，瓢唇形兰（Cypripedium）和旱金莲属（Arisaema）中的窗花也具有会向性。茎生绿叶植物的会向性进化凸显了花窗在这些兰科植物中的重要性。这种极不寻常的陷阱花可能在授粉过程的不同阶段既利用光来吸引授粉者，又利用光来驱赶授粉者。绿萝似乎利用了苍蝇逃避束缚的本能和行为。这可能也适用于其他诱虫花，并将昆虫的逃逸行为添加到植物为授粉而利用的许多其他驱动力、本能和行为中。
{"title":"Fixed non-random orientation to the Sun (conversotropism) in two window-flowered greenhood orchids, Diplodium spp. (Orchidaceae: Pterostylidinae); implications for other window flowers and pollinator behaviour","authors":"Colin Bower","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boae023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae023","url":null,"abstract":"Many plant species orient their flowers to the Sun. Such orientations may be dynamic (heliotropism or solar tracking) or static, adopting fixed non-random azimuths to points on the daily arc of the Sun (conversotropism as defined herein). Two cauline greenhood orchid species, Diplodium reflexum and D. ampliatum (Pterostylidinae), are shown to be negatively conversotropic and non-heliotropic. Cauline greenhoods are trap and window flowers having large translucent light panels that glow when backlit flowers are viewed from the front. Conversotropism in greenhoods is thought to maximize light transmission through the window panels to manipulate the behaviour of fungus gnat pollinators. Conversotropism is so far documented in only seven species in five plant families, but is likely to be more widespread. The general characteristics of conversotropism are summarized and a new two stage model of window function in greenhoods is proposed. Window flowers in the Lady Slipper orchids (Cypripedium) and in Arums of the genus Arisaema are also predicted to be conversotropic. The evolution of conversotropism in cauline greenhoods highlights the importance of floral windows in these orchids. The highly unusual trap flowers may use light both as a pollinator attractant and repellent at different stages of the pollination process. Greenhoods appear to exploit the instinct of flies to escape confinement and the behaviours enabling it. This probably also applies to other trap flowers and adds insect escape behaviours to the many other drives, instincts, and behaviours exploited by plants for pollination.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140829316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boae009
I. Draper, L. Hedenäs
Earlier studies on Isothecium s.l. suggested potential interchange of genetic material between species that are nowadays known to belong to separate genera. In this study, we analyse the variation in three molecular markers (nuclear gpd; mitochondrial nad5; and plastid trnG) in a wide selection of Isothecium alopecuroides and Pseudisothecium myosuroides specimens to infer whether this potential exchange of genetic material is frequent. In addition, we explore the phylogeographic structure of these two species in Europe. Our results seem to show repeated genetic interchange for the nuclear and mitochondrial markers in both species, suggesting intergeneric hybridization, although horizontal gene transfer and/or incomplete lineage sorting could also explain the detected incongruences. The genetic lineages found indicate a complex biogeographical history for I. alopecuroides, including both post-glacial immigration from different glacial refugia and developing haplotypes potentially adapted to cold climates. As for P. myosuroides, genetic variants could either indicate a post-glacial immigration history or adaptation to oceanic conditions. Further studies including a larger set of more variable molecular markers could help to reach final conclusions on the results here presented.
{"title":"Molecular variation and phylogeography within European Isothecium alopecuroides and Pseudisothecium myosuroides (Bryophyta, Lembophyllaceae)","authors":"I. Draper, L. Hedenäs","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boae009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Earlier studies on Isothecium s.l. suggested potential interchange of genetic material between species that are nowadays known to belong to separate genera. In this study, we analyse the variation in three molecular markers (nuclear gpd; mitochondrial nad5; and plastid trnG) in a wide selection of Isothecium alopecuroides and Pseudisothecium myosuroides specimens to infer whether this potential exchange of genetic material is frequent. In addition, we explore the phylogeographic structure of these two species in Europe. Our results seem to show repeated genetic interchange for the nuclear and mitochondrial markers in both species, suggesting intergeneric hybridization, although horizontal gene transfer and/or incomplete lineage sorting could also explain the detected incongruences. The genetic lineages found indicate a complex biogeographical history for I. alopecuroides, including both post-glacial immigration from different glacial refugia and developing haplotypes potentially adapted to cold climates. As for P. myosuroides, genetic variants could either indicate a post-glacial immigration history or adaptation to oceanic conditions. Further studies including a larger set of more variable molecular markers could help to reach final conclusions on the results here presented.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140669717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-21DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boae022
Nikolay Matanov, Isabel Draper, Juan Antonio Calleja, Maren Flagmeier, Francisco Lara, Ricardo Garilleti
The bryophyte genus Ulota has its main diversification area in Patagonia, with 18 currently accepted species, all of which are endemic to the area. Despite this richness, ongoing studies indicate the existence of hitherto unknown species in this territory. However, the strong resemblance between species often complicates the discrimination of new taxa, making the use of integrative taxonomy approaches compulsory. During surveys conducted in past decades, a morphotype of a Ulota, closely resembling Ulota macrodontia, was discovered coexisting with this species. Ulota macrodontia is characterized by unique peristomial features within the genus, and the variant morphotype shares these characteristics while displaying some distinct gametophytic and sporophytic features. Biometric analyses demonstrate that the differences are stable, and without intermediate states. The results obtained from the analyses of one nuclear and four plastid loci reveal a close relationship between both morphotypes, with the samples of U. macrodontia forming a well-supported monophyletic group. We propose to treat the new morphotype at species level (Ulota brachypoda sp. nov.), discussing why this is the most appropriate taxonomic rank, and we provide a detailed and illustrated description. Additionally, a distribution map of the two endemics is included.
{"title":"One more word on Patagonian Ulota macrodontia: Ulota brachypoda sp. nov. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta)","authors":"Nikolay Matanov, Isabel Draper, Juan Antonio Calleja, Maren Flagmeier, Francisco Lara, Ricardo Garilleti","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boae022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae022","url":null,"abstract":"The bryophyte genus Ulota has its main diversification area in Patagonia, with 18 currently accepted species, all of which are endemic to the area. Despite this richness, ongoing studies indicate the existence of hitherto unknown species in this territory. However, the strong resemblance between species often complicates the discrimination of new taxa, making the use of integrative taxonomy approaches compulsory. During surveys conducted in past decades, a morphotype of a Ulota, closely resembling Ulota macrodontia, was discovered coexisting with this species. Ulota macrodontia is characterized by unique peristomial features within the genus, and the variant morphotype shares these characteristics while displaying some distinct gametophytic and sporophytic features. Biometric analyses demonstrate that the differences are stable, and without intermediate states. The results obtained from the analyses of one nuclear and four plastid loci reveal a close relationship between both morphotypes, with the samples of U. macrodontia forming a well-supported monophyletic group. We propose to treat the new morphotype at species level (Ulota brachypoda sp. nov.), discussing why this is the most appropriate taxonomic rank, and we provide a detailed and illustrated description. Additionally, a distribution map of the two endemics is included.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140629639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boae020
Diego Sánchez-Ganfornina, Neil E Bell
The Hypnodendrales form the sister group to all other pleurcarpous mosses in the superorder Hypnanae. Many species are closely associated with the cool temperate rainforests of Australasia, while others are widespread in higher altitude wet forests across tropical South-East Asia. Several of the Malesian entities are taxonomically ambiguous, having been variously treated as species complexes or as single very variable species. Here we use dated phylogenies to examine the timing of diversification of major clades within the Hypnodendrales, test the hypothesis that widespread, taxonomically problematic species have diversified relatively recently in South-East Asia from within clades of southern temperate origin, and address taxonomic questions within Hypnodendron. A chronogram with broad taxonomic sampling is constructed, followed by a second dated phylogeny with dense sampling from Hypnodendron vitiense, a representative morphologically variable species found throughout Eastern Australia and South-East Asia. The crown group Hypnodendrales are found to have originated in the mid-Cretaceous, although they share a Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) with the other Hypnanae in the late Jurassic. Extant members of Hypnodendron share a MRCA ±28 Mya, a little before the start of the collision of Australia with the Sunda plate that initiated the Australasian–Malesian floristic interchange. Within H. vitiense, there is strong phylogenetic structure consistent with the diversification and isolation of populations in South-East Asia within the last 10 Mya. The New Zealand endemic H. marginatum is found to be derived from within an Australasian clade of H. vitiense, this in turn being distinct from a South-East Asian/tropical Australian H. vitiense clade. Our results suggest that the phylogeography of this prominent group of mosses closely mirrors that of the rainforest ecosystems of which they are a part.
褶皱苔藓属（Hypnodendrales）是褶皱苔藓超目（Hypnanae）中所有其他褶皱苔藓的姊妹群。许多物种与澳大拉西亚的冷温带雨林密切相关，而其他物种则广泛分布于东南亚热带地区海拔较高的湿润森林中。马利筋属的一些物种在分类学上很模糊，有的被视为物种复合体，有的被视为单个变异很大的物种。在此，我们利用年代系统发育来研究下念珠木科主要支系的分化时间，检验广布的、在分类学上有问题的物种是最近才在东南亚从起源于南温带的支系中分化出来的这一假设，并解决下念珠木科内部的分类学问题。该研究构建了一个具有广泛分类取样的年代图，随后又从Hypnodendron vitiense（一种在澳大利亚东部和东南亚发现的形态多变的代表性物种）进行了密集取样，构建了第二个年代系统发育图。冠群 Hypnodendrales 被发现起源于白垩纪中期，尽管它们与侏罗纪晚期的其他 Hypnanae 有一个最近共同祖先（MRCA）。Hypnodendron现生成员的最近共同祖先（MRCA）为±28 Mya，比澳大利亚与巽他板块碰撞开始（澳大利西亚-马来亚植物交换开始）稍早。在 H. vitiense 中，有很强的系统发育结构，与东南亚种群在过去 10 万年中的多样化和隔离相一致。我们发现新西兰特有的 H. marginatum 源自 H. vitiense 的一个澳大拉西亚支系，而该支系又与东南亚/澳大利亚热带 H. vitiense 支系截然不同。我们的研究结果表明，这一著名苔藓类群的系统地理学与它们所处的雨林生态系统密切相关。
{"title":"Phylogeny, chronology, and phylogeography in Australasian Hypnodendraceae","authors":"Diego Sánchez-Ganfornina, Neil E Bell","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boae020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae020","url":null,"abstract":"The Hypnodendrales form the sister group to all other pleurcarpous mosses in the superorder Hypnanae. Many species are closely associated with the cool temperate rainforests of Australasia, while others are widespread in higher altitude wet forests across tropical South-East Asia. Several of the Malesian entities are taxonomically ambiguous, having been variously treated as species complexes or as single very variable species. Here we use dated phylogenies to examine the timing of diversification of major clades within the Hypnodendrales, test the hypothesis that widespread, taxonomically problematic species have diversified relatively recently in South-East Asia from within clades of southern temperate origin, and address taxonomic questions within Hypnodendron. A chronogram with broad taxonomic sampling is constructed, followed by a second dated phylogeny with dense sampling from Hypnodendron vitiense, a representative morphologically variable species found throughout Eastern Australia and South-East Asia. The crown group Hypnodendrales are found to have originated in the mid-Cretaceous, although they share a Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) with the other Hypnanae in the late Jurassic. Extant members of Hypnodendron share a MRCA ±28 Mya, a little before the start of the collision of Australia with the Sunda plate that initiated the Australasian–Malesian floristic interchange. Within H. vitiense, there is strong phylogenetic structure consistent with the diversification and isolation of populations in South-East Asia within the last 10 Mya. The New Zealand endemic H. marginatum is found to be derived from within an Australasian clade of H. vitiense, this in turn being distinct from a South-East Asian/tropical Australian H. vitiense clade. Our results suggest that the phylogeography of this prominent group of mosses closely mirrors that of the rainforest ecosystems of which they are a part.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140612851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-11DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boae021
Arjun Adit, Steven D Johnson
Floral divergence among sister taxa can arise from pollinator shifts and play a role in speciation. We investigate a potential case of pollinator-driven divergence in the Duvernoia clade of Justicia (Acanthaceae), which includes two species with markedly divergent floral morphology. Pollinator observations and pollen load analyses showed that Justicia aconitiflora is pollinated by vespid wasps, while its sister taxon Justicia adhatodoides is confirmed to be pollinated exclusively by large carpenter bees. Reciprocal nectar-feeding experiments show that wasps and bees are not deterred by the taste of nectar of non-preferred species. Floral morphology matches body and tongue morphology of these two insect groups, and this phenotypic matching mediates pollen transfer and physical access to nectar. Controlled pollination experiments showed that both species are self-compatible, yet dependent on pollinator visits for fruit-set. Historical reconstruction of pollination system evolution in Justicia indicates that the direction of the shift in the Duvernoia clade was from bee to wasp pollinators. This study provides a compelling example of a transition between bee and wasp pollination, and highlights the effects of floral architecture on specialization in plant pollination systems.
{"title":"A shift between bee and wasp pollinators explains floral divergence in the Duvernoia clade of Justicia (Acanthaceae)","authors":"Arjun Adit, Steven D Johnson","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boae021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae021","url":null,"abstract":"Floral divergence among sister taxa can arise from pollinator shifts and play a role in speciation. We investigate a potential case of pollinator-driven divergence in the Duvernoia clade of Justicia (Acanthaceae), which includes two species with markedly divergent floral morphology. Pollinator observations and pollen load analyses showed that Justicia aconitiflora is pollinated by vespid wasps, while its sister taxon Justicia adhatodoides is confirmed to be pollinated exclusively by large carpenter bees. Reciprocal nectar-feeding experiments show that wasps and bees are not deterred by the taste of nectar of non-preferred species. Floral morphology matches body and tongue morphology of these two insect groups, and this phenotypic matching mediates pollen transfer and physical access to nectar. Controlled pollination experiments showed that both species are self-compatible, yet dependent on pollinator visits for fruit-set. Historical reconstruction of pollination system evolution in Justicia indicates that the direction of the shift in the Duvernoia clade was from bee to wasp pollinators. This study provides a compelling example of a transition between bee and wasp pollination, and highlights the effects of floral architecture on specialization in plant pollination systems.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140565595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boae013
Dmitry V Geltman, Nina A Medvedeva, Galina E Titova, Olga V Yakovleva
The term ‘sphaerocrystals’ (also sphaerites) in classic plant morphology was usually applied to spherical bodies visible in polarized light with a characteristic ‘Maltese cross’ and consisting of both inorganic and organic compounds. Initially sphaerocrystals were found in algal cells but were later also discovered in various organs of vascular plants (including seeds). Several authors noticed spherical particles on the seed surface and in testa cells of some Euphorbia species but a comprehensive study of this character in the genus (including the morphological origin of such particles) has not been carried out. We studied 72 species belonging to all 21 sections of Euphorbia subgenus Esula for presence of spherical particles on seed surface and in the testa using scanning, transmission, confocal laser electron microscopy, and light microscopy; histochemical and element analyses were also involved. We found that these particles have the same morphological features (including the demonstration of ‘Maltese cross’ in polarized light) as the ‘classic’ sphaerocrystals. We have recorded sphaerocrystals in 53 sampled species belonging to 20 sections of Euphorbia subgenus Esula; they are localized mostly in mesotesta cells and in some species are exuded onto the seed surface where they are often aggregated into clusters. Sphaerocrystals were absent in the sampled species (with one exception) of one of the major clades of the subgenus, formed by E. sect. Helioscopia and E. sect. Holophyllum. The absence of sphaerocrystals in this early divergent lineage of E. subgen. Esula may be related with adaptation of species of this lineage to more mesic habitats.
经典植物形态学中的 "水芒晶体"（也称水芒石）通常指在偏振光下可见的球形体，具有 "马耳他十字 "的特征，由无机和有机化合物组成。最初，人们在藻类细胞中发现了海绵状晶体，但后来也在维管植物的各种器官（包括种子）中发现了海绵状晶体。有几位作者注意到一些大戟科植物种子表面和种皮细胞中的球形颗粒，但尚未对该属的这一特征（包括此类颗粒的形态起源）进行全面研究。我们利用扫描、透射、激光共聚焦电子显微镜和光学显微镜研究了大戟科大戟属所有 21 个科中的 72 个物种，以观察种子表面和种皮中是否存在球形颗粒；同时还进行了组织化学和元素分析。我们发现这些颗粒具有与 "经典 "水螅晶体相同的形态特征（包括在偏振光下显示 "马耳他十字"）。我们在大戟科大戟属 20 个分枝的 53 个取样物种中记录到了水芒晶体；它们主要分布在中胚层细胞中，有些物种的水芒晶体会渗出到种子表面，并经常聚集成团。在由 E. sect.Helioscopia 和 E. sect.Holophyllum.在 E. 亚属的这一早期分化支系中没有水螅晶体，这可能与 E. 亚属的适应性有关。Esula亚属的这一早期分化品系中没有海绵状晶体，这可能与该品系的物种适应较为中生的生境有关。
{"title":"Sphaerocrystals in seeds of Euphorbia subgenus Esula (Euphorbiaceae): morphology, occurrence, and relationship with phylogeny","authors":"Dmitry V Geltman, Nina A Medvedeva, Galina E Titova, Olga V Yakovleva","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boae013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae013","url":null,"abstract":"The term ‘sphaerocrystals’ (also sphaerites) in classic plant morphology was usually applied to spherical bodies visible in polarized light with a characteristic ‘Maltese cross’ and consisting of both inorganic and organic compounds. Initially sphaerocrystals were found in algal cells but were later also discovered in various organs of vascular plants (including seeds). Several authors noticed spherical particles on the seed surface and in testa cells of some Euphorbia species but a comprehensive study of this character in the genus (including the morphological origin of such particles) has not been carried out. We studied 72 species belonging to all 21 sections of Euphorbia subgenus Esula for presence of spherical particles on seed surface and in the testa using scanning, transmission, confocal laser electron microscopy, and light microscopy; histochemical and element analyses were also involved. We found that these particles have the same morphological features (including the demonstration of ‘Maltese cross’ in polarized light) as the ‘classic’ sphaerocrystals. We have recorded sphaerocrystals in 53 sampled species belonging to 20 sections of Euphorbia subgenus Esula; they are localized mostly in mesotesta cells and in some species are exuded onto the seed surface where they are often aggregated into clusters. Sphaerocrystals were absent in the sampled species (with one exception) of one of the major clades of the subgenus, formed by E. sect. Helioscopia and E. sect. Holophyllum. The absence of sphaerocrystals in this early divergent lineage of E. subgen. Esula may be related with adaptation of species of this lineage to more mesic habitats.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140565454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boae015
Catarina S Carvalho, Haroldo C Lima, Maristerra R Lemes, Domingos Cardoso
Historical climatic and geological events are largely known to have impacted biome evolution across the Neotropics and their associated rich biodiversity. However, a clear understanding of dispersal and biome shifts between neotropical biomes over time is still lacking for many ecologically important plant clades. We investigated the timing and ancestral species movements within the early branching papilionoid legume Dipterygeae lineage of neotropical tree species, some of which are among the most ecologically dominant across Amazonian rainforests and Brazilian savannas, to understand how dispersal and evolutionary trajectories in biome predilection have led to their modern distribution. We also estimated the evolution of fruit types and discuss their potential roles in the colonization of non-Amazonian rainforest habitats. To address these questions, we used one nuclear (ITS/5.8S) and two plastid (matK and trnL intron) DNA regions of the Dipterygeae clade to estimate divergence times with a Bayesian relaxed-clock approach, ancestral area distribution, and evolutionary shifts in biome and morphological traits. All currently recognized species of this clade were sampled, covering its full geographical range. Dipterygeae originated in the Amazonia during the Middle Eocene, where it has undergone a long history of in situ diversification, particularly over the last 15 Myr. Dispersal events into the rainforests of the Brazilian Coastal Atlantic Forest and Chocó + Central America, the fire-prone savannas of the Cerrado, and the Caatinga seasonally dry tropical forest occurred independently. Most lineages ecologically associated with rainforests are dispersed by animals (zoochory), whereas shifts to open habitats generally coincide with wind dispersal (anemochory). Our study highlights the significance of geological events, climatic factors, and shifts in fruit type as crucial contributors to the diversification of Dipterygeae.
{"title":"Andean uplift, climatic events, and rainforest bridges determined the spatiotemporal evolution of the cumaru and tonka beans (Dipterygeae: Leguminosae)","authors":"Catarina S Carvalho, Haroldo C Lima, Maristerra R Lemes, Domingos Cardoso","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boae015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae015","url":null,"abstract":"Historical climatic and geological events are largely known to have impacted biome evolution across the Neotropics and their associated rich biodiversity. However, a clear understanding of dispersal and biome shifts between neotropical biomes over time is still lacking for many ecologically important plant clades. We investigated the timing and ancestral species movements within the early branching papilionoid legume Dipterygeae lineage of neotropical tree species, some of which are among the most ecologically dominant across Amazonian rainforests and Brazilian savannas, to understand how dispersal and evolutionary trajectories in biome predilection have led to their modern distribution. We also estimated the evolution of fruit types and discuss their potential roles in the colonization of non-Amazonian rainforest habitats. To address these questions, we used one nuclear (ITS/5.8S) and two plastid (matK and trnL intron) DNA regions of the Dipterygeae clade to estimate divergence times with a Bayesian relaxed-clock approach, ancestral area distribution, and evolutionary shifts in biome and morphological traits. All currently recognized species of this clade were sampled, covering its full geographical range. Dipterygeae originated in the Amazonia during the Middle Eocene, where it has undergone a long history of in situ diversification, particularly over the last 15 Myr. Dispersal events into the rainforests of the Brazilian Coastal Atlantic Forest and Chocó + Central America, the fire-prone savannas of the Cerrado, and the Caatinga seasonally dry tropical forest occurred independently. Most lineages ecologically associated with rainforests are dispersed by animals (zoochory), whereas shifts to open habitats generally coincide with wind dispersal (anemochory). Our study highlights the significance of geological events, climatic factors, and shifts in fruit type as crucial contributors to the diversification of Dipterygeae.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140324240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boad073
Carlos G Boluda, Yamama Naciri, Laurent Gautier
Capurodendron is the second largest endemic genus of vascular plants in Madagascar. It comprises mainly trees that are frequently logged for their valued wood. This, together with deforestation, led to 76% of the known species being Endangered or Critically Endangered. However, a confident species identification is often not possible with the current available literature and many morphotypes do not fit any described taxa, which has impeded the implementation of conservation measures. We performed a phylogenomic revision studying c. 900 collections morphologically, and sequencing 638 nuclear genetic markers of 180 representative specimens up to 90 years old, including all the described species and some undescribed morphotypes. Our results show that Capurodendron may contain up to 21 undescribed species in addition to the 35 already known. Nine of these are confirmed as valid species supported by genetic, morphological, and ecological data, and we describe them here (Capurodendron ainae, C. ambanizanense, C. antilahimenae, C. christeae, C. nataliae, C. ratovosonii, C. razakamalalae, C. sommerae, and C. vulcanicola). For the remaining 12 candidate new species, three are genetically analysed but require more sampling, and nine are only supported by morphological and ecological data so far, and therefore require genetic analyses to confirm their validity. For practical purposes and to assist with conservation assessments we provide an identification key, based mainly on vegetative characters, that also include the undescribed species.
{"title":"A phylogenomic reconstruction of the Endangered Malagasy tree genus Capurodendron (Sapotaceae) with nine new species and an identification key","authors":"Carlos G Boluda, Yamama Naciri, Laurent Gautier","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boad073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad073","url":null,"abstract":"Capurodendron is the second largest endemic genus of vascular plants in Madagascar. It comprises mainly trees that are frequently logged for their valued wood. This, together with deforestation, led to 76% of the known species being Endangered or Critically Endangered. However, a confident species identification is often not possible with the current available literature and many morphotypes do not fit any described taxa, which has impeded the implementation of conservation measures. We performed a phylogenomic revision studying c. 900 collections morphologically, and sequencing 638 nuclear genetic markers of 180 representative specimens up to 90 years old, including all the described species and some undescribed morphotypes. Our results show that Capurodendron may contain up to 21 undescribed species in addition to the 35 already known. Nine of these are confirmed as valid species supported by genetic, morphological, and ecological data, and we describe them here (Capurodendron ainae, C. ambanizanense, C. antilahimenae, C. christeae, C. nataliae, C. ratovosonii, C. razakamalalae, C. sommerae, and C. vulcanicola). For the remaining 12 candidate new species, three are genetically analysed but require more sampling, and nine are only supported by morphological and ecological data so far, and therefore require genetic analyses to confirm their validity. For practical purposes and to assist with conservation assessments we provide an identification key, based mainly on vegetative characters, that also include the undescribed species.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140311946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boae012
Toru Miyamoto, Ko Mochizuki, Atsushi Kawakita
Pandanus is a morphologically unique plant group of the Paleotropical flora, with approximately 450 known species occupying diverse habitats. Because the male inflorescences of this genus are pendent and nectarless, they are commonly assumed to be wind-pollinated; however, their floral scent coupled with the observation that female inflorescences mature while still covered by bracts suggest the possibility of an alternative pollination mechanism. We studied the pollination system of Pandanus odorifer in subtropical Japan. A peroxidase assay was conducted to determine the timing of stigma receptivity, which showed that the stigmas were sensitive to peroxidase while the female inflorescences were covered by bracts. We found numerous pollen-bearing adult beetles of the genus Amystrops on both male and female inflorescences. Nitidulid larvae were also found on male inflorescences, and the larvae became adults of the same Amystrops species as found on the inflorescences by feeding only on Pandanus pollen. Last, floral temperature was monitored to test for floral thermogenesis. Both male and female inflorescences were thermogenic at night when insect visitation occurred. This study provides the first examples of insect pollination and floral thermogenesis in Pandanaceae. Most known Amystrops species are associated with Pandanus inflorescences, suggesting a widespread, specialized Pandanus–Amystrops association.
{"title":"Pollination of thermogenic inflorescence of Pandanus odorifer by a specialist Amystrops sap beetle that reproduces on the male inflorescence","authors":"Toru Miyamoto, Ko Mochizuki, Atsushi Kawakita","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boae012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae012","url":null,"abstract":"Pandanus is a morphologically unique plant group of the Paleotropical flora, with approximately 450 known species occupying diverse habitats. Because the male inflorescences of this genus are pendent and nectarless, they are commonly assumed to be wind-pollinated; however, their floral scent coupled with the observation that female inflorescences mature while still covered by bracts suggest the possibility of an alternative pollination mechanism. We studied the pollination system of Pandanus odorifer in subtropical Japan. A peroxidase assay was conducted to determine the timing of stigma receptivity, which showed that the stigmas were sensitive to peroxidase while the female inflorescences were covered by bracts. We found numerous pollen-bearing adult beetles of the genus Amystrops on both male and female inflorescences. Nitidulid larvae were also found on male inflorescences, and the larvae became adults of the same Amystrops species as found on the inflorescences by feeding only on Pandanus pollen. Last, floral temperature was monitored to test for floral thermogenesis. Both male and female inflorescences were thermogenic at night when insect visitation occurred. This study provides the first examples of insect pollination and floral thermogenesis in Pandanaceae. Most known Amystrops species are associated with Pandanus inflorescences, suggesting a widespread, specialized Pandanus–Amystrops association.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140312036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boae007
Gabriel E Ferreira, John L Clark, Laura Clavijo, Alejandro Zuluaga, Alain Chautems, Michael J G Hopkins, Andrea O Araujo, Mathieu Perret
Besleria, a genus of perennial herbs, shrubs, or small trees growing in the understorey of rainforests, is one of the largest genera of neotropical Gesneriaceae, with over 165 species. Despite the ecological importance and ubiquity of Besleria in rainforest ecosystems, taxonomic and evolutionary studies of Besleria are limited. Here, we generated a phylogenetic analysis of Besleria using four nuclear and chloroplast DNA regions (ITS, matK, rps16, and trnL-trnF) covering more than 50% of the recognized species, along with two secondary calibration points to infer divergence times. Our results support the monophyly of Besleria and allowed us to revise the infrageneric classification and biogeographical history of the genus. We identified five major clades that do not correspond to sections or subsections in previous classifications. These clades are well circumscribed geographically but remain difficult to characterize using previously hypothesized morphological characters. Biogeographical reconstructions indicate an origin in the northern Andes during the Middle Miocene (ca. 15 Mya). The current distribution patterns of this plant group have been significantly shaped by geological and climatic events, particularly Andean uplift and the formation of the Panama Isthmus.
{"title":"Phylogenetics, character evolution, and historical biogeography of the Neotropical genus Besleria (Gesneriaceae)","authors":"Gabriel E Ferreira, John L Clark, Laura Clavijo, Alejandro Zuluaga, Alain Chautems, Michael J G Hopkins, Andrea O Araujo, Mathieu Perret","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boae007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae007","url":null,"abstract":"Besleria, a genus of perennial herbs, shrubs, or small trees growing in the understorey of rainforests, is one of the largest genera of neotropical Gesneriaceae, with over 165 species. Despite the ecological importance and ubiquity of Besleria in rainforest ecosystems, taxonomic and evolutionary studies of Besleria are limited. Here, we generated a phylogenetic analysis of Besleria using four nuclear and chloroplast DNA regions (ITS, matK, rps16, and trnL-trnF) covering more than 50% of the recognized species, along with two secondary calibration points to infer divergence times. Our results support the monophyly of Besleria and allowed us to revise the infrageneric classification and biogeographical history of the genus. We identified five major clades that do not correspond to sections or subsections in previous classifications. These clades are well circumscribed geographically but remain difficult to characterize using previously hypothesized morphological characters. Biogeographical reconstructions indicate an origin in the northern Andes during the Middle Miocene (ca. 15 Mya). The current distribution patterns of this plant group have been significantly shaped by geological and climatic events, particularly Andean uplift and the formation of the Panama Isthmus.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140311944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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