Pub Date : 2023-03-10DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2179725
Dennis R. Hoover
Throughout history religious freedom has often been severely restricted by governments on grounds of protecting social “harmony.” Lack of religious uniformity has been feared as a source of instability. By contrast, many Western countries—especially the United States—champion the idea that religious freedom naturally supports social harmony, peace, and flourishing. This paper uses global data from the Pew Research Center’s Government Restrictions Index (GRI) and Social Hostilities Index (SHI) to compare Western countries with Asian countries, identifying which countries have low scores on both of these indices. The data show that this ideal combination is not very common, and to the extent it occurs, it is found in both the West and Asia.
{"title":"Can We Have Religious Freedom and Social Harmony?","authors":"Dennis R. Hoover","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2179725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2179725","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout history religious freedom has often been severely restricted by governments on grounds of protecting social “harmony.” Lack of religious uniformity has been feared as a source of instability. By contrast, many Western countries—especially the United States—champion the idea that religious freedom naturally supports social harmony, peace, and flourishing. This paper uses global data from the Pew Research Center’s Government Restrictions Index (GRI) and Social Hostilities Index (SHI) to compare Western countries with Asian countries, identifying which countries have low scores on both of these indices. The data show that this ideal combination is not very common, and to the extent it occurs, it is found in both the West and Asia.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89199262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2166731
C. Braun
This article makes moral sense of the Western withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021. It does so by applying classical just war thinking. The classical bellum justum, it argues, can make a distinctive contribution toward evaluating the decision to leave Afghanistan, a decision that continues to be discussed controversially. The article points out that classical just war thinking did not introduce distinct moral categories beyond jus ad bellum, such as jus in bello or jus post bellum. Exactly because classical just war thinking was meant to apply to all phases of a war, the article goes on to argue, it provides important lessons for just war as a tool of statecraft that seeks to inform political decision-making. Applying the wisdom that is encapsulated in the classical bellum justum to the withdrawal decision in Afghanistan, the article, although it is critical of its execution, generally sides with the Biden administration's course of action.
{"title":"Jus Post Bellum and the Decision to Withdraw from Afghanistan","authors":"C. Braun","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2166731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2166731","url":null,"abstract":"This article makes moral sense of the Western withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021. It does so by applying classical just war thinking. The classical bellum justum, it argues, can make a distinctive contribution toward evaluating the decision to leave Afghanistan, a decision that continues to be discussed controversially. The article points out that classical just war thinking did not introduce distinct moral categories beyond jus ad bellum, such as jus in bello or jus post bellum. Exactly because classical just war thinking was meant to apply to all phases of a war, the article goes on to argue, it provides important lessons for just war as a tool of statecraft that seeks to inform political decision-making. Applying the wisdom that is encapsulated in the classical bellum justum to the withdrawal decision in Afghanistan, the article, although it is critical of its execution, generally sides with the Biden administration's course of action.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73977089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2179812
Q. Wodon
Abstract Ten years ago, in March 2013, Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected Pope, taking the papal name Francis. Pope Francis has had a profound impact—some would argue a transformational impact, on the Catholic Church and on the world. To celebrate ten years of his papacy, the idea came about to put together a special issue of The Review of Faith & International Affairs on one aspect of his magisterium: his vision for education and integral human development, including the idea of a Global Compact on Education. The essays gathered in this special issue consider Pope Francis’ vision and how it may be relevant for schools and universities (Catholic or not) as well as for businesses and our understanding of the economy and integral human development.
十年前的2013年3月，红衣主教豪尔赫·马里奥·贝尔格里奥当选为教皇，取名方济各。教宗方济各对天主教会和整个世界产生了深远的影响，有些人认为这是一种变革性的影响。为了庆祝他担任教皇十周年，我们想在《信仰与国际事务评论》(the Review of Faith & International Affairs)上出版一期特刊，介绍他的教权的一个方面:他对教育和人类整体发展的愿景，包括《全球教育契约》的想法。本期特刊汇集的文章探讨了教皇方济各的愿景，以及它如何与学校和大学(无论是否天主教)、企业以及我们对经济和人类整体发展的理解相关。
{"title":"Education, Integral Human Development, and Pope Francis' Call for a Global Compact: Introduction to the Special Issue","authors":"Q. Wodon","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2179812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2179812","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ten years ago, in March 2013, Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected Pope, taking the papal name Francis. Pope Francis has had a profound impact—some would argue a transformational impact, on the Catholic Church and on the world. To celebrate ten years of his papacy, the idea came about to put together a special issue of The Review of Faith & International Affairs on one aspect of his magisterium: his vision for education and integral human development, including the idea of a Global Compact on Education. The essays gathered in this special issue consider Pope Francis’ vision and how it may be relevant for schools and universities (Catholic or not) as well as for businesses and our understanding of the economy and integral human development.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91229296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2177447
A. Deneef
Abstract One of the key themes of Pope Francis’ Papacy is his call to go to the periphery. For Catholic schools, this includes opening new schools to serve those who are disadvantaged. Opening a new school is however not a trivial matter. And opening a new Jesuit school in a small country like Belgium that already has 16 other Jesuit schools is even less trivial. Still, this was the intention of the initiators of the Matteo Ricci College in Brussels, Belgium’s capital city, when they got together in 2012 to set up this project. As former students of the Collège Saint-Michel, a long-standing and large Jesuit high-school in Brussels, they were aware of the need for new schools in the Belgian capital due to sustained demographic growth in this cosmopolitan and multicultural city. This article tells the story of the creation of the college, and its emphasis in serving children from disadvantaged backgrounds with a number of pedagogical innovations.
{"title":"A New Jesuit School in Brussels: Going to the Periphery","authors":"A. Deneef","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2177447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2177447","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the key themes of Pope Francis’ Papacy is his call to go to the periphery. For Catholic schools, this includes opening new schools to serve those who are disadvantaged. Opening a new school is however not a trivial matter. And opening a new Jesuit school in a small country like Belgium that already has 16 other Jesuit schools is even less trivial. Still, this was the intention of the initiators of the Matteo Ricci College in Brussels, Belgium’s capital city, when they got together in 2012 to set up this project. As former students of the Collège Saint-Michel, a long-standing and large Jesuit high-school in Brussels, they were aware of the need for new schools in the Belgian capital due to sustained demographic growth in this cosmopolitan and multicultural city. This article tells the story of the creation of the college, and its emphasis in serving children from disadvantaged backgrounds with a number of pedagogical innovations.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82646496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2177454
Q. Wodon
Abstract Pope Francis’ vision for a global compact on education, including the role that Catholic universities should play, is in sharp contrast to the vision that dominates the higher education sector: that of producing graduates for gainful employment. Can Catholic colleges and universities rise to the challenge? This article provides a partial answer to that question by first considering four trends affecting higher education globally: (i) the impact of Covid; (ii) the technologization of higher education; (iii) the promise of employability; and (iv) the great unbundling towards micro-credentials. Thereafter, using data for the United States, the article provides a brief assessment of whether Catholic universities may be losing ground, while nevertheless keeping some sources of comparative advantage. The analysis remains explorative and tentative. What seems clear is that there is a lot of heterogeneity between institutions, with some struggling and others finding ways to maintain their comparative advantages.
{"title":"Catholic Universities in an Increasingly Competitive Environment","authors":"Q. Wodon","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2177454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2177454","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pope Francis’ vision for a global compact on education, including the role that Catholic universities should play, is in sharp contrast to the vision that dominates the higher education sector: that of producing graduates for gainful employment. Can Catholic colleges and universities rise to the challenge? This article provides a partial answer to that question by first considering four trends affecting higher education globally: (i) the impact of Covid; (ii) the technologization of higher education; (iii) the promise of employability; and (iv) the great unbundling towards micro-credentials. Thereafter, using data for the United States, the article provides a brief assessment of whether Catholic universities may be losing ground, while nevertheless keeping some sources of comparative advantage. The analysis remains explorative and tentative. What seems clear is that there is a lot of heterogeneity between institutions, with some struggling and others finding ways to maintain their comparative advantages.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85850300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2177453
Michael O. Warner, Melodie Wyttenbach, Molly McMahon
Abstract This paper is a response to Pope Francis’ invitation to dialogue on how Catholic educators can help shape the future of the planet by focusing on integral human development. Offering a discussion of the theological foundations of two primary beliefs of whole child education—cura personalis, the care for the whole person, and accompaniment, the process of journeying with the child and their caregivers throughout the educational process—this paper advances Pope Francis’ vision for integral human development and advances a framework for practitioners and scholars to be attentive to in their practice and research.
{"title":"Pope Francis' Vision and Whole Child Education: Exploring the Foundational Beliefs of Cura Personalis and Accompaniment","authors":"Michael O. Warner, Melodie Wyttenbach, Molly McMahon","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2177453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2177453","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper is a response to Pope Francis’ invitation to dialogue on how Catholic educators can help shape the future of the planet by focusing on integral human development. Offering a discussion of the theological foundations of two primary beliefs of whole child education—cura personalis, the care for the whole person, and accompaniment, the process of journeying with the child and their caregivers throughout the educational process—this paper advances Pope Francis’ vision for integral human development and advances a framework for practitioners and scholars to be attentive to in their practice and research.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82219126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2179806
Nelly Elmallakh, Q. Wodon
Abstract Pope Francis has made the protection of our common home a central theme of his Papacy. This may be nowhere more important than in Africa, a continent that is already today highly vulnerable to climate shocks due in part to high levels of water stress in many countries, food insecurity, and forced displacement, among others. In this paper, we use household surveys from West African countries to explore the impact of covariate shocks (most of which are weather-related) and international migration as a potential response to shocks on educational outcomes for children of primary school age. The results suggest that shocks affect educational outcomes substantially, but that international migration may generate benefits for children of migrants. The paper also briefly discusses policy prescriptions on how to tackle climate change, arguing that education to sustainable development should be a priority.
{"title":"Our Common Home: Climate Shocks, Educational Outcomes, and Education for Sustainable Development in Africa","authors":"Nelly Elmallakh, Q. Wodon","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2179806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2179806","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pope Francis has made the protection of our common home a central theme of his Papacy. This may be nowhere more important than in Africa, a continent that is already today highly vulnerable to climate shocks due in part to high levels of water stress in many countries, food insecurity, and forced displacement, among others. In this paper, we use household surveys from West African countries to explore the impact of covariate shocks (most of which are weather-related) and international migration as a potential response to shocks on educational outcomes for children of primary school age. The results suggest that shocks affect educational outcomes substantially, but that international migration may generate benefits for children of migrants. The paper also briefly discusses policy prescriptions on how to tackle climate change, arguing that education to sustainable development should be a priority.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88561048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2177446
Simona Beretta, Mario A. Maggioni
Abstract The paper describes the impact of the Economy of Francesco (EoF) on the economic debate and practices, within the framework of the Catholic Social Teaching. EoF was a cultural and experiential process and event held online and through a number of meetings around the world between March 2020 and September 2022. The anthropological limitations of homo economicus, with his methodological egoism and procedural rationality, and the need for a broad approach to education are discussed. The paper highlights strengths and weaknesses of EoF and reviews what has been already accomplished in the process and what is still to be accomplished.
{"title":"Catholic Social Teaching and Economics: Reflections on the Economy of Francesco","authors":"Simona Beretta, Mario A. Maggioni","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2177446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2177446","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper describes the impact of the Economy of Francesco (EoF) on the economic debate and practices, within the framework of the Catholic Social Teaching. EoF was a cultural and experiential process and event held online and through a number of meetings around the world between March 2020 and September 2022. The anthropological limitations of homo economicus, with his methodological egoism and procedural rationality, and the need for a broad approach to education are discussed. The paper highlights strengths and weaknesses of EoF and reviews what has been already accomplished in the process and what is still to be accomplished.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88001378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2179810
Ada Nayihouba, Q. Wodon
Abstract Particularly in low- and lower middle-income countries, petty corruption remains prevalent in service delivery, whether in schools, health centers, administrative services, or other institutions. In reference to Pope Francis’ call to say no to corruption in his recent trip to the Democratic Republic of Congo, this article measures the extent of corruption in schools in Africa using data collected by the Afrobarometer. More than one in four respondents have encountered problems to obtain the education services they need for their children and nearly one in five have had to pay bribes or do other favors for education providers. This proportion does not appear to have declined significantly over the past decade. Regression analysis suggests that different household characteristics are associated with the likelihood of having difficulty obtaining the services they need and the likelihood of being a victim of corruption. Interestingly for this special issue, while faith affiliation does not seem to affect the likelihood of providing favors to obtain services, religiosity does appear to matter—and therefore so may faith leaders.
{"title":"Reducing Petty Corruption in Schools in Africa: A Role for Faith?","authors":"Ada Nayihouba, Q. Wodon","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2179810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2179810","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Particularly in low- and lower middle-income countries, petty corruption remains prevalent in service delivery, whether in schools, health centers, administrative services, or other institutions. In reference to Pope Francis’ call to say no to corruption in his recent trip to the Democratic Republic of Congo, this article measures the extent of corruption in schools in Africa using data collected by the Afrobarometer. More than one in four respondents have encountered problems to obtain the education services they need for their children and nearly one in five have had to pay bribes or do other favors for education providers. This proportion does not appear to have declined significantly over the past decade. Regression analysis suggests that different household characteristics are associated with the likelihood of having difficulty obtaining the services they need and the likelihood of being a victim of corruption. Interestingly for this special issue, while faith affiliation does not seem to affect the likelihood of providing favors to obtain services, religiosity does appear to matter—and therefore so may faith leaders.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80869672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2023.2177456
C. Wookey, Helen Alford, Loughlin Hickey
Abstract In 2012, a group of UK business leaders approached the Catholic Archbishop of Westminster about what they perceived as a breakdown of trust between business—especially big business—and society. This led to an initiative called A Blueprint for Better Business, which became an independent UK-based charitable trust in 2014—separate from the Church, and also independent of business, funded by charitable foundations and individuals and latterly by corporate donations. Blueprint works with leadership teams in large companies to support and challenge them, fostering a movement of businesses and investors who want to change behavior and expectations of the role of business in society. This paper recounts how the initiative developed, drawing attention in the process to Catholic social teaching including Pope Francis’ encyclicals Laudato Si and Fratelli Tutti, both written after Blueprint was founded.
2012年，一群英国商界领袖找到威斯敏斯特的天主教大主教，讨论他们认为企业(尤其是大企业)与社会之间信任破裂的问题。这导致了一项名为“更好的商业蓝图”(A Blueprint for Better Business)的倡议，该倡议于2014年成为一家独立的英国慈善信托基金，既独立于教会，也独立于商业，由慈善基金会和个人资助，后来又由企业捐款资助。Blueprint与大公司的领导团队合作，支持和挑战他们，促进希望改变企业在社会中的行为和期望的企业和投资者的运动。本文叙述了该倡议是如何发展的，并在此过程中引起了天主教社会训导的注意，包括教皇弗朗西斯的《赞美你》和《图蒂》通谕，这两篇通谕都是在Blueprint成立后写的。
{"title":"Advancing the Common Good Through Purpose-led Business: Catholic Social Teaching and a Blueprint for Better Business","authors":"C. Wookey, Helen Alford, Loughlin Hickey","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2023.2177456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2177456","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 2012, a group of UK business leaders approached the Catholic Archbishop of Westminster about what they perceived as a breakdown of trust between business—especially big business—and society. This led to an initiative called A Blueprint for Better Business, which became an independent UK-based charitable trust in 2014—separate from the Church, and also independent of business, funded by charitable foundations and individuals and latterly by corporate donations. Blueprint works with leadership teams in large companies to support and challenge them, fostering a movement of businesses and investors who want to change behavior and expectations of the role of business in society. This paper recounts how the initiative developed, drawing attention in the process to Catholic social teaching including Pope Francis’ encyclicals Laudato Si and Fratelli Tutti, both written after Blueprint was founded.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90223071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：