Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2235809
Niamatullah Ibrahimi
The Taliban is a prime example of a movement that combines a fundamentalist interpretation of religion with a particular form of exclusionary Pashtun ethnonationalism among the jihadist groups. The existing literature on jihadist groups recognizes this trend in so far as a distinction is made between groups that focus on local objectives and others that pursue global objectives such as attacking Western interests. However, there are important gaps in understanding the mechanisms and implications of the interpenetration of religious fundamentalism and ethnonationalism. This article aims to address this gap by unpacking the mechanisms that link religious fundamentalism and ethnonationalism as hybrid ideological underpinnings of the Taliban. It argues that a more nuanced understanding of the entanglement of these ideologies is necessary for developing effective strategies for building peace and inclusive societies.
{"title":"A Violent Nexus: Ethnonationalism, Religious Fundamentalism, and the Taliban","authors":"Niamatullah Ibrahimi","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2235809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2235809","url":null,"abstract":"The Taliban is a prime example of a movement that combines a fundamentalist interpretation of religion with a particular form of exclusionary Pashtun ethnonationalism among the jihadist groups. The existing literature on jihadist groups recognizes this trend in so far as a distinction is made between groups that focus on local objectives and others that pursue global objectives such as attacking Western interests. However, there are important gaps in understanding the mechanisms and implications of the interpenetration of religious fundamentalism and ethnonationalism. This article aims to address this gap by unpacking the mechanisms that link religious fundamentalism and ethnonationalism as hybrid ideological underpinnings of the Taliban. It argues that a more nuanced understanding of the entanglement of these ideologies is necessary for developing effective strategies for building peace and inclusive societies.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89331651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2200271
Rizky Alif Alvian
This article examines how states respond to the use of international pressure as an instrument for promoting freedom of religion or belief (FoRB). It applies the framework of stigma management to understand the responses of Indonesia to international pressure due to the imprisonment of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama or Ahok for allegedly defaming Islam (2016–2017). This article argues that the responses were not monolithic. The state articulated a narrative that affirmed the importance of protecting FoRB, but also held that it is less urgent compared to respecting the rule of law and maintaining Indonesia’s sovereignty. The Indonesian Islamists disseminated a narrative that rejected the FoRB norms, framing them as an expression of Western hypocrisy. This variety of responses is reflective of the domestic political configuration. The state’s narrative was intended to appease the increasingly powerful Islamists and mitigate the international loss of reputation. The Islamists’ response, meanwhile, reflected their attempts to neutralize the influence of international discourses of FoRB on their projects to increase their domestic power. Combined, however, these discourses resulted in the justification of Ahok’s prosecution and the practice of Indonesian blasphemy laws.
{"title":"Indonesia’s Fragmented Responses to International Pressure During the 2016–2017 Blasphemy Case","authors":"Rizky Alif Alvian","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2200271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2200271","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines how states respond to the use of international pressure as an instrument for promoting freedom of religion or belief (FoRB). It applies the framework of stigma management to understand the responses of Indonesia to international pressure due to the imprisonment of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama or Ahok for allegedly defaming Islam (2016–2017). This article argues that the responses were not monolithic. The state articulated a narrative that affirmed the importance of protecting FoRB, but also held that it is less urgent compared to respecting the rule of law and maintaining Indonesia’s sovereignty. The Indonesian Islamists disseminated a narrative that rejected the FoRB norms, framing them as an expression of Western hypocrisy. This variety of responses is reflective of the domestic political configuration. The state’s narrative was intended to appease the increasingly powerful Islamists and mitigate the international loss of reputation. The Islamists’ response, meanwhile, reflected their attempts to neutralize the influence of international discourses of FoRB on their projects to increase their domestic power. Combined, however, these discourses resulted in the justification of Ahok’s prosecution and the practice of Indonesian blasphemy laws.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79092694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2200277
David Garciandía Igal
This article assesses the effectiveness of religious freedom as a framework in international relations for its ability to define the issue in Xinjiang and propose solutions. In defining the problem, religious minorities other than Muslims, such as Christians, are ignored. This prevents social awareness and policy from addressing the issue, and fosters the Muslim majority to appropriate the Uyghur identity, marginalizing the non-Muslim religious minorities. Moreover, other identities (e.g. national, ethnic or linguistic) and causes of the conflict (e.g. socio-economic inequalities or historical resentment) are often overlooked. In solving the problem, no solutions are proposed to the underlying issue (separatist movements). On the other hand, China’s alternative framework defines the problem (terrorism, separatism, and extremism) and provides the basis from which to propose (savage) solutions: sinicization.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of Freedom of Religion or Belief as a Framework in International Relations: The Case of Uyghur Muslims and Other Religious Minorities in Xinjiang, China","authors":"David Garciandía Igal","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2200277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2200277","url":null,"abstract":"This article assesses the effectiveness of religious freedom as a framework in international relations for its ability to define the issue in Xinjiang and propose solutions. In defining the problem, religious minorities other than Muslims, such as Christians, are ignored. This prevents social awareness and policy from addressing the issue, and fosters the Muslim majority to appropriate the Uyghur identity, marginalizing the non-Muslim religious minorities. Moreover, other identities (e.g. national, ethnic or linguistic) and causes of the conflict (e.g. socio-economic inequalities or historical resentment) are often overlooked. In solving the problem, no solutions are proposed to the underlying issue (separatist movements). On the other hand, China’s alternative framework defines the problem (terrorism, separatism, and extremism) and provides the basis from which to propose (savage) solutions: sinicization.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89943781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2200283
Nahshon Perez
Lord Rabbi Sacks was a major religious Jewish figure. In this article, we examine his version of a covenant-based communitarianism. We begin with exploring Sacks’ social communitarian view, and his support of a covenant-based politics. We then turn to evaluate Sacks’ covenant-based view, and argue that while his social communitarian view is valuable and important, his covenant-based political view faces the same challenges that troubled communitarian views, namely the fact of religious, value, and ethnic plurality. One possible way forward is via a federalist system, in which covenants are localized.
{"title":"Religious Communitarianism, Covenants, and Liberal Theory: On the Political Thought of Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks","authors":"Nahshon Perez","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2200283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2200283","url":null,"abstract":"Lord Rabbi Sacks was a major religious Jewish figure. In this article, we examine his version of a covenant-based communitarianism. We begin with exploring Sacks’ social communitarian view, and his support of a covenant-based politics. We then turn to evaluate Sacks’ covenant-based view, and argue that while his social communitarian view is valuable and important, his covenant-based political view faces the same challenges that troubled communitarian views, namely the fact of religious, value, and ethnic plurality. One possible way forward is via a federalist system, in which covenants are localized.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78974561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2200276
P. Hedges
This paper explores whether interreligious dialogue (IRD) is employed by state actors that may be perceived as authoritarian as a form of window dressing, or dialogue washing. Two examples are chosen, the King Abdullah International Centre for Intercultural and Interreligious Dialogue (KAICIID), and Singapore’s International Conference on Cohesive Societies (ICCS). It is argued that such examples exemplify IRD as track 1.5 diplomacy, and the context means they veer towards performing dialogue as social cohesion. While criticisms of each are raised, it is argued that the accusation of dialogue-washing is unfounded and that useful IRD, social cohesion, or peacebuilding work emerges from each which accords with the interests of the countries involved and aligns with the nature of IRD under track 1.5 diplomacy.
{"title":"Is Interreligious Dialogue in International Relations “Dialogue-Washing” for Authoritarian Regimes? an Exploration of KAICIID and ICCS as Track 1.5 Diplomacy","authors":"P. Hedges","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2200276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2200276","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores whether interreligious dialogue (IRD) is employed by state actors that may be perceived as authoritarian as a form of window dressing, or dialogue washing. Two examples are chosen, the King Abdullah International Centre for Intercultural and Interreligious Dialogue (KAICIID), and Singapore’s International Conference on Cohesive Societies (ICCS). It is argued that such examples exemplify IRD as track 1.5 diplomacy, and the context means they veer towards performing dialogue as social cohesion. While criticisms of each are raised, it is argued that the accusation of dialogue-washing is unfounded and that useful IRD, social cohesion, or peacebuilding work emerges from each which accords with the interests of the countries involved and aligns with the nature of IRD under track 1.5 diplomacy.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83251904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2200278
Jason Klocek, Dennis P. Petri
In recent years, numerous cross-country data collection instruments measuring freedom of religious or belief (FoRB) violations have become available. These have provided important insights, not least of which being the steady increase in religious discrimination across the globe. At the same time, the country-level focus of extant datasets often obscures subnational variation and leaves open important questions about the mechanisms driving FoRB violations in particular contexts. Through this article, we seek to initiate a more systematic discussion of how to collect, analyze, and, where appropriate, incorporate subnational measures of FoRB violations into global datasets. Drawing on original empirical fieldwork in Latin America, we emphasize the need for such efforts by showing that structural forms of religious discrimination observed at the subnational level often go unnoticed in existing global datasets. We then identify key conceptual and measurement challenges that should be addressed in order to better advance scholarship on subnational FoRB dynamics, as well integrate subnational and national data collection efforts. Our findings have implications for how we study and respond to the growing number of FoRB violations around the world.
{"title":"Measuring Subnational Variation in Freedom of Religion or Belief Violations: Reflections on a Path Forward","authors":"Jason Klocek, Dennis P. Petri","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2200278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2200278","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, numerous cross-country data collection instruments measuring freedom of religious or belief (FoRB) violations have become available. These have provided important insights, not least of which being the steady increase in religious discrimination across the globe. At the same time, the country-level focus of extant datasets often obscures subnational variation and leaves open important questions about the mechanisms driving FoRB violations in particular contexts. Through this article, we seek to initiate a more systematic discussion of how to collect, analyze, and, where appropriate, incorporate subnational measures of FoRB violations into global datasets. Drawing on original empirical fieldwork in Latin America, we emphasize the need for such efforts by showing that structural forms of religious discrimination observed at the subnational level often go unnoticed in existing global datasets. We then identify key conceptual and measurement challenges that should be addressed in order to better advance scholarship on subnational FoRB dynamics, as well integrate subnational and national data collection efforts. Our findings have implications for how we study and respond to the growing number of FoRB violations around the world.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90491277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2200282
E. Patterson, Piper Smith, Linda W. Kamau
The distressing state of global democracy and religious liberty provides scholars and foreign policy practitioners an opportunity to rethink national security analysis by considering religious freedom as a national security lens. This article reprises the primary author’s framework, published ten years ago in The Review of Faith & International Affairs, assessing “what they say and do” on religious freedom as a means to understand threats and challenges to global peace and U.S. national security. This article analyzes a specific case—how China treats religion at home, among its neighbors, on the international stage, and in its political ideology.
全球民主和宗教自由的痛苦状态为学者和外交政策从业者提供了一个机会，通过将宗教自由视为国家安全的视角来重新思考国家安全分析。本文重申了主要作者十年前在《信仰与国际事务评论》(the Review of Faith & International Affairs)上发表的框架，评估了宗教自由问题上“他们的言行”，以此作为理解全球和平与美国国家安全面临的威胁和挑战的手段。本文分析了一个具体案例——中国如何在国内、与邻国、在国际舞台上以及在政治意识形态中对待宗教。
{"title":"Revisiting Religious Freedom as a National Security Lens: The Case of China","authors":"E. Patterson, Piper Smith, Linda W. Kamau","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2200282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2200282","url":null,"abstract":"The distressing state of global democracy and religious liberty provides scholars and foreign policy practitioners an opportunity to rethink national security analysis by considering religious freedom as a national security lens. This article reprises the primary author’s framework, published ten years ago in The Review of Faith & International Affairs, assessing “what they say and do” on religious freedom as a means to understand threats and challenges to global peace and U.S. national security. This article analyzes a specific case—how China treats religion at home, among its neighbors, on the international stage, and in its political ideology.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73185273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2200284
Juyan Zhang
This article analyzes China’s religious diplomacy surrounding its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), an interagency effort that serves multiple goals ranging from image cultivation to diplomatic engagement. The author reviews diplomatic engagement with Buddhists, Christians, Muslims, and Taoists before and after 2015. The brief concludes by assessing the factors that impact the effectiveness of China’s religious diplomacy. Factors such as competition with the United States, the sustainability of the BRI, and China’s doctrine of religious Sinicization, as well as its emphasis on “ideological national security” and its internet regulation, among others, will influence the effectiveness of China’s religious diplomacy.
{"title":"China’s Religious Diplomacy for its Belt and Road Initiative: A Review and Assessment","authors":"Juyan Zhang","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2200284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2200284","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes China’s religious diplomacy surrounding its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), an interagency effort that serves multiple goals ranging from image cultivation to diplomatic engagement. The author reviews diplomatic engagement with Buddhists, Christians, Muslims, and Taoists before and after 2015. The brief concludes by assessing the factors that impact the effectiveness of China’s religious diplomacy. Factors such as competition with the United States, the sustainability of the BRI, and China’s doctrine of religious Sinicization, as well as its emphasis on “ideological national security” and its internet regulation, among others, will influence the effectiveness of China’s religious diplomacy.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80010969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2200274
Gladys Ganiel
Drawing on research about Presbyterian experiences of Northern Ireland’s Troubles, we argue that the religion and peacebuilding literature’s emphasis on prophetic leadership has meant that the field has overlooked the significance of the roles of clergy as “first responders” to violence and as providers of long-term pastoral care. These roles can be conceptualized as contributing, albeit indirectly, to everyday peacebuilding by facilitating (in some cases) personal healing, forgiveness, and reconciliation. The wider field of religion and peacebuilding would benefit from including the pastoral role of first responder in its conceptualizations of religious leadership in violent contexts.
{"title":"Clergy as First Responders: Rethinking Leadership in Religion and Peacebuilding","authors":"Gladys Ganiel","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2200274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2200274","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on research about Presbyterian experiences of Northern Ireland’s Troubles, we argue that the religion and peacebuilding literature’s emphasis on prophetic leadership has meant that the field has overlooked the significance of the roles of clergy as “first responders” to violence and as providers of long-term pastoral care. These roles can be conceptualized as contributing, albeit indirectly, to everyday peacebuilding by facilitating (in some cases) personal healing, forgiveness, and reconciliation. The wider field of religion and peacebuilding would benefit from including the pastoral role of first responder in its conceptualizations of religious leadership in violent contexts.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77450585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2200280
A. Mu’ti
This essay argues for the development of a pluralistic Islamic religious education in Indonesia based on the principles of positive pluralism, in which students can hold tightly to their convictions while at the same time understand, accept, and engage with those who differ in beliefs. Specifically, this essay focuses on how to develop an Islamic Religious Education—Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) in Indonesian—that is pluralistic, shaping students who are open-minded, tolerant, and have a positive outlook on accepting and working together in the midst of differences.
本文主张在积极多元主义原则的基础上，在印度尼西亚发展多元化的伊斯兰宗教教育，在这种教育中，学生可以紧紧地坚持自己的信仰，同时理解、接受和接触那些信仰不同的人。具体而言，本文着重于如何发展一种多元化的伊斯兰宗教教育——印尼语为pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI)，培养思想开放、宽容、在差异中接受和合作的积极态度的学生。
{"title":"Pluralistic Islamic Religious Education: A Vision for Indonesia","authors":"A. Mu’ti","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2200280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2200280","url":null,"abstract":"This essay argues for the development of a pluralistic Islamic religious education in Indonesia based on the principles of positive pluralism, in which students can hold tightly to their convictions while at the same time understand, accept, and engage with those who differ in beliefs. Specifically, this essay focuses on how to develop an Islamic Religious Education—Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) in Indonesian—that is pluralistic, shaping students who are open-minded, tolerant, and have a positive outlook on accepting and working together in the midst of differences.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79881270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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