Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00434-y
Salma N Eladl, Aya M Elnabawy, Eladl G Eltanahy
Microalgae and seaweed have been consumed as food for several decades to combat starvation and food shortages worldwide. The most famous edible microalgae species are Nostoc, Spirulina, and Aphanizomenon, in addition to seaweeds, which are used in traditional medicine and food, such as Nori, which is one of the most popular foods containing Pyropia alga as a major ingredient. Recently, many applications use algae-derived polysaccharides such as agar, alginate, carrageenan, cellulose, fucoidan, mannan, laminarin, ulvan, and xylan as gelling agents in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries. Moreover, pigments (carotenoids particularly astaxanthins, chlorophylls, and phycobilins), minerals, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, peptides, proteins, polyphenols, and diterpenes compounds are accumulated under specific cultivation and stress conditions in the algal cells to be harvested and their biomass used as a feedstock for the relevant industries and applications. No less critical is the use of algae in bioremediation, thus contributing significantly to environmental sustainability.This review will explore and discuss the various applications of microalgae and seaweeds, emphasising their role in bioremediation, recent products with algal added-value compounds that are now on the market, and novel under-developing applications such as bioplastics and nanoparticle production. Nonetheless, special attention is also drawn towards the limitations of these applications and the technologies applied, and how they may be overcome.
{"title":"Recent biotechnological applications of value-added bioactive compounds from microalgae and seaweeds.","authors":"Salma N Eladl, Aya M Elnabawy, Eladl G Eltanahy","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00434-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00434-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microalgae and seaweed have been consumed as food for several decades to combat starvation and food shortages worldwide. The most famous edible microalgae species are Nostoc, Spirulina, and Aphanizomenon, in addition to seaweeds, which are used in traditional medicine and food, such as Nori, which is one of the most popular foods containing Pyropia alga as a major ingredient. Recently, many applications use algae-derived polysaccharides such as agar, alginate, carrageenan, cellulose, fucoidan, mannan, laminarin, ulvan, and xylan as gelling agents in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries. Moreover, pigments (carotenoids particularly astaxanthins, chlorophylls, and phycobilins), minerals, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, peptides, proteins, polyphenols, and diterpenes compounds are accumulated under specific cultivation and stress conditions in the algal cells to be harvested and their biomass used as a feedstock for the relevant industries and applications. No less critical is the use of algae in bioremediation, thus contributing significantly to environmental sustainability.This review will explore and discuss the various applications of microalgae and seaweeds, emphasising their role in bioremediation, recent products with algal added-value compounds that are now on the market, and novel under-developing applications such as bioplastics and nanoparticle production. Nonetheless, special attention is also drawn towards the limitations of these applications and the technologies applied, and how they may be overcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11420431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142280332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00432-0
Latifa AlHusnain, Muneera D F AlKahtani, Kotb A Attia, Tayyaba Sanaullah, Dalia E Elsharnoby
The nutritional quality improvement is among the most integral objective for any rice molecular breeding programs. The seed storage proteins (SSPs) have greater role to determine the nutritional quality of any cereal grains. Rice contains relatively balanced amino acid composition and the SSPs are fractioned into albumins (ALB), globulins (GLO), prolamins (PRO) and glutelins (GLU) according to differences in solubility. GLUs are further divided into subfamilies: GluA, GluB, GluC, and GluD depending on resemblance in amino acid. The GLU protein accounts for 60-80% of total protein contents, encoded by 15 genes located on different chromosomes of rice genome. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system was employed to knockout Glu-B (LOC-Os02g15070) gene in non-basmati rice PK386 cultivar. The mutant displayed two base pair and three base pair mutation in the targeted regions. The homozygous mutant plant displayed reduction for both in total protein contents and GLU contents whereas, elevation in GLO, ALB and PRO. Moreover, the mutant plant also displayed reduction in physio-chemical properties e.g., total starch, amylose and gel consistency. The agronomic characteristics of both mutant and wild type displayed non-significant differences along with increase in higher percentage of chalkiness in mutant plants. The results obtained from scanning electron microscopy showed the loosely packed starch granules compared to wild type. The gene expression analysis displayed the lower expression of gene at 5 days after flowering (DAF), 10 DAF, 15 DAF and 20 DAF compared to wild type. GUS sub-cellular localization showed the staining in seed which further validated the results obtained from gene expression. Based on these findings it can be concluded Glu-B gene have significant role in controlling GLU contents and can be utilized in breeding programs to enhance the nutritional quality of rice, and may serve as healthy diet for patient allergic with high GLU contents.
{"title":"Application of CRISPR/Cas9 system to knock out GluB gene for developing low glutelin rice mutant.","authors":"Latifa AlHusnain, Muneera D F AlKahtani, Kotb A Attia, Tayyaba Sanaullah, Dalia E Elsharnoby","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00432-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00432-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The nutritional quality improvement is among the most integral objective for any rice molecular breeding programs. The seed storage proteins (SSPs) have greater role to determine the nutritional quality of any cereal grains. Rice contains relatively balanced amino acid composition and the SSPs are fractioned into albumins (ALB), globulins (GLO), prolamins (PRO) and glutelins (GLU) according to differences in solubility. GLUs are further divided into subfamilies: GluA, GluB, GluC, and GluD depending on resemblance in amino acid. The GLU protein accounts for 60-80% of total protein contents, encoded by 15 genes located on different chromosomes of rice genome. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system was employed to knockout Glu-B (LOC-Os02g15070) gene in non-basmati rice PK386 cultivar. The mutant displayed two base pair and three base pair mutation in the targeted regions. The homozygous mutant plant displayed reduction for both in total protein contents and GLU contents whereas, elevation in GLO, ALB and PRO. Moreover, the mutant plant also displayed reduction in physio-chemical properties e.g., total starch, amylose and gel consistency. The agronomic characteristics of both mutant and wild type displayed non-significant differences along with increase in higher percentage of chalkiness in mutant plants. The results obtained from scanning electron microscopy showed the loosely packed starch granules compared to wild type. The gene expression analysis displayed the lower expression of gene at 5 days after flowering (DAF), 10 DAF, 15 DAF and 20 DAF compared to wild type. GUS sub-cellular localization showed the staining in seed which further validated the results obtained from gene expression. Based on these findings it can be concluded Glu-B gene have significant role in controlling GLU contents and can be utilized in breeding programs to enhance the nutritional quality of rice, and may serve as healthy diet for patient allergic with high GLU contents.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11371991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142118981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The tropical legume Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. can meet three agricultural needs: low-cost protein, high-value medicines, and green manure or cover crops. But like other underutilized crops, it needs more modern breeding resources. Identifying marker-trait associations (MTAs) can facilitate marker-assisted breeding and crop improvement. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of identifying MTAs using a small number of accessions (< 100). We have characterized a panel of 70 M. pruriens accessions across two consecutive years and performed association analysis for 16 phenotypic traits related to seed (seed length, seed width, seed thickness, seed yield per plant, hundred seed weight); pod (pod length, pod width, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant); inflorescence (inflorescence length, flower buds per inflorescence, flower length, pedicel length), and biochemical attributes (L-DOPA, total protein, total carbohydrate), using 66 genic-microsatellite markers following mixed linear model.
Results: The results showed significant phenotypic (P < 0.05) and genetic diversity (Shannon's information index, I = 0.62) in our germplasm collection. Many tested traits were highly heritable (broad-sense heritability ranging from 42.86 to 99.93%). A total of 15 MTAs was detected at an adjusted significance level of P < 5.55 × 10- 3 for nine traits (seed length, seed thickness, seed width, hundred seed weight, seed yield per plant, inflorescence length, flower buds per inflorescence, flower length, and petiole length), contributed by 10 SSR markers (MPU_19, MPU_42, MPU_54, MPU_57, MPU_58, MPU_83, MPU_89, MPU_108, MPU_111, and MPU_122.) with phenotypic variance explained (PVE) ranging from 14.7 to 31.1%. Out of the ten trait-associated markers, the BLAST analysis revealed putative functions of seven markers, except MPU_57, MPU_58, and MPU_83.
Conclusion: Fifteen MTAs identified for important traits with phenotypic variance explained > 10% from mixed linear model offer a solid resource base for improving this crop. This is the first report on association mapping in M. pruriens and our results are expected to assist with marker-assisted breeding and identifying candidate genes in this promising legume.
{"title":"Association mapping of important agronomic traits in Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.","authors":"Patrush Lepcha, Mahesh Shekhar, Leelambika Murugesan, Mahammad Jaheer, Ratan Chopra, Vikas Belamkar, Narayana Sathyanarayana","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00421-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00421-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The tropical legume Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. can meet three agricultural needs: low-cost protein, high-value medicines, and green manure or cover crops. But like other underutilized crops, it needs more modern breeding resources. Identifying marker-trait associations (MTAs) can facilitate marker-assisted breeding and crop improvement. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of identifying MTAs using a small number of accessions (< 100). We have characterized a panel of 70 M. pruriens accessions across two consecutive years and performed association analysis for 16 phenotypic traits related to seed (seed length, seed width, seed thickness, seed yield per plant, hundred seed weight); pod (pod length, pod width, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant); inflorescence (inflorescence length, flower buds per inflorescence, flower length, pedicel length), and biochemical attributes (L-DOPA, total protein, total carbohydrate), using 66 genic-microsatellite markers following mixed linear model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed significant phenotypic (P < 0.05) and genetic diversity (Shannon's information index, I = 0.62) in our germplasm collection. Many tested traits were highly heritable (broad-sense heritability ranging from 42.86 to 99.93%). A total of 15 MTAs was detected at an adjusted significance level of P < 5.55 × 10<sup>- 3</sup> for nine traits (seed length, seed thickness, seed width, hundred seed weight, seed yield per plant, inflorescence length, flower buds per inflorescence, flower length, and petiole length), contributed by 10 SSR markers (MPU_19, MPU_42, MPU_54, MPU_57, MPU_58, MPU_83, MPU_89, MPU_108, MPU_111, and MPU_122.) with phenotypic variance explained (PVE) ranging from 14.7 to 31.1%. Out of the ten trait-associated markers, the BLAST analysis revealed putative functions of seven markers, except MPU_57, MPU_58, and MPU_83.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fifteen MTAs identified for important traits with phenotypic variance explained > 10% from mixed linear model offer a solid resource base for improving this crop. This is the first report on association mapping in M. pruriens and our results are expected to assist with marker-assisted breeding and identifying candidate genes in this promising legume.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333416/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141999411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00423-1
Mykyta Peregrym, Ingrid Turisová, Peter Turis
Background: The genus Pteridium Gled. ex Scop. was thought to be monotypic with the cosmopolitan species P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. for many years. However, morphological variations among these plants in different regions have been noted since the 1940's, leading to the description of new taxa later. Molecular investigations, while not resolving all taxonomical questions within the genus, have highlighted its rich genetic diversity globally, confirming the status of several previously described species and subspecies. This wealth of data has prompted revisions of the Pteridium genus in regional floras, with Northern Eurasia serving as a central arena for such studies in the last 30 years. Recent data suggest that the European flora comprises a single species, P. aquilinum, with two subspecies, P. a. subsp. aquilinum and P. a. subsp. pinetorum (C.N. Page & R.R. Mill) J.A. Thomson. However, their distribution within the continent remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the representation and distribution of Pteridium taxa in Slovakia with an attempt to describe natural ranges of P. aquilinum subspecies based on herbarium materials and citizen science data within Europe for a whole.
Results: It is confirmed that the genus Pteridium is represented by the single species with two mentioned subspecies in the flora of Europe, as well as in the flora of Slovakia. The distribution of these subspecies is mapped in the country. Additionally, we discuss the ranges of these subspecies for a whole, and we evidence the growth of P. aquilinum subsp. pinetorum within the Netherlands, Czechia, Austria, Hungary and Romania for the first time. Also, two new combinations of taxa from the Asian part of Russia are offered.
Conclusion: Our study is a significant contribution in the present knowledge about the distribution and taxonomy of P. aquilinum, however it also shows that many questions concerning this taxon and its infraspecific taxa remain open. Additional field investigations and herbarium processing should be carried out for detailed explorations of biological and ecological peculiarities of the mentioned subspecies, and for the clear understanding of their regional distribution. Such explorations also might become a basis for new syntaxonomic revisions.
背景:多年来,人们一直认为蕨属(Pteridium Gled.然而,自 20 世纪 40 年代以来,人们注意到这些植物在不同地区的形态变异,并在后来描述了新的分类群。分子研究虽然没有解决该属的所有分类问题,但突显了其在全球范围内丰富的遗传多样性,证实了之前描述的几个种和亚种的地位。这些丰富的数据促使人们对地区植物区系中的翼手目属进行修订,在过去 30 年中,欧亚大陆北部是此类研究的中心区域。最近的数据表明,欧洲植物群包括一个单一的种,即 P. aquilinum,以及两个亚种,即 P. a. subsp.然而,它们在非洲大陆的分布情况仍不清楚。因此,本研究旨在根据标本馆材料和公民科学数据,阐明斯洛伐克境内蕨类植物类群的代表性和分布情况,并试图描述整个欧洲境内 P. aquilinum 亚种的自然分布范围:结果:研究证实,在欧洲植物区系和斯洛伐克植物区系中,紫檀属只有一个种,但有两个亚种。我们绘制了这些亚种在斯洛伐克的分布图。此外,我们还讨论了这些亚种的整体分布范围,并首次证明了 P. aquilinum subsp.此外,我们还提供了来自俄罗斯亚洲部分的两个新的分类群组合:我们的研究是对目前有关 P. aquilinum 的分布和分类知识的重要贡献,但也表明有关该分类群及其种下分类群的许多问题仍未解决。为了详细探索上述亚种的生物和生态特性,并清楚地了解它们的区域分布情况,还应该开展更多的实地调查和标本处理工作。这些探索也可能成为新的分类学修订的基础。
{"title":"A new insight on the genus Pteridium (Dennstaedtiaceae) in Europe based on a revision in the flora of Slovakia.","authors":"Mykyta Peregrym, Ingrid Turisová, Peter Turis","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00423-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00423-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The genus Pteridium Gled. ex Scop. was thought to be monotypic with the cosmopolitan species P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. for many years. However, morphological variations among these plants in different regions have been noted since the 1940's, leading to the description of new taxa later. Molecular investigations, while not resolving all taxonomical questions within the genus, have highlighted its rich genetic diversity globally, confirming the status of several previously described species and subspecies. This wealth of data has prompted revisions of the Pteridium genus in regional floras, with Northern Eurasia serving as a central arena for such studies in the last 30 years. Recent data suggest that the European flora comprises a single species, P. aquilinum, with two subspecies, P. a. subsp. aquilinum and P. a. subsp. pinetorum (C.N. Page & R.R. Mill) J.A. Thomson. However, their distribution within the continent remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the representation and distribution of Pteridium taxa in Slovakia with an attempt to describe natural ranges of P. aquilinum subspecies based on herbarium materials and citizen science data within Europe for a whole.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It is confirmed that the genus Pteridium is represented by the single species with two mentioned subspecies in the flora of Europe, as well as in the flora of Slovakia. The distribution of these subspecies is mapped in the country. Additionally, we discuss the ranges of these subspecies for a whole, and we evidence the growth of P. aquilinum subsp. pinetorum within the Netherlands, Czechia, Austria, Hungary and Romania for the first time. Also, two new combinations of taxa from the Asian part of Russia are offered.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study is a significant contribution in the present knowledge about the distribution and taxonomy of P. aquilinum, however it also shows that many questions concerning this taxon and its infraspecific taxa remain open. Additional field investigations and herbarium processing should be carried out for detailed explorations of biological and ecological peculiarities of the mentioned subspecies, and for the clear understanding of their regional distribution. Such explorations also might become a basis for new syntaxonomic revisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11324619/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141975070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00433-z
Zahra Zinati, Leyla Nazari, Ali Niazi
As climate change intensifies, the frequency and severity of waterlogging are expected to increase, necessitating a deeper understanding of the cucumber response to this stress. In this study, three public RNA-seq datasets (PRJNA799460, PRJNA844418, and PRJNA678740) comprising 36 samples were analyzed. Various feature selection algorithms including Uncertainty, Relief, SVM (Support Vector Machine), Correlation, and logistic least absolute shrinkage, and selection operator (LASSO) were performed to identify the most significant genes related to the waterlogging stress response. These feature selection techniques, which have different characteristics, were used to reduce the complexity of the data and thereby identify the most significant genes related to the waterlogging stress response. Uncertainty, Relief, SVM, Correlation, and LASSO identified 4, 4, 10, 21, and 13 genes, respectively. Differential gene correlation analysis (DGCA) focusing on the 36 selected genes identified changes in correlation patterns between the selected genes under waterlogged versus control conditions, providing deeper insights into the regulatory networks and interactions among the selected genes. DGCA revealed significant changes in the correlation of 13 genes between control and waterlogging conditions. Finally, we validated 13 genes using the Random Forest (RF) classifier, which achieved 100% accuracy and a 1.0 Area Under the Curve (AUC) score. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values clearly showed the significant impact of LOC101209599, LOC101217277, and LOC101216320 on the model's predictive power. In addition, we employed the Boruta as a wrapper feature selection method to further validate our gene selection strategy. Eight of the 13 genes were common across the four feature weighting algorithms, LASSO, DGCA, and Boruta, underscoring the robustness and reliability of our gene selection strategy. Notably, the genes LOC101209599, LOC101217277, and LOC101216320 were among genes identified by multiple feature selection methods from different categories (filtering, wrapper, and embedded). Pathways associated with these specific genes play a pivotal role in regulating stress tolerance, root development, nutrient absorption, sugar metabolism, gene expression, protein degradation, and calcium signaling. These intricate regulatory mechanisms are crucial for cucumbers to adapt effectively to waterlogging conditions. These findings provide valuable insights for uncovering targets in breeding new cucumber varieties with enhanced stress tolerance.
{"title":"Uncovering waterlogging-responsive genes in cucumber through machine learning and differential gene correlation analysis.","authors":"Zahra Zinati, Leyla Nazari, Ali Niazi","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00433-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00433-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As climate change intensifies, the frequency and severity of waterlogging are expected to increase, necessitating a deeper understanding of the cucumber response to this stress. In this study, three public RNA-seq datasets (PRJNA799460, PRJNA844418, and PRJNA678740) comprising 36 samples were analyzed. Various feature selection algorithms including Uncertainty, Relief, SVM (Support Vector Machine), Correlation, and logistic least absolute shrinkage, and selection operator (LASSO) were performed to identify the most significant genes related to the waterlogging stress response. These feature selection techniques, which have different characteristics, were used to reduce the complexity of the data and thereby identify the most significant genes related to the waterlogging stress response. Uncertainty, Relief, SVM, Correlation, and LASSO identified 4, 4, 10, 21, and 13 genes, respectively. Differential gene correlation analysis (DGCA) focusing on the 36 selected genes identified changes in correlation patterns between the selected genes under waterlogged versus control conditions, providing deeper insights into the regulatory networks and interactions among the selected genes. DGCA revealed significant changes in the correlation of 13 genes between control and waterlogging conditions. Finally, we validated 13 genes using the Random Forest (RF) classifier, which achieved 100% accuracy and a 1.0 Area Under the Curve (AUC) score. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values clearly showed the significant impact of LOC101209599, LOC101217277, and LOC101216320 on the model's predictive power. In addition, we employed the Boruta as a wrapper feature selection method to further validate our gene selection strategy. Eight of the 13 genes were common across the four feature weighting algorithms, LASSO, DGCA, and Boruta, underscoring the robustness and reliability of our gene selection strategy. Notably, the genes LOC101209599, LOC101217277, and LOC101216320 were among genes identified by multiple feature selection methods from different categories (filtering, wrapper, and embedded). Pathways associated with these specific genes play a pivotal role in regulating stress tolerance, root development, nutrient absorption, sugar metabolism, gene expression, protein degradation, and calcium signaling. These intricate regulatory mechanisms are crucial for cucumbers to adapt effectively to waterlogging conditions. These findings provide valuable insights for uncovering targets in breeding new cucumber varieties with enhanced stress tolerance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11324642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141975109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00430-2
Zhaohui Ran, Zhi Li, Xu Xiao, Ming Tang
Background: The systematic status of sect. Tuberculata and its taxonomy have recently attracted considerable attention. However, the different bases for defining the characteristics of sect. Tuberculata has led to many disagreements among the plants in this group. Camellia neriifolia and Camellia ilicifolia have been the subject of taxonomic controversy and have been treated as different species or varieties of the same species. Therefore, it is important to use multiple methods, i.e., integrative taxonomy, to determine the taxonomic status of C. neriifolia and C. ilicifolia. This is the first study to systematically explore the taxonomic position of these two plants on the basis of Morphology, Anatomy, Palynology and Molecular Systematics.
Results: Extensive specimen reviews and field surveys showed that many differences exist in C. neriifolia and C. ilicifolia, such as the number of trunk (heavily debarked vs. slightly peeling), leaf type (smooth thin leathery, shiny vs. smooth leathery, obscure or slightly shiny), leaf margin (entire vs. serrate), flower type (subsessile vs. sessile), number of styles (3-4 vs. 3), and sepal (ovate vs. round). Moreover, C. neriifolia has a more distinctive faint yellow flower color, and trunk molting was more severe in C. neriifolia than that in C. ilicifolia. In addition, micromorphological analysis of the leaf epidermis showed that the two species differed in the anticlinal wall, stomatal apparatus, and stomatal cluster, and pollen morphology analyses based on pollen size, germination furrow, and polar and equatorial axes showed that they are both distinct from each other. The results of the phylogenetic tree constructed based on the whole chloroplast genome, protein-coding genes, and ITS2 showed that both C. ilicifolia and C. neriifolia were clustered in different branches and gained high support.
Conclusions: The results combine morphology, anatomy, palynology, and molecular systematics to treat both C. neriifolia and C. ilicifolia as separate species in the sect. Tuberculata, and the species names continue to be used as they were previously. In conclusion, clarifying the taxonomic status of C. neriifolia and C. ilicifolia deepens our understanding of the systematic classification of sect. Tuberculata.
背景:科的系统地位及其分类最近引起了广泛关注。Tuberculata 的系统地位及其分类最近引起了相当大的关注。然而,定义 Tuberculata 科特征的依据各不相同,导致该科植物之间存在许多分歧。Tuberculata 科的植物之间存在许多分歧。山茶(Camellia neriifolia)和山茶(Camellia ilicifolia)在分类学上一直存在争议,被视为不同的种或同一物种的变种。因此,使用多种方法(即综合分类法)确定 C. neriifolia 和 C. ilicifolia 的分类地位非常重要。这是首次根据形态学、解剖学、古植物学和分子系统学对这两种植物的分类地位进行系统探讨的研究:neriifolia 和 C. ilicifolia 存在许多差异,如树干数量(严重剥皮与轻微剥皮)、叶片类型(光滑薄革质、有光泽与光滑革质、不明显或轻微有光泽)、叶缘(全缘与有锯齿)、花朵类型(近无柄与无柄)、花柱数量(3-4 个与 3 个)和萼片(卵形与圆形)。此外,C. neriifolia 的花色为淡黄色,且树干蜕皮比 C. ilicifolia 严重。此外,对叶表皮的微形态分析表明,两种植物在反叶壁、气孔器和气孔簇方面存在差异,而根据花粉大小、萌发沟、极轴和赤道轴进行的花粉形态分析表明,两种植物彼此不同。基于全叶绿体基因组、蛋白编码基因和 ITS2 构建的系统发生树结果显示,C. ilicifolia 和 C. neriifolia 被聚类在不同的分支中,并获得了较高的支持度:结论:结合形态学、解剖学、古植物学和分子系统学的研究结果,将 C. neriifolia 和 C. ilicifolia 视为 Tuberculata 科中的独立种,并将其命名为 C. Neriifolia 和 C. ilicifolia。Tuberculata,而种名仍沿用以前的名称。总之,澄清 C. neriifolia 和 C. ilicifolia 的分类地位加深了我们对 Tuberculata 科系统分类的理解。Tuberculata 的系统分类。
{"title":"Camellia neriifolia and Camellia ilicifolia (Theaceae) as separate species: evidence from morphology, anatomy, palynology, molecular systematics.","authors":"Zhaohui Ran, Zhi Li, Xu Xiao, Ming Tang","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00430-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00430-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The systematic status of sect. Tuberculata and its taxonomy have recently attracted considerable attention. However, the different bases for defining the characteristics of sect. Tuberculata has led to many disagreements among the plants in this group. Camellia neriifolia and Camellia ilicifolia have been the subject of taxonomic controversy and have been treated as different species or varieties of the same species. Therefore, it is important to use multiple methods, i.e., integrative taxonomy, to determine the taxonomic status of C. neriifolia and C. ilicifolia. This is the first study to systematically explore the taxonomic position of these two plants on the basis of Morphology, Anatomy, Palynology and Molecular Systematics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Extensive specimen reviews and field surveys showed that many differences exist in C. neriifolia and C. ilicifolia, such as the number of trunk (heavily debarked vs. slightly peeling), leaf type (smooth thin leathery, shiny vs. smooth leathery, obscure or slightly shiny), leaf margin (entire vs. serrate), flower type (subsessile vs. sessile), number of styles (3-4 vs. 3), and sepal (ovate vs. round). Moreover, C. neriifolia has a more distinctive faint yellow flower color, and trunk molting was more severe in C. neriifolia than that in C. ilicifolia. In addition, micromorphological analysis of the leaf epidermis showed that the two species differed in the anticlinal wall, stomatal apparatus, and stomatal cluster, and pollen morphology analyses based on pollen size, germination furrow, and polar and equatorial axes showed that they are both distinct from each other. The results of the phylogenetic tree constructed based on the whole chloroplast genome, protein-coding genes, and ITS2 showed that both C. ilicifolia and C. neriifolia were clustered in different branches and gained high support.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results combine morphology, anatomy, palynology, and molecular systematics to treat both C. neriifolia and C. ilicifolia as separate species in the sect. Tuberculata, and the species names continue to be used as they were previously. In conclusion, clarifying the taxonomic status of C. neriifolia and C. ilicifolia deepens our understanding of the systematic classification of sect. Tuberculata.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11266325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141747365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00431-1
Yu-Wei Yeh, Roland Kirschner
Background: Powdery mildews (Erysiphaceae, Ascomycota) are common plant disease agents and also cause stress for forest and fruit trees worldwide as well as in Taiwan. The powdery mildew Erysiphe bulbouncinula on Koelreuteria host trees was considered an endemic species in China. While in China the host was K. paniculata and only the teleomorph stage found, the anamorph and the teleomorph were both recorded for the host in Taiwan, K. henryi. We aimed to clarify the relationship of the powdery mildews recorded under E. bulbouncinula with an apparently disjunct distribution.
Results: Specimens of powdery mildew on K. henryi from Taiwan were characterized based on the anamorph morphology and DNA sequences. They revealed a new record of Sawadaea koelreuteriae for this host species and Taiwan and a new species of Erysiphe, E. formosana, sister to E. bulbouncinula from China.
Conclusions: In Erysiphe on Koelreuteria hosts, speciation of plant parasitic fungi seems to be correlated with disjunct host and geographic distribution possibly shaped by extinction of potential host species which are known only as fossils. Two of the three extant East Asian species of Koelreuteria are now known as hosts of specific Erysiphe species. We may predict a further not yet discovered Erysiphe species on the third East Asian species, K. bipinnata, in South and Southwest China. In the speciation in Sawadaea, the extinction events in Koelreuteria can be excluded from being involved.
背景:白粉病(Erysiphaceae,Ascomycota)是一种常见的植物病害,也会对世界各地以及台湾的林木和果树造成压力。白粉病菌 Erysiphe bulbouncinula 侵染 Koelreuteria 寄主树木,被认为是中国的特有种。在中国,其寄主是鹅掌楸,且只发现了外胚层,而在台湾,其寄主鹅掌楸则同时记录到了拟态和外胚层。我们的目的是澄清在 E. bulbouncinula 下记录到的白粉病菌之间的关系,这些白粉病菌显然分布不均:结果:根据拟态形态和 DNA 序列对台湾鸡爪槭上的白粉病标本进行了鉴定。结果:根据无形态体的形态和 DNA 序列,对来自台湾的鸡冠花白粉病标本进行了表征,发现了该寄主物种和台湾的 Sawadaea koelreuteriae 新记录,以及来自中国的 Erysiphe 新种 E. formosana,它是 E. bulbouncinula 的姊妹种:结论:在以鹅掌楸为寄主的 Erysiphe 中,植物寄生真菌的物种分化似乎与寄主和地理分布的不连续性有关,这可能是由于潜在寄主物种的灭绝造成的,而这些潜在寄主物种只能通过化石来了解。在现存的三个东亚 Koelreuteria 物种中,有两个是已知的特定 Erysiphe 物种的寄主。我们可以预测,在中国华南和西南地区的第三个东亚物种 K. bipinnata 上,还有一个尚未发现的 Erysiphe 种类。在 Sawadaea 的物种演化过程中,可以排除 Koelreuteria 灭绝事件的影响。
{"title":"An independent Taiwanese lineage of powdery mildew on the endemic host species Koelreuteria henryi.","authors":"Yu-Wei Yeh, Roland Kirschner","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00431-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00431-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Powdery mildews (Erysiphaceae, Ascomycota) are common plant disease agents and also cause stress for forest and fruit trees worldwide as well as in Taiwan. The powdery mildew Erysiphe bulbouncinula on Koelreuteria host trees was considered an endemic species in China. While in China the host was K. paniculata and only the teleomorph stage found, the anamorph and the teleomorph were both recorded for the host in Taiwan, K. henryi. We aimed to clarify the relationship of the powdery mildews recorded under E. bulbouncinula with an apparently disjunct distribution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Specimens of powdery mildew on K. henryi from Taiwan were characterized based on the anamorph morphology and DNA sequences. They revealed a new record of Sawadaea koelreuteriae for this host species and Taiwan and a new species of Erysiphe, E. formosana, sister to E. bulbouncinula from China.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In Erysiphe on Koelreuteria hosts, speciation of plant parasitic fungi seems to be correlated with disjunct host and geographic distribution possibly shaped by extinction of potential host species which are known only as fossils. Two of the three extant East Asian species of Koelreuteria are now known as hosts of specific Erysiphe species. We may predict a further not yet discovered Erysiphe species on the third East Asian species, K. bipinnata, in South and Southwest China. In the speciation in Sawadaea, the extinction events in Koelreuteria can be excluded from being involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11264589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141723088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00428-w
Monier Abd El-Ghani, Hasnaa Hosni, Eman Shamso, Faten Ellmouni
Background: Endemism is essential in biodiversity, biogeography, and conservation tasks. Based on herbarium specimens kept in some local herbaria, many published literature, and available information, we compiled a comprehensive list and an updated assessment of the Egyptian endemic and near-endemic taxa. The application of quantitative approaches to the distribution patterns, conservation status, and habitat preference of endemic taxa in Egypt was provided. Comparisons of the near-endemic taxa with other neighbouring flora were explained. For each taxon, the distribution patterns, most preferable habitat, biological spectrum, and taxa among 14 phytogeographical regions (Operational Geographical Units; OGUs) of Egypt were determined.
Results: In this study, 19 endemics (out of 70) and 76 near-endemics (out of 181) are newly added taxa. Differentiation indices represented the taxonomic degrees of differentiation among endemic taxa. Two different indices were used to assess endemism: single-region endemic taxa (SRET) and multiple-region endemic taxa (MRET). Most endemic and near-endemic taxa were recorded from the mountainous Sinai (S) and the Mareotis sector of the Mediterranean coastal land (Mm). Generally, the most represented families in endemic and near-endemic areas were Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Lamiaceae, and Fabaceae. More than 60% of the endemic taxa occurred in the sandy plains, wadis (desert valleys), and rocky plains and mountains. Applying hierarchical cluster analysis to the occurrences of 70 endemic taxa in the 14 studied OGUs revealed five main floristic groups (I-V), each characterized by certain OGUs. We provided eight groups of near-endemic taxa that represented their extension in neighbouring countries.
Conclusions: The presented data will help to fill the gap in our knowledge of endemism, provide baseline information to understand biogeographical processes and facilitate further cooperation toward conservation purposes.
{"title":"New perspectives, additions, and amendments to plant endemism in a North African flora.","authors":"Monier Abd El-Ghani, Hasnaa Hosni, Eman Shamso, Faten Ellmouni","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00428-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00428-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endemism is essential in biodiversity, biogeography, and conservation tasks. Based on herbarium specimens kept in some local herbaria, many published literature, and available information, we compiled a comprehensive list and an updated assessment of the Egyptian endemic and near-endemic taxa. The application of quantitative approaches to the distribution patterns, conservation status, and habitat preference of endemic taxa in Egypt was provided. Comparisons of the near-endemic taxa with other neighbouring flora were explained. For each taxon, the distribution patterns, most preferable habitat, biological spectrum, and taxa among 14 phytogeographical regions (Operational Geographical Units; OGUs) of Egypt were determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, 19 endemics (out of 70) and 76 near-endemics (out of 181) are newly added taxa. Differentiation indices represented the taxonomic degrees of differentiation among endemic taxa. Two different indices were used to assess endemism: single-region endemic taxa (SRET) and multiple-region endemic taxa (MRET). Most endemic and near-endemic taxa were recorded from the mountainous Sinai (S) and the Mareotis sector of the Mediterranean coastal land (Mm). Generally, the most represented families in endemic and near-endemic areas were Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Lamiaceae, and Fabaceae. More than 60% of the endemic taxa occurred in the sandy plains, wadis (desert valleys), and rocky plains and mountains. Applying hierarchical cluster analysis to the occurrences of 70 endemic taxa in the 14 studied OGUs revealed five main floristic groups (I-V), each characterized by certain OGUs. We provided eight groups of near-endemic taxa that represented their extension in neighbouring countries.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The presented data will help to fill the gap in our knowledge of endemism, provide baseline information to understand biogeographical processes and facilitate further cooperation toward conservation purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141619381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-12DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00420-4
Amina Aslam, Zahra Noreen, Madiha Rashid, Muhammad Aslam, Tanveer Hussain, Afifa Younas, Sajid Fiaz, Kotb A Attia, Arif Ahmed Mohammed
Heavy metals stress particularly cadmium contamination is hotspot among researchers and considered highly destructive for both plants and human health. Iron is examined as most crucial element for plant development, but it is available in inadequate amount because they are present in insoluble Fe3+ form in soil. Fe3O4 have been recently found as growth promoting factor in plants. To understand, a sand pot experiment was conducted in completely randomized design (control, cadmium, 20 mg/L Fe3O4 nanoparticles,40 mg/L Fe3O4 nanoparticles, 20 mg/L Fe3O4 nanoparticles + cadmium, 40 mg/L Fe3O4 nanoparticles + cadmium) to study the mitigating role of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on cadmium stress in three Raphanus sativus cultivars namely i.e., MOL SANO, MOL HOL PARI, MOL DAQ WAL. The plant growth, physiological and biochemical parameters i.e.,shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root fresh and dry weight, MDA content, soluble protein contents, APX, CAT, POD activities and ion concentrations, membrane permeability, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and anthocyanin content, respectively were studied. The results displayed that cadmium stress remarkably reduces all growth, physiological and biochemical parameters for allcultivars under investigation. However, Fe3O4 nanoparticles mitigated the adverse effect of cadmium by improving growth, biochemical and physiological attributes in all radish cultivars. While, 20 mg/L Fe3O4 nanoparticles have been proved to be more useful against cadmium stress. The outcome of present investigation displayed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be utilized for mitigating heavy metal stress.
{"title":"Understanding the role of magnetic (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticle to mitigate cadmium stress in radish (Raphanus sativus L.).","authors":"Amina Aslam, Zahra Noreen, Madiha Rashid, Muhammad Aslam, Tanveer Hussain, Afifa Younas, Sajid Fiaz, Kotb A Attia, Arif Ahmed Mohammed","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00420-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00420-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metals stress particularly cadmium contamination is hotspot among researchers and considered highly destructive for both plants and human health. Iron is examined as most crucial element for plant development, but it is available in inadequate amount because they are present in insoluble Fe<sup>3+</sup> form in soil. Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> have been recently found as growth promoting factor in plants. To understand, a sand pot experiment was conducted in completely randomized design (control, cadmium, 20 mg/L Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles,40 mg/L Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles, 20 mg/L Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles + cadmium, 40 mg/L Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles + cadmium) to study the mitigating role of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles on cadmium stress in three Raphanus sativus cultivars namely i.e., MOL SANO, MOL HOL PARI, MOL DAQ WAL. The plant growth, physiological and biochemical parameters i.e.,shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root fresh and dry weight, MDA content, soluble protein contents, APX, CAT, POD activities and ion concentrations, membrane permeability, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and anthocyanin content, respectively were studied. The results displayed that cadmium stress remarkably reduces all growth, physiological and biochemical parameters for allcultivars under investigation. However, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles mitigated the adverse effect of cadmium by improving growth, biochemical and physiological attributes in all radish cultivars. While, 20 mg/L Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles have been proved to be more useful against cadmium stress. The outcome of present investigation displayed that Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles can be utilized for mitigating heavy metal stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11245460/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Triploid bananas are almost sterile. However, we succeeded in harvesting seeds from two edible triploid banana individuals (Genotype: ABB) in our conservation repository where various wild diploid bananas were also grown. The resulting rare offspring survived to seedling stages. DNA content analyses reveal that they are tetraploid. Since bananas contain maternally inherited plastids and paternally inherited mitochondria, we sequenced and assembled plastomes and mitogenomes of these seedlings to trace their hybridization history.
Results: The coding sequences of both organellar genomic scaffolds were extracted, aligned, and concatenated for constructing phylogenetic trees. Our results suggest that these tetraploid seedlings be derived from hybridization between edible triploid bananas and wild diploid Musa balbisiana (BB) individuals. We propose that generating female triploid gametes via apomeiosis may allow the triploid maternal bananas to produce viable seeds.
Conclusions: Our study suggests a practical avenue towards expanding genetic recombination and increasing genetic diversity of banana breeding programs. Further cellular studies are needed to understand the fusion and developmental processes that lead to formation of hybrid embryos in banana reproduction, polyploidization, and evolution.
{"title":"Phylogenomics identifies parents of naturally occurring tetraploid bananas.","authors":"Yu-En Lin, Hui-Lung Chiu, Chung-Shien Wu, Shu-Miaw Chaw","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00429-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00429-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Triploid bananas are almost sterile. However, we succeeded in harvesting seeds from two edible triploid banana individuals (Genotype: ABB) in our conservation repository where various wild diploid bananas were also grown. The resulting rare offspring survived to seedling stages. DNA content analyses reveal that they are tetraploid. Since bananas contain maternally inherited plastids and paternally inherited mitochondria, we sequenced and assembled plastomes and mitogenomes of these seedlings to trace their hybridization history.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The coding sequences of both organellar genomic scaffolds were extracted, aligned, and concatenated for constructing phylogenetic trees. Our results suggest that these tetraploid seedlings be derived from hybridization between edible triploid bananas and wild diploid Musa balbisiana (BB) individuals. We propose that generating female triploid gametes via apomeiosis may allow the triploid maternal bananas to produce viable seeds.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study suggests a practical avenue towards expanding genetic recombination and increasing genetic diversity of banana breeding programs. Further cellular studies are needed to understand the fusion and developmental processes that lead to formation of hybrid embryos in banana reproduction, polyploidization, and evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11245450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}