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An Exploratory Study to Assess School Principals’ Knowledge of Child Welfare Policies 学校校长儿童福利政策知识评估之探索性研究
Pub Date : 2020-11-03 DOI: 10.1177/1052684620972061
Jeffrey McCabe
Because schools are a customary location to conduct child abuse and neglect investigative interviews, this study examines survey results from 109 principals in Tennessee to determine if the Title I status of a school or years of experience as a principal predict awareness of DCS interview policies and an ability to accurately interpret policies related to school-based interviews. A statistically significant relationship was found between the Title I status of a school and principals’ awareness of interview policies. Not all school principals in Tennessee were aware of or could accurately interpret policies for conducting interviews. This study identified principals being more aware of school district issued policies than state-issued policies, and that including the DCS policy as part of school-district policy may increase awareness.
由于学校是进行儿童虐待和忽视调查访谈的习惯地点,本研究检查了田纳西州109名校长的调查结果,以确定学校的第一标题状态或多年的校长经验是否可以预测DCS访谈政策的意识以及准确解释与学校访谈相关的政策的能力。在学校的第一职称地位与校长对面谈政策的认识之间存在统计学上显著的关系。并不是田纳西州所有的校长都知道或能准确地解释进行面试的政策。本研究发现校长对学区颁布的政策比州颁布的政策更了解,并且将DCS政策作为学区政策的一部分可能会增加意识。
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引用次数: 1
Performativity and Caring in Education: Toward an Ethic of Reimagination 教育中的表演与关怀:走向再想象的伦理
Pub Date : 2020-11-03 DOI: 10.1177/1052684620972065
Jeff Walls
Schools are expected to be sites of caring, but there is evidence that both students and adults often experience them as uncaring places. One reason is that a sustained and heavy policy emphasis on accountability and demonstrations of effectiveness has placed pressure on educators to perform in certain ways, and to care about things other than caring. This case study explores how leaders and teachers at two schools balance their efforts to care for students, on the one hand, with the performative pressures they feel, on the other hand. Teachers who were able to prioritize a balance of care used collaborative relationships with colleagues to manage the pressure they felt, and took a longer term, more emotionally attuned, and more inquiry-based approach to meeting student needs. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
人们期望学校是关怀的场所,但有证据表明,学生和成年人经常认为学校是冷漠的地方。其中一个原因是,持续而沉重的政策强调问责制和有效性的展示,这给教育工作者施加了压力,要求他们以某种方式表现,并关心其他事情,而不是关心别人。本案例研究探讨了两所学校的领导和教师如何平衡他们照顾学生的努力,一方面,另一方面,他们感到的表现压力。能够优先考虑照顾平衡的教师利用与同事的合作关系来管理他们感受到的压力,并采取更长期、更情绪化、更基于探究的方法来满足学生的需求。讨论了理论和实践意义。
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引用次数: 5
Administrators’ Perception of Their Role in School-wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports Implementation 管理人员对其在全校积极行为干预和支持实施中的角色的认知
Pub Date : 2020-10-30 DOI: 10.1177/1052684620972062
Michael Scaletta, M. Hughes
School administrators are called upon to enact and maintain school-wide systems and programs that promote student safety and success. The positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) framework is a popular school-wide approach for teaching, maintaining, and addressing student behavior through a three-tiered framework with the aim of reducing challenging behavior and enhancing opportunities for learning by all students. Thus, the purpose of this study was to learn more about how elementary school administrators set the stage for, and participate in, school-wide PBIS implementation. Ten elementary school administrators who were successfully implementing the PBIS framework were interviewed. Analysis of the interviews revealed that administrators indicated that their primary responsibilities in the PBIS implementation process included maintaining the fidelity of systems, rationalizing system for staff, moving the school-wide implementation forward, and building capacity within and across teams and that, central to the success, was continued communication with stakeholders, including teachers.
学校管理人员被要求制定和维护全校范围内的系统和项目,以促进学生的安全和成功。积极行为干预和支持(PBIS)框架是一种流行的全校范围内的教学方法,通过三层框架来维护和处理学生行为,目的是减少具有挑战性的行为,增加所有学生的学习机会。因此,本研究的目的是了解更多关于小学管理者如何设置舞台,并参与全校PBIS的实施。访谈了10位成功实施PBIS框架的小学行政人员。对访谈的分析显示,管理人员表示,他们在PBIS实施过程中的主要责任包括维护系统的可靠性,为员工合理化系统,推动全校范围内的实施,以及在团队内部和团队之间建立能力,而与包括教师在内的利益相关者的持续沟通是成功的关键。
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引用次数: 1
Safe Zones, Dangerous Leadership: Decolonial Leadership in Settler-Colonial School Contexts 安全区,危险的领导:定居者-殖民地学校背景下的非殖民领导
Pub Date : 2020-10-28 DOI: 10.1177/1052684620951723
Awaachia’ookaate’ (Jason D. Cummins, Apsáalooke), Ethan Chang
Recent studies of Indigenous educational leadership have contributed instructive conceptual insights to decolonize public schools. Building on these theoretical insights, we investigate the organizational and policy constraints leaders face when attempting to enact decolonial strategies. Combining “safety zone theory” and Critical Policy Analysis, we examine how one Apsáalooke educational leader, Cummins negotiated and challenged institutionalized practices delimiting “safe Indian-ness.” These include: (a) transactional, policy inscribed relations between schools and Native communities; and (b) tepid district implementation of pro-Native legislation, such as policies expressing a commitment to preserving Native American cultures. We convey how Cummins made, unmade, and remade new policy meanings through local leadership practices, such as creating more humanizing Apsáalooke-defined spaces for community-school engagements and orchestrating local pressure to move district leadership to fulfill policy commitments to serve Native students. Data includes 18 interviews with Apsáalooke tribal members, education policy texts, and collaborative auto-ethnographic memos. Based on these findings, we develop the notion of dangerous leadership: a decolonial leadership praxis that challenges settler–colonial conceptions of safety and negotiates material, communal, and personal threats that such acts of subversion tend to provoke. We conclude by discussing implications for dangerous leadership amid nonideal and constantly shifting settler-colonial school contexts.
最近对土著教育领导的研究为公立学校的非殖民化提供了有益的概念见解。在这些理论见解的基础上,我们调查了领导人在试图制定非殖民化战略时面临的组织和政策约束。结合“安全区理论”和关键政策分析,我们研究了Apsáalooke教育领袖康明斯如何谈判和挑战划定“安全印度”的制度化做法。这些包括:(a)学校与土著社区之间的事务性、政策性关系;(b)支持土著立法的地区执行不温不火,例如承诺保护美洲土著文化的政策。我们传达了康明斯如何通过当地领导实践制定、取消和重新制定新的政策意义,例如为社区学校参与创造更人性化的Apsáalooke-defined空间,并协调当地压力,推动地区领导履行为土著学生服务的政策承诺。数据包括对Apsáalooke部落成员的18次访谈、教育政策文本和协作式自动人种志备忘录。基于这些发现,我们提出了危险领导的概念:一种挑战定居者-殖民地安全观念的非殖民化领导实践,并协商这种颠覆行为倾向于引发的物质、社区和个人威胁。最后,我们讨论了在非理想和不断变化的定居者-殖民地学校背景下危险领导的含义。
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引用次数: 6
“Tearing Down the Wall”: Making Sense of Teacher Leaders as Instructional Coaches and Evaluators “推倒墙”:教师领导作为教学教练和评估者的意义
Pub Date : 2020-10-28 DOI: 10.1177/1052684620969932
Meghan Comstock, Jason Margolis
Some recent district-level teacher leadership programs have incorporated both instructional coaching and formal evaluations into teacher leaders’ (TLs) responsibilities, which research suggests could challenge the relational dynamics necessary for effective coaching. Using a sensemaking lens, we conducted a qualitative case study of one district’s effort to integrate coaching and formal evaluation in their teacher leadership policy. We conducted a total of 26 semistructured interviews with district administrators and school leaders, TLs, and teachers in two schools, and seven observations of teacher leadership activities. We coded interview transcripts and field notes deductively and inductively. We found that when granted autonomy, principals drew on varied sources for making sense of and enacting this policy, and the messages they conveyed through school leadership norms deeply influenced how teachers and TLs enacted and experienced the integration. The integrated district policy in and of itself did not hinder relationships between teachers and TLs; rather, what mattered most for teachers was the extent to which they perceived their TLs as part of a larger system of support or accountability. This study suggests that the school norms that school leaders put into place when enacting teacher leadership policies deeply influence teachers’ perceived relational dynamics with TLs. Teacher leaders have a unique role in implementation that is shaped by school-level norms and conceptions of effective leadership and coaching.
最近,一些地区的教师领导项目将教学指导和正式评估纳入了教师领导的职责,研究表明,这可能会挑战有效指导所必需的关系动态。我们使用意义建构的视角,对一个地区在教师领导政策中整合辅导和正式评估的努力进行了定性案例研究。我们对两所学校的地区管理者和学校领导、tl和教师进行了总共26次半结构化访谈,并对教师领导活动进行了7次观察。我们对采访记录和现场记录进行了演绎和归纳。我们发现,当获得自主权时,校长利用各种来源来理解和实施这一政策,他们通过学校领导规范传达的信息深刻地影响了教师和学生如何制定和体验整合。学区一体化政策本身并没有阻碍教师与学生之间的关系;相反,对教师来说,最重要的是他们在多大程度上把自己的tl视为一个更大的支持或责任体系的一部分。本研究表明,学校领导在制定教师领导政策时制定的学校规范深刻影响了教师与教师的感知关系动态。教师领导在实施中具有独特的作用,这是由学校层面的规范和有效领导和指导的概念所塑造的。
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引用次数: 3
Can Assistant Principals’ Years of Experience Make a Difference in School Suspensions? A State-wide Analysis of North Carolina Assistant Principals 助理校长的经验是否会对学校停课产生影响?北卡罗来纳州助理校长的全州范围分析
Pub Date : 2020-10-28 DOI: 10.1177/1052684620969931
John A. Williams, A. Davis, Sonyia C. Richardson, C. Lewis
School discipline disparities within the U.S. P-12 public schooling system have been a staple issue for over four decades. The enforcement of out-of-school suspensions, in particular by inexperienced teachers, have traditionally impacted Black and Latinx students more than White students. Yet teachers are not the final decision-makers regarding student discipline which rests primarily on the shoulders of assistant principals and principals. While researchers have clearly linked teacher experience to discipline disparities, more research is needed to fully explicate the tenure of assistant principals; who often are the final decision-makers when it pertains to suspending a student. Utilizing human capital theory, this study examines school discipline data and North Carolina personnel data from the 2015–2016 school year to determine if assistant principals’ years of experience in the current role, and their years of experience as teachers could predict out-of-school suspensions by gender and race. The findings suggest that Black males’ suspension could be predicted by assistant principals’ years of experience as a teacher; and Latinx females’ suspensions could be predicted by assistant principals’ longevity in their current position and in their roles as classroom teachers. Interestingly, the findings illuminate that assistant principals are relatively inexperienced within the state, with most having less than one-year worth of experience in these positions.
40多年来,美国P-12公立学校体系中的学校纪律差异一直是一个主要问题。传统上,停课对黑人和拉丁裔学生的影响大于白人学生,尤其是由缺乏经验的教师实施的停课。然而,教师并不是学生纪律的最终决策者,这主要取决于副校长和校长的肩膀。虽然研究人员已经清楚地将教师经验与学科差异联系起来,但需要更多的研究来充分解释助理校长的任期;他们通常是学生停学的最终决策者。利用人力资本理论,本研究考察了2015-2016学年的学校纪律数据和北卡罗来纳州的人事数据,以确定助理校长在当前角色中的经验年数,以及他们作为教师的经验年数是否可以预测性别和种族的校外停学。研究结果表明,助理校长的教师经验可以预测黑人男性的停学情况;拉丁裔女性的停学可以通过助理校长在当前职位和课堂教师角色中的寿命来预测。有趣的是,调查结果表明,助理校长在该州相对缺乏经验,大多数人在这些职位上的经验不足一年。
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引用次数: 4
Reorienting Our Thinking Away From “Professional Development for Educators” and Toward the “Development of Professional Educators” 从“教育工作者的专业发展”转向“专业教育工作者的发展”
Pub Date : 2020-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/1052684620969926
Michelle D. Vaughan, Craig A. Mertler
In this article, we look in general at the nature of a profession, how the teaching profession has become deprofessionalized, and various ways in which teachers perceive their profession. We continue by examining ways that teachers can regain a sense of professionalism—through the application of action research and other forms of teacher inquiry—as well as how these activities and initiatives can help teachers to build capacity, regain their lost autonomy, and lend voice to their professional work, especially in light of the recent and current COVID-19 pandemic. Next, we present support for these ideas, offered by highly-experienced teachers in the field. We close with a summary discussion of the approach we are advocating—including considerations for school leaders in the support of teacher inquiry—as well as a discussion of future directions for the larger picture issue of teacher professionalism.
在这篇文章中,我们大致了解了职业的本质,教师职业是如何变得非专业化的,以及教师看待自己职业的各种方式。我们将继续探讨教师如何通过应用行动研究和其他形式的教师探究来重新获得专业意识,以及这些活动和举措如何帮助教师建设能力,重新获得失去的自主权,并为其专业工作提供发言权,特别是在最近和当前的COVID-19大流行背景下。接下来,我们将由该领域经验丰富的教师为这些观点提供支持。最后,我们总结讨论了我们所提倡的方法,包括学校领导在支持教师探究方面的考虑,以及对教师专业精神这一更大问题的未来发展方向的讨论。
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引用次数: 1
How to Recruit, Support, and Retain Speech-Language Pathologists in Public Schools 如何在公立学校招募、支持和留住语言病理学家
Pub Date : 2020-10-22 DOI: 10.1177/1052684620966062
K. Farquharson, Michelle C. S. Therrien, Andrea Barton-Hulsey, A. Brandt
Over the past two decades, there has been a persistent shortage of qualified speech-language pathologists (SLPs) across the United States. This shortage is predicted to continue, as data reported by the American Speech Language Hearing Association (ASHA) from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that there will be a 27% increase in job openings through the year 2028. In some states, the shortage has led to service provision from individuals without a background in speech-language pathology and/or without speech-language pathology certification and licensure. Speech and language services that are delivered by unqualified personnel may lead to inadequate time devoted to therapy—either too much, or too little—which is ultimately unethical, illegal, and expensive. However, there is a real issue at hand for school leadership—and that is: How to recruit, support, and retain highly qualified SLPs? In the current tutorial, we will provide evidence-based action steps for how and why to recruit, support, and retain certified and licensed SLPs. Specifically, we discuss the qualifications of the SLP, roles and responsibilities of school-based SLPs, caseload versus workload considerations, various service delivery models, and a review of SLP job satisfaction research. Throughout the tutorial, we will provide concrete and evidence-based ideas for school leadership to consider when recruiting, supporting, and retaining SLPs.
在过去的二十年里,美国一直缺乏合格的语言病理学家(slp)。据美国劳工统计局的美国语言听力协会(ASHA)报告的数据显示,到2028年,职位空缺将增加27%,预计这种短缺将继续下去。在一些州,这种短缺导致了由没有语言病理学背景和/或没有语言病理学证书和执照的个人提供服务。由不合格的人员提供的言语和语言服务可能导致用于治疗的时间不足——要么太多,要么太少——这最终是不道德的,非法的,昂贵的。然而,学校领导面临着一个真正的问题,那就是:如何招募、支持和留住高素质的特殊教师?在当前的教程中,我们将提供基于证据的行动步骤,说明如何以及为什么要招募、支持和保留经过认证和许可的slp。具体来说,我们讨论了SLP的资格,学校SLP的角色和责任,案例量与工作量的考虑,各种服务提供模式,以及对SLP工作满意度研究的回顾。在整个教程中,我们将为学校领导提供具体的、基于证据的想法,供他们在招聘、支持和留住slp时考虑。
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引用次数: 10
Principals’ Schema: Leadership Philosophies and Instructional Leadership 校长图式:领导哲学与教学领导
Pub Date : 2020-10-13 DOI: 10.1177/1052684620966063
Sarah J. Zuckerman, Cailen O’Shea
The Every Child Succeeds Act of 2015 signaled a shift toward the recognition of the importance of school leadership, reflecting a growing body of literature that demonstrates principals are second only to classroom instruction in supporting student success. This influence is the greatest when principals focus on teaching and learning, or instructional leadership. The ability to focus on instructional leadership requires knowledge, as well as the schema that creates mental models for instructional leadership tasks. This study draws on interviews with principals to examine the relationship between their theory of leadership, which are conceptualized as leadership schema, and their instructional leadership practices. The findings suggest that there are similarities in the instructional leadership tasks undertaken by principals, but that how they engage in tasks is partially determined by their theory of leadership.
2015年的《每个孩子成功法案》标志着人们开始认识到学校领导的重要性,反映出越来越多的文献表明,在支持学生成功方面,校长的作用仅次于课堂教学。当校长专注于教与学或教学领导时,这种影响是最大的。专注于教学领导的能力需要知识,以及为教学领导任务创建心理模型的图式。本研究透过对校长的访谈,探讨他们的领导理论(被定义为领导图式)与他们的教学领导实践之间的关系。研究结果表明,校长承担的教学领导任务具有相似性,但他们如何参与任务部分取决于他们的领导理论。
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引用次数: 6
Honoring the Treaty: School Leaders’ Embrace of Indigenous Concepts to Practice Culturally Sustaining Leadership in Aotearoa* * * Aotearoa is the Indigenous name for New Zealand. 尊重条约:学校领导接受土著观念,在奥特罗阿实践文化上可持续的领导* * *奥特罗阿是新西兰的土著名称。
Pub Date : 2020-09-22 DOI: 10.1177/1052684620951735
Jessica T. Shiller
As a field, school leadership has maintained a colorblind stance, marginalizing practitioners’ awareness of culturally sustaining practice, and erasing the experiences of Indigenous and other minoritized groups of students, teachers, and families. Looking to research and practice that attempts to embrace racial and cultural difference in order to make schools more culturally sustaining places to be is imperative in order for the field to respond to the growing diversity in schools. This article specifically explores culturally sustaining and Indigenous school leadership practices. Using data collected from interviews with ten school leaders in Aotearoa (New Zealand) as well as school documents, this article presents new insights into the implementation of culturally sustaining school leadership, which has implications for theory and practice in the field of educational leadership, which has been too long dominated by white ways of knowing.
作为一个领域,学校领导一直保持着一种不分肤色的立场,边缘化了实践者对文化维持实践的意识,并抹去了土著和其他少数群体学生、教师和家庭的经验。为了让该领域应对学校日益增长的多样性,寻求研究和实践,试图拥抱种族和文化差异,使学校成为更具文化持续性的地方,这是势在必行的。这篇文章特别探讨了文化维持和土著学校领导实践。利用对奥特罗阿(新西兰)十位学校领导的访谈收集的数据以及学校文件,本文提出了对文化可持续学校领导实施的新见解,这对教育领导领域的理论和实践有影响,这已经太长时间被白人的认识方式所主导。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of school leadership
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