BMC Plant Biology最新文献

Background: Linseed is an important minor oilseed crop, which is well known for food, feed, oil, fiber, and pharmaceutical industries. The higher concentrations of omega-3 fatty acid augment their importance. Among the several productivity constraints, the linseed bud fly is a major pest that leads to severe yield loss. Limited donors are available for bud fly resistance, but deeper insight into its characterization at the gene or transcript level is not well studied.

Results: Identification, characterization, and expression of polygalacturonase encoding genes have been done in the present investigation. A total of 42 LusPG genes were identified in the linseed genome and grouped into two major clades and six subclades. All the genes comprise the Gluco_Hydro_28 domain, whereas two candidates consist of the LRR domain. Three domains, such as "SPNTDG", "GDDC", and "CGPGHG", were found as conserved signatures. The comparative expression in linseed cultivar and one of its wild relatives demonstrated the differential layer of transcriptional regulation modulating bud fly resistance. The gene expression analysis demonstrated that the genes such as Lus10041051, Lus10043087, Lus10013025, and Lus10002727 were found to be significantly regulated upon bud fly infestation. Two candidates, namely Lus10042371 and Lus10026299, had R-gene domain along with GH28 domain, suggesting their cell wall modification and inhibitor activity.

Conclusions: The present study identified 42 genes in linseed, with four key genes showing potential for inhibiting bud fly feeding by altering cell walls. These findings provide a foundation for future breeding programs to enhance pest resistance in linseed crops.

Boron (B) is a critical element for the nutritional management of oil palm plants; however, few studies have been conducted to understand its nutritional demand and dynamics within Amazonian agroecosystems. This study examined the dynamics of B in Elaeis guineensis Jacq at varying ages, focusing on its accumulation, immobilization, recycling, and exportation across different plant organs. The research was conducted in commercial plantations in Tailândia, Pará State, Brazil, and evaluated dynamics of B concentration, accumulation, use efficiency, and the rates of recycling, immobilization, and exportation were evaluated. The results demonstrated that palm heart had the highest B concentration among vegetative organs, while male inflorescences exhibited the highest levels in reproductive structures. Fruits and stipe accounted for the largest B accumulation, with both showing a clear increase as plants aged. In mature oil palms, the primary pathway for B exportation was through the harvested bunches. Importantly, the rates of B recycling and immobilization were substantially higher than exportation, reflecting the plant's efficient internal nutrient use. These findings offer important insights into B dynamics within oil palm systems, supporting the development of precise and sustainable nutrient management strategies to enhance plant growth and maximize yield.

Background: Agroathelia rolfsii is a destructive soil-borne fungal pathogen, causing stem rot and huge economic losses in cultivated peanuts. The genome of ZY2, a highly pathogenic A. rolfsii strain, has been sequenced; however, there is still a lack of gene expression profiling during A. rolfsii infection of peanut. This study identified the key pathogenicity genes at the early stage of A. rolfsii infection through RNA-Seq analysis.

Results: After inoculation on peanut stems, a total of 1,222, 696, and 753 genes in A. rolfsii were upregulated at 1, 3, and 6 h post-inoculation, respectively. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed involvement of most of these genes in binding, oxidoreductase, and transporter activity, as well as enrichment of genes with hydrolase, ATP-dependent, transferase, and transcription regulator activities. Functional classification and analysis of these upregulated genes highlighted the potential importance of laccase, oxalic acid, effector, and transporter protein in the early infection of A. rolfsii. Transcriptome analysis and Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression first identified the necrosis-inducing secreted protein 1 (ArNIS1-like) effector in A. rolfsii.

Conclusions: This study presented the first global transcriptome analysis of A. rolfsii during its early infection of peanut, and revealed the key roles of laccase, oxalic acid, effector, and transporter protein in suppressing peanut defense against A. rolfsii. The findings improve our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of A. rolfsii and its molecular interactions with peanut.

Background crinum asiaticum: L. is an important reservoir of phytocompounds containing galanthamine, lycorine, tazettine and others with diverse pharmacological uses. Due to high commercial demand for these promising compounds in pharmaceutical sector, an efficient in vitro micropropagation protocol optimization study was conducted via direct somatic embryogenesis in C. asiaticum. The regenerated plants were subject to genetic fidelity assessment; and the phytochemical composition was analysed and compared with donor plants. In this investigation, the bulb-scales were used as explants onto media containing different PGRs for various regeneration processes.

Results: In media containing BAP and NAA, somatic embryos were formed directly on bulb-scale explant surfaces with the highest (95.83%) being at MS medium + 2.7 µM NAA + 4.4 µM BAP. The occurrence of somatic embryos at different stages was confirmed by histological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. The embryos were later converted to shoots on 2.2-8.8 µM BAP augmented MS medium, with highest germination percentage of 75 ± 7.22 at 4.4 µM BAP. These regenerated plants were successfully transferred to medium containing NAA, IBA or IAA for rooting and the best rooting response (91.67% rooting frequency, 7.67 mean root numbers/shoot and 7.5 ± 0.6 cm average root length) was noted at 5.4 µM NAA. The plants were transferred to greenhouse with pretty good growth and survival. The genetic fidelity of tissue cultured plants was checked through cytological, flow cytometric and SCoT marker-based PCR technique. The root tips of in vitro raised and mother plants showed 2n = 44 chromosome numbers, and the flow cytometric histograms revealed similar fluorescence peaks with nuclear 2 C DNA content of 31.79 and 31.51pg, respectively, displaying no change in ploidy level. Six SCoT primers based genetic homogeneity study showed 42 scorable, monomorphic bands, confirming true-to-type regenerated plants. Finally, the GC-MS based metabolite profiling of in vivo and in vitro raised plants were conducted, which exhibited a wide range of bioactive compounds like tazettine, squalene, gamma-tocopherol, beta-sitosterol, glycidyl palmitate, glycidyl oleate of pharmacological significance.

Conclusions: The current study presents an effective method for genetically stable clonal propagation of C. asiaticum for extraction of compounds like tazettine, squalene, beta-sitosterol for pharmaceutical applications.

The presence of copper (Cu) in agricultural soils represents an increasingly serious environmental concern around the globe. In this regard, the use of organics byproducts as soil conditioners has gained much attention for restoring Cu contaminated soils; however, limited research has been available regarding the comparative effectiveness of compost (CP), rice husk (RH), rice husk induced biochar (RHB), poultry manure (PM) and animal manure (AM) when used with sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). A pot trial was arranged in a complete randomized design with five different treatments along with their three replicates each to evaluate the comparative effects of soil amendments for Cu immobilization in alkaline calcareous soil of arid region. The results showed the significant increase in soil pH in all soil conditioners treated soil. While, the slight reduction in CP amended soil was noticed by 0.1 unit over control. Though, the remaining soil conditioners exhibited the increment in soil pH over control. In addition, the profound reduction in Cu was recorded by 9%, 17.8%, 33.7% and 28.4% when CP, RH, RHB and PM were applied at 2% (w/w) respectively, over non-treated soil. This study demonstrated that the incorporation of RHB showed the prominent reduction Cu mobility into polluted soil. Moreover, all soil conditioners exhibited the prominent improvement in sunflower growth and reduced Cu absorption in sunflower shoots and roots. Hence, these soil conditioners represent an efficient strategy to transform organic wastes into valuable products like biochar and compost, promoting a circular economy approach.

Nitrogen is crucial for plant growth and development. Karst areas face significant degrees of both nitrogen leaching and enrichment, yet paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) thrives in these areas. Here, the physiology, proteome, phosphoproteome, and ubiquitome of paper mulberry seedling leaves were investigated to understand the mechanisms of plant adaptation to nitrogen stress. We discovered that paper mulberry responds to nitrogen stress by regulating the expression of ammonium transporter protein (AMT1.1) and nitrate and peptide transporter proteins (NPF6.4, NPF8.1, and NPF8.3). Key pathways involved in the response of paper mulberry to different nitrogen levels include photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and nitrogen metabolism. The plant also enhances its antioxidant defences to reduce ROS stress, while protein phosphorylation serves as a signalling component. Lysine ubiquitination may play an essential role in the degradation of misfolded proteins in paper mulberry under low-nitrogen stress. Amino acid, starch, and sucrose metabolism provides the energy necessary for paper mulberry adaptation to high-nitrogen stress. This study provides insights into the possible biological adaptation mechanisms of paper mulberry under controlled nitrogen stress, which may inform future studies relevant to karst areas.

Background: Oat (Avena sativa L.) is an important grain and feed crop, playing a significant role in agricultural production. However, lodging remains a key factor limiting oat yield and quality. Recent advances in molecular biology have shed light on the mechanisms of oat lodging resistance, particularly highlighting the critical role of lignin and cellulose content in stem strength. Nevertheless, the molecular regulatory networks governing lignin and cellulose biosynthesis in the basal second internode remain poorly understood.

Results: In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of phenotypic traits, lignin and cellulose content, and transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles in the basal second internode of two contrasting oat cultivars of lodging-resistant MY1 and lodging-susceptible DY2 during the filling, milk, and dough stages. Both MY1 and DY2 showed the highest levels of lignin and cellulose at milk stage, and MY1 maintained significantly higher lignin and cellulose content compared to DY2 at all developmental stages (P < 0.05). In addition, a total of 8,116 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 4,374 metabolites were identified. Our results identified six key genes involved in lignin synthesis (4CL3, CAD6, HRPA2, CCOAOMT, CCR1, PRX112) and five associated metabolites (L-phenylalanine, sinapropyl alcohol, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, coniferyl alcohol), as well as two cellulose synthesis-related genes (CESA4, CESA9) and one metabolite (uridine diphosphate glucose). These genes and metabolites were mainly highly expressed and enriched in MY1 during the milk stage, suggesting their potential role in enhancing lodging resistance.

Conclusions: Our integrated phenotypic traits, lignin and cellulose content, and transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis provides new insights into oat lodging resistance, and the key genes and metabolites identified in this study provide direct targets for improving lodging resistance in oat breeding.