B. Markert, N. Abdallah, Ahmed Aksoy, Tarek G. Ammari, A. Arias, H. Azaizeh, A. Badran, E. Baltrėnaitė, E. Baydoun, N. Bernstein, N. Canha, E. Chudzińska, B. Delakowitz, J. Diatta, R. Djingova, Omer El-Sheik, A. Fargašová, A. Figueiredo, S. Fränzle, Marina Frontesyeva, Z. Ghafari, A. Golan, S. Gorelova, M. Greger, H. Harmens, J. Hillman, P. Hooda, R. Jayasekera, P. Kidd, Eun-Shik Kim, S. Loppi, S. Lahiri, Shirong Liu, A. Lux, L. Ma, J. Marcovecchio, E. Meers, M. Mench, B. Michalke, M. Mowafaq, J. Namieśnik, J. Nriagu, M. Öztürk, J. Pacyna, S. Pehkonen, G. Renella, J. Rinklebe, B. Robinson, M. Saiki, P. Szefer, G. Tabors, F. Tack, I. Suchara, J. Vangronsveld, M. Vasconcellos, Meie Wang, M. Wacławek, B. Wolterbeek, Simone Wünschmann, H. Zechmeister
Different definitions for the concepts of information, information transfer, i.e. communication and its effect and efficiency of false, but also correct information, especially from the environmental sector, are given. "THE TEN ECOLOGICAL COMMANDMENTS" developed by Menke-Glückert at the end of the 1960s and the 9th commandment "Do not pollute information", in particular, are examined in more detail and understood practically as a currently unchanging law in our existing world societies. The "Ethics Consensus", derived from "THE TEN ECOLOGICAL COMMANDMENTS" and developed by Markert at the end of the 1990s, reflects both theoretical and practical levels of action that many people in our highly diverse world societies can support. From a scientific point of view, this article deals in particular with the so-called B & B technologies, i.e. bioindication and biomonitoring of chemical elements, their chemical speciation as well as organic substances.In particular, B & B technologies, which deal with the biological detection of atmospheric deposition of chemical substances on a regional, national and international level, are taken into account. From both an academic and a practical point of view, mosses have prevailed here in the last decades in addition to lichens. The use of mosses is a major focus of international air monitoring, especially in Europe. Furthermore, the phytoremediation of chemical substances in water, soil and air is described as a biological and sustainable biological process, which does not "yet" have the full scope as it is used in bioindication and biomonitoring, as shown in the example of mosses. However, the phytoremediation considers to be an excellent tool to have the leading role in the sustainable pollutant "fight". In the future qualitative and quantitative approaches have been further on developed to fit scientifically and practically B&B Technologies as well the different form of phytotechnological approaches. Finally, the example of lithium, which is optionally derived from the Biological System of Chemical Elements (BSCE), becomes a chemical example that the administration of lithium to ALL mentally conditioned diseases such as manic depression up to smoking of cigarettes become one of the most valuable service for the recovery of our human society on a global level.As a conclusion of these tremendous effects of lithium can be considered: pulled out, in order to make clear that only this chemical element beside a psychiatric care and the involvement of family members, friends, physicians, psychologists and psychiatrists. In addition it is a must, that there is a strong relationship in between patient, psychiatrist(s) and strongly related persons to the patient. First an intensive information transfer via communication has to be guaranteed. After it a psychological support by doctors and, only if it seems necessary Lithium is to be given in a patient specific dose.Keywords. Bioindication, Biomonitoring, B&B Technology,
{"title":"Information gain in environmental monitoring through bioindi-cation and biomonitoring methods (\"B & B technologies\") and phytoremediation processes – with special reference to the Biological System of Chemical Elements (BSCE) under specific consideration","authors":"B. Markert, N. Abdallah, Ahmed Aksoy, Tarek G. Ammari, A. Arias, H. Azaizeh, A. Badran, E. Baltrėnaitė, E. Baydoun, N. Bernstein, N. Canha, E. Chudzińska, B. Delakowitz, J. Diatta, R. Djingova, Omer El-Sheik, A. Fargašová, A. Figueiredo, S. Fränzle, Marina Frontesyeva, Z. Ghafari, A. Golan, S. Gorelova, M. Greger, H. Harmens, J. Hillman, P. Hooda, R. Jayasekera, P. Kidd, Eun-Shik Kim, S. Loppi, S. Lahiri, Shirong Liu, A. Lux, L. Ma, J. Marcovecchio, E. Meers, M. Mench, B. Michalke, M. Mowafaq, J. Namieśnik, J. Nriagu, M. Öztürk, J. Pacyna, S. Pehkonen, G. Renella, J. Rinklebe, B. Robinson, M. Saiki, P. Szefer, G. Tabors, F. Tack, I. Suchara, J. Vangronsveld, M. Vasconcellos, Meie Wang, M. Wacławek, B. Wolterbeek, Simone Wünschmann, H. Zechmeister","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v3i11.760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v3i11.760","url":null,"abstract":"Different definitions for the concepts of information, information transfer, i.e. communication and its effect and efficiency of false, but also correct information, especially from the environmental sector, are given. \"THE TEN ECOLOGICAL COMMANDMENTS\" developed by Menke-Glückert at the end of the 1960s and the 9th commandment \"Do not pollute information\", in particular, are examined in more detail and understood practically as a currently unchanging law in our existing world societies. The \"Ethics Consensus\", derived from \"THE TEN ECOLOGICAL COMMANDMENTS\" and developed by Markert at the end of the 1990s, reflects both theoretical and practical levels of action that many people in our highly diverse world societies can support. From a scientific point of view, this article deals in particular with the so-called B & B technologies, i.e. bioindication and biomonitoring of chemical elements, their chemical speciation as well as organic substances.In particular, B & B technologies, which deal with the biological detection of atmospheric deposition of chemical substances on a regional, national and international level, are taken into account. From both an academic and a practical point of view, mosses have prevailed here in the last decades in addition to lichens. The use of mosses is a major focus of international air monitoring, especially in Europe. Furthermore, the phytoremediation of chemical substances in water, soil and air is described as a biological and sustainable biological process, which does not \"yet\" have the full scope as it is used in bioindication and biomonitoring, as shown in the example of mosses. However, the phytoremediation considers to be an excellent tool to have the leading role in the sustainable pollutant \"fight\". In the future qualitative and quantitative approaches have been further on developed to fit scientifically and practically B&B Technologies as well the different form of phytotechnological approaches. Finally, the example of lithium, which is optionally derived from the Biological System of Chemical Elements (BSCE), becomes a chemical example that the administration of lithium to ALL mentally conditioned diseases such as manic depression up to smoking of cigarettes become one of the most valuable service for the recovery of our human society on a global level.As a conclusion of these tremendous effects of lithium can be considered: pulled out, in order to make clear that only this chemical element beside a psychiatric care and the involvement of family members, friends, physicians, psychologists and psychiatrists. In addition it is a must, that there is a strong relationship in between patient, psychiatrist(s) and strongly related persons to the patient. First an intensive information transfer via communication has to be guaranteed. After it a psychological support by doctors and, only if it seems necessary Lithium is to be given in a patient specific dose.Keywords. Bioindication, Biomonitoring, B&B Technology, ","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44146217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isaac C. Ishiekwene, Solomon E.O. Egwenu, H. Chime, E. Igumbor, E. Nwose
Vegetables are any plant whose fruit, seeds, roots, tubers, bulbs, stems, leaves, or flower parts are used as food. However, this study captures leafy vegetables which are affordable and quick to cook; rich in several macro and micronutrients including vitamins, minerals and fibers which are essential for anemic, metabolic syndrome and wound management. Though the nutritive contents of these vegetables abound, this study aims at advancing the education on the relevant contents of indigenous vegetables based on established data of the synonymous vegetables. This Case Series article was intended to be pictorial representation of functional leafy vegetables that are available in the research site. Unique graphic designs of the seven indigenous vegetables, which have been previously reviewed, were made to portray their potential micronutrient values and relevance as functional foods in health and disease. Although the seven graphical images indicated similarities, various add-on health values are highlighted. The pictograms depict medical nutrition therapy potentials. . Each pictogram represents an educational tool for health promotion about a vegetable. Bitter leaf had an added value for kidney functions management, Amaranthus for bone maintenance, Lemon grass for insomnia management and general detox, Mint leaf for stomach upset management, Moringa for cancer and malnutrition management, Fluted pumpkin, and Water leaf for constipation management. The health values of these indigenous vegetables include management of common ailments such as anemia, metabolic syndrome and wound management is relatively scarce. This Case Series provides a compendium of seven pictorials to be used as graphical health educational resource to promote consumption of indigenous vegetables in Delta State Nigeria. The significance is to advance health promotion on food matters among a populations where the people may be more inclined to visual prompts. Implications for the COVID19 pandemic is briefly addressed.Keywords: antioxidants, haematinics, health promotion, immunomodulation, infections, metabolic syndrome, micronutrients, wound management
{"title":"Using Graphics to Promote the Health Values of Indigenous Vegetables in Anaemia, Metabolic Syndrome, and Wound Management","authors":"Isaac C. Ishiekwene, Solomon E.O. Egwenu, H. Chime, E. Igumbor, E. Nwose","doi":"10.31989/BCHD.V3I9.739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/BCHD.V3I9.739","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetables are any plant whose fruit, seeds, roots, tubers, bulbs, stems, leaves, or flower parts are used as food. However, this study captures leafy vegetables which are affordable and quick to cook; rich in several macro and micronutrients including vitamins, minerals and fibers which are essential for anemic, metabolic syndrome and wound management. Though the nutritive contents of these vegetables abound, this study aims at advancing the education on the relevant contents of indigenous vegetables based on established data of the synonymous vegetables. This Case Series article was intended to be pictorial representation of functional leafy vegetables that are available in the research site. Unique graphic designs of the seven indigenous vegetables, which have been previously reviewed, were made to portray their potential micronutrient values and relevance as functional foods in health and disease. Although the seven graphical images indicated similarities, various add-on health values are highlighted. The pictograms depict medical nutrition therapy potentials. . Each pictogram represents an educational tool for health promotion about a vegetable. Bitter leaf had an added value for kidney functions management, Amaranthus for bone maintenance, Lemon grass for insomnia management and general detox, Mint leaf for stomach upset management, Moringa for cancer and malnutrition management, Fluted pumpkin, and Water leaf for constipation management. The health values of these indigenous vegetables include management of common ailments such as anemia, metabolic syndrome and wound management is relatively scarce. This Case Series provides a compendium of seven pictorials to be used as graphical health educational resource to promote consumption of indigenous vegetables in Delta State Nigeria. The significance is to advance health promotion on food matters among a populations where the people may be more inclined to visual prompts. Implications for the COVID19 pandemic is briefly addressed.Keywords: antioxidants, haematinics, health promotion, immunomodulation, infections, metabolic syndrome, micronutrients, wound management","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44283519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), especially type 2, is increasing worldwide. Prevention, control and management of this chronic metabolic disease is the most important ways to avoid its consequences. The use of functional foods and bioactive compounds can be effective in preventing and controlling this disease due to the antioxidant compounds present. Low- level laser therapy (LLLT), as an adjunct therapy, along with medication can be effective in reducing the effects of DM.Objective: Our aim in the present study was to investigate the synergistic effects of LLLT and cinnamic acid on blood glucose, inflammatory factors, oxidative factors, and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes.Methods: For this study, thirty healthy individuals were selected as the control group and thirty individuals with type 2 DM were selected. The levels of biochemical parameters, such as glucose, hydrogen peroxide, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) were studied in the samples of different control and diabetic groups, Inflammatory factors, such as Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were also studied.Results: The results of all biochemical parameters showed significant differences in untreated and treated diabetic samples in compared to control group (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the reduction of inflammatory factors, glucose and hydrogen peroxide between the samples treated with both cinnamic acid and laser irradiation with the untreated diabetic sample (P > 0.05). A significant difference was observed in comparing the results of other biochemical factors (P < 0.05).Conclusions: Concomitant use of cinnamic acid and LLLT as a complementary treatment can reduce oxidative stress and thus prevent the diabetes complications.Keywords: Laser irradiation; Cinnamic acid; Functional foods; Oxidative stress; Diabetes mellitus.
{"title":"Synergistic effect of laser irradiation and cinnamic acid as a functional food on oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus","authors":"D. Martirosyan, Houssein Mirmiranpour, M. Ashoori","doi":"10.31989/BCHD.V3I9.746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/BCHD.V3I9.746","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), especially type 2, is increasing worldwide. Prevention, control and management of this chronic metabolic disease is the most important ways to avoid its consequences. The use of functional foods and bioactive compounds can be effective in preventing and controlling this disease due to the antioxidant compounds present. Low- level laser therapy (LLLT), as an adjunct therapy, along with medication can be effective in reducing the effects of DM.Objective: Our aim in the present study was to investigate the synergistic effects of LLLT and cinnamic acid on blood glucose, inflammatory factors, oxidative factors, and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes.Methods: For this study, thirty healthy individuals were selected as the control group and thirty individuals with type 2 DM were selected. The levels of biochemical parameters, such as glucose, hydrogen peroxide, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) were studied in the samples of different control and diabetic groups, Inflammatory factors, such as Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were also studied.Results: The results of all biochemical parameters showed significant differences in untreated and treated diabetic samples in compared to control group (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the reduction of inflammatory factors, glucose and hydrogen peroxide between the samples treated with both cinnamic acid and laser irradiation with the untreated diabetic sample (P > 0.05). A significant difference was observed in comparing the results of other biochemical factors (P < 0.05).Conclusions: Concomitant use of cinnamic acid and LLLT as a complementary treatment can reduce oxidative stress and thus prevent the diabetes complications.Keywords: Laser irradiation; Cinnamic acid; Functional foods; Oxidative stress; Diabetes mellitus.","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45630021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Shimizu, K. Dan, C. Tanaka, Mikiko Tanaka, Yoshimu Tanaka, M. Shirotani, Kunihiro Kitamura, K. Yorozu, Masayuki Oehorumu, G. Tsukamoto
Background: Indications for various diseases such as diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, etc. of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) have been investigated. For the establishment of the FMT therapy, the examination of the solvent has not been carried out, though the use of the physiological saline is fixed, at present. We have produced the Mr. Shimizu made ultrafine bubble water (UFB) that produces a larger number of bubbles than existing UFB.Objective: To verify the usefulness of UFB, we prepared a conventional Saline and UFB-prepared microbial preparation (Bio3); (Bio3/Saline) and (Bio3/UFB). The bacterial preparations, Bio3, contain glycated bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and butyric acid bacteria. FMT was carried out to the diabetic model mouse using these microbial preparations, and whether the disease state was improved was examined. Cultured intestinal epithelial cells (CaCO-2) were also used to test for differentiation by UFB and Saline from variations in several receptors that recognize microbiota-mRNA. In addition, glucose uptake into cells was measured.Methods: FMT with (Bio3/UFB) and (Bio3/Saline) was performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (STZ-mice) in duplicate at 0, 7 days. Blood glucose levels (7, 14 days) and blood insulin levels (14 days) were measured. Cultured intestinal epithelial cells were also used to test for differentiation by UFB and Saline from change in several receptors that recognize microbiota-mRNA (Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and RIG-I-like receptors). In addition, glucose uptake into cells was measured using fluorescently labeled glucose analog (NBDG).Results: UFB could reduce the blood glucose level of STZ-induced diabetic model mice. However, no such effects were observed in Saline. Stimulation of serially diluted Bio3 with UFB-suspension were showed significant alteration in TLR4 and IL-1B-uPNA. The amount of glucose uptake in the (Bio3/UFB) group was significantly different at 30 min, inhibited or delayed. Conclusion: It is concluded that UFB-mediated cross-talk between intestinal bacteria and intestinal epithelial cells and inhibition or delay of intestinal epithelial glucose uptake may have been associated with the reduction of blood glucose levels in diabetic model mice. The superiority of UFB as a suspension used for the transfer of bacteria has been suggested.
{"title":"Ultrafine Bubble Water Usefulness in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Recognition of Transplanted Microbiota in Intestinal Epithelial Cells","authors":"S. Shimizu, K. Dan, C. Tanaka, Mikiko Tanaka, Yoshimu Tanaka, M. Shirotani, Kunihiro Kitamura, K. Yorozu, Masayuki Oehorumu, G. Tsukamoto","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v3i8.735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v3i8.735","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Indications for various diseases such as diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, etc. of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) have been investigated. For the establishment of the FMT therapy, the examination of the solvent has not been carried out, though the use of the physiological saline is fixed, at present. We have produced the Mr. Shimizu made ultrafine bubble water (UFB) that produces a larger number of bubbles than existing UFB.Objective: To verify the usefulness of UFB, we prepared a conventional Saline and UFB-prepared microbial preparation (Bio3); (Bio3/Saline) and (Bio3/UFB). The bacterial preparations, Bio3, contain glycated bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and butyric acid bacteria. FMT was carried out to the diabetic model mouse using these microbial preparations, and whether the disease state was improved was examined. Cultured intestinal epithelial cells (CaCO-2) were also used to test for differentiation by UFB and Saline from variations in several receptors that recognize microbiota-mRNA. In addition, glucose uptake into cells was measured.Methods: FMT with (Bio3/UFB) and (Bio3/Saline) was performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (STZ-mice) in duplicate at 0, 7 days. Blood glucose levels (7, 14 days) and blood insulin levels (14 days) were measured. Cultured intestinal epithelial cells were also used to test for differentiation by UFB and Saline from change in several receptors that recognize microbiota-mRNA (Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and RIG-I-like receptors). In addition, glucose uptake into cells was measured using fluorescently labeled glucose analog (NBDG).Results: UFB could reduce the blood glucose level of STZ-induced diabetic model mice. However, no such effects were observed in Saline. Stimulation of serially diluted Bio3 with UFB-suspension were showed significant alteration in TLR4 and IL-1B-uPNA. The amount of glucose uptake in the (Bio3/UFB) group was significantly different at 30 min, inhibited or delayed. Conclusion: It is concluded that UFB-mediated cross-talk between intestinal bacteria and intestinal epithelial cells and inhibition or delay of intestinal epithelial glucose uptake may have been associated with the reduction of blood glucose levels in diabetic model mice. The superiority of UFB as a suspension used for the transfer of bacteria has been suggested.","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44544677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: In the midst of COVID-19, healthcare specialists and researchers worldwide have been actively investigating treatments for this new disease. As of July 3rd, 2020, there have been a total of 11,048,509 confirmed cases in more than 188 countries and regions with more and more cases being identified every day. Though there have been a couple of medications given EUA status by the FDA such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and Fresenius Propoven, some of these treatments have been found to carry substantial health risks. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, for example, were found to cause abnormal heart rhythms and facilitated higher rates of death among patients in clinical trials. For this reason, a more natural option such as vitamin D has the potential to be safer and more effective in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms.Objective: In this study, I investigate the benefits of vitamin D supplementation as shown in previous clinical trials involving respiratory illnesses and discussed which foods are most rich in vitamin D. Ultimately, I aim to provide an understanding of the mechanisms by which vitamin D is acquired and the most effective amounts that people should regularly consume in order to strengthen their immune system.Methods: All of the case studies cited in this review were found through Google Scholar or NCBI by search queries such as “Vitamin D supplementation to treat respiratory illness.” Additional information regarding vaccinations and medications was sourced from the FDA and information about the nutritional value of foods was obtained from the USDA.Results: Vitamin D has been shown to have many beneficial effects on patients suffering from both respiratory and non-respiratory illnesses. These benefits include, but are not limited to, lowered susceptibility to infection and lower bacterial counts, reduced symptoms of illness, increased serum 25(OH)D, and corrected vitamin D deficiency.Conclusions: Given the striking symptomatic, molecular, and pathological similarities between infection from SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory illnesses such as influenza, the positive results from vitamin D supplementation suggest that vitamin D may be a viable treatment option for SARS-CoV-2 symptoms. Through the consumption of vitamin D-rich foods like UV-exposed mushrooms, salmon, and trout, low serum 25(OH)D levels could be corrected and the reduction of symptoms could be naturally facilitated. Through the induction of cathelicidin and defensin, the regulation of cytokines, and the increased production of anti-microbial peptides, vitamin D has the potential to act as a natural treatment option without adverse side-effects like those caused by chloroquine and other proposed drugs.Keywords: Vitamin D; Deficiency; Respiratory Illness; COVID-19; Influenza; Cathelicidin; Defensin; SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; ANG II.
{"title":"The effects of vitamin D on respiratory illnesses: a prospective natural treatment for COVID-19","authors":"D. Martirosyan, C. Giordano","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v3i8.734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v3i8.734","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In the midst of COVID-19, healthcare specialists and researchers worldwide have been actively investigating treatments for this new disease. As of July 3rd, 2020, there have been a total of 11,048,509 confirmed cases in more than 188 countries and regions with more and more cases being identified every day. Though there have been a couple of medications given EUA status by the FDA such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and Fresenius Propoven, some of these treatments have been found to carry substantial health risks. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, for example, were found to cause abnormal heart rhythms and facilitated higher rates of death among patients in clinical trials. For this reason, a more natural option such as vitamin D has the potential to be safer and more effective in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms.Objective: In this study, I investigate the benefits of vitamin D supplementation as shown in previous clinical trials involving respiratory illnesses and discussed which foods are most rich in vitamin D. Ultimately, I aim to provide an understanding of the mechanisms by which vitamin D is acquired and the most effective amounts that people should regularly consume in order to strengthen their immune system.Methods: All of the case studies cited in this review were found through Google Scholar or NCBI by search queries such as “Vitamin D supplementation to treat respiratory illness.” Additional information regarding vaccinations and medications was sourced from the FDA and information about the nutritional value of foods was obtained from the USDA.Results: Vitamin D has been shown to have many beneficial effects on patients suffering from both respiratory and non-respiratory illnesses. These benefits include, but are not limited to, lowered susceptibility to infection and lower bacterial counts, reduced symptoms of illness, increased serum 25(OH)D, and corrected vitamin D deficiency.Conclusions: Given the striking symptomatic, molecular, and pathological similarities between infection from SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory illnesses such as influenza, the positive results from vitamin D supplementation suggest that vitamin D may be a viable treatment option for SARS-CoV-2 symptoms. Through the consumption of vitamin D-rich foods like UV-exposed mushrooms, salmon, and trout, low serum 25(OH)D levels could be corrected and the reduction of symptoms could be naturally facilitated. Through the induction of cathelicidin and defensin, the regulation of cytokines, and the increased production of anti-microbial peptides, vitamin D has the potential to act as a natural treatment option without adverse side-effects like those caused by chloroquine and other proposed drugs.Keywords: Vitamin D; Deficiency; Respiratory Illness; COVID-19; Influenza; Cathelicidin; Defensin; SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; ANG II.","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47983268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Probiotics have recently become popular among all generations, ranging from children to the elderly. They are living microorganisms known to improve gut flora by establishing and maintaining gut health via molecular mechanisms that involve various bioactive compounds produced and released throughout the body, which may cause a bacteria-host interaction. These bioactive compounds of probiotics may be bacteria or other compounds that are associated with various neurotransmitters, which produce different actions on the body. Changes in gut microbiota composition have been associated with various diseases, including mental disorders such as Alzheimer’s/dementia, Parkinson’s, schizophrenia, stress, anxiety, and depression. Clinical reviews and studies on both animals and humans have given mixed results regarding the efficacy of probiotic foods and supplements in managing mental disorders. In our review, we advocate for probiotic foods to be functional foods, but we are unable to accept probiotics as an effective treatment for the management of mental disorders due to indeterminate evidence. Keywords: Probiotics, bioactive compounds, mental disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, Parkinson’s, schizophrenia, stress, anxiety, and depression
{"title":"The bioactive compounds of probiotic foods/supplements and their application in managing mental disorders","authors":"D. Martirosyan, Crystal Leem","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v2i10.431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v2i10.431","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Probiotics have recently become popular among all generations, ranging from children to the elderly. They are living microorganisms known to improve gut flora by establishing and maintaining gut health via molecular mechanisms that involve various bioactive compounds produced and released throughout the body, which may cause a bacteria-host interaction. These bioactive compounds of probiotics may be bacteria or other compounds that are associated with various neurotransmitters, which produce different actions on the body. Changes in gut microbiota composition have been associated with various diseases, including mental disorders such as Alzheimer’s/dementia, Parkinson’s, schizophrenia, stress, anxiety, and depression. Clinical reviews and studies on both animals and humans have given mixed results regarding the efficacy of probiotic foods and supplements in managing mental disorders. In our review, we advocate for probiotic foods to be functional foods, but we are unable to accept probiotics as an effective treatment for the management of mental disorders due to indeterminate evidence. Keywords: Probiotics, bioactive compounds, mental disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, Parkinson’s, schizophrenia, stress, anxiety, and depression","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41965261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryou Sakamoto, K. Kumagai, T. Odaka, T. Okuyama, M. Nishizawa, Tominori Kimura
AbstractBackground: A standardized extract of cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia (ECLM), an extract from cultured Lentinula edodes, has been reported to suppress breast cancer stem cell proliferation by regulating microRNA (miR) expression. Natural antisense RNAs (ASs), a type of protein non-coding RNA, can regulate the expression of protein-coding genes by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) that adsorbs miRNAs, resulting in the prevention of mRNA degradation, and can also form a transient RNA duplex with mRNA. EphA2, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is typically expressed at low levels in normal epithelial cells, whereas its overexpression has been widely observed in numerous solid tumors and is associated with cell transformation, primary tumor initiation, and tumor progression. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of ECLM on the expression of both EphA2 mRNA and endogenous AS to this mRNA, which could negatively affect human breast carcinoma cell proliferation. Methods: We used MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells, which were sub-cultured three times in the presence of optimized concentrations of ECLM. The effect of ECLM on the expression of EphA2 AS and mRNA was analyzed by RT-qPCR. miRNAs targeting both EphA2 AS and EphA2 mRNA and their RNA miR response elements (MREs) were predicted and analyzed by RT-qPCR and luciferase reporter assays. Results: ECLM suppressed the proliferation of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In cells for which proliferation was negatively affected by ECLM, EphA2 AS and mRNA expression was also significantly inhibited by ECLM. Although neutralization of miR-335 led to the de-repression of both EphA2 AS and mRNA, results did not fully support the possibility that EphA2 AS might function as a ceRNA to regulate EphA2 mRNA levels. Conclusion: ECLM suppressed the proliferation of breast carcinoma cells in a specific dose-dependent manner. This suppressive effect was associated with a concordant reduction in both EphA2 AS and mRNA expression. These effects were not thought to occur via the reported ceRNA effect. These results thus suggest that ECLM could regulate EphA2 AS and mRNA expression by forming a transient RNA duplex formation, thereby stabilizing EphA2 mRNA. Keywords: ECLM, regulatory RNA, antisense RNA, microRNA, EphA2
{"title":"A standardized suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation by regulating the expression of EphA2 antisense RNA-mRNA axis independently of micro RNA","authors":"Ryou Sakamoto, K. Kumagai, T. Odaka, T. Okuyama, M. Nishizawa, Tominori Kimura","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v2i9.642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v2i9.642","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractBackground: A standardized extract of cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia (ECLM), an extract from cultured Lentinula edodes, has been reported to suppress breast cancer stem cell proliferation by regulating microRNA (miR) expression. Natural antisense RNAs (ASs), a type of protein non-coding RNA, can regulate the expression of protein-coding genes by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) that adsorbs miRNAs, resulting in the prevention of mRNA degradation, and can also form a transient RNA duplex with mRNA. EphA2, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is typically expressed at low levels in normal epithelial cells, whereas its overexpression has been widely observed in numerous solid tumors and is associated with cell transformation, primary tumor initiation, and tumor progression. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of ECLM on the expression of both EphA2 mRNA and endogenous AS to this mRNA, which could negatively affect human breast carcinoma cell proliferation. Methods: We used MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells, which were sub-cultured three times in the presence of optimized concentrations of ECLM. The effect of ECLM on the expression of EphA2 AS and mRNA was analyzed by RT-qPCR. miRNAs targeting both EphA2 AS and EphA2 mRNA and their RNA miR response elements (MREs) were predicted and analyzed by RT-qPCR and luciferase reporter assays. Results: ECLM suppressed the proliferation of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In cells for which proliferation was negatively affected by ECLM, EphA2 AS and mRNA expression was also significantly inhibited by ECLM. Although neutralization of miR-335 led to the de-repression of both EphA2 AS and mRNA, results did not fully support the possibility that EphA2 AS might function as a ceRNA to regulate EphA2 mRNA levels. Conclusion: ECLM suppressed the proliferation of breast carcinoma cells in a specific dose-dependent manner. This suppressive effect was associated with a concordant reduction in both EphA2 AS and mRNA expression. These effects were not thought to occur via the reported ceRNA effect. These results thus suggest that ECLM could regulate EphA2 AS and mRNA expression by forming a transient RNA duplex formation, thereby stabilizing EphA2 mRNA. Keywords: ECLM, regulatory RNA, antisense RNA, microRNA, EphA2","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48691284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and xerophthalmia is prevalent and contribute to morbidity and mortality especially in young children in developing countries. Vitamin A deficiency contributes up to 23% lives lost in children aged 6 to 59 months. Thanks to huge requirements in children aged less than 59 months, vitamin A supplementation has been adopted by countries with support from UNICEF and other development partners. Without vitamin A supplementation a typical child in a developing country is not able to attain and maintain the minimally adequate liver retinol stores [Children are vitamin A deficient with liver retinol stores <20 µg/dL (<0.693 µmol/L)]. However, vitamin A supplementation has faced a number of challenges which creates an avenue for other intervention strategies. Dietary diversity is important. Beta carotene is converted to retinol on a function of 1:2, therefore children would have to eat tenfold increase in portion sizes of fruits and vegetables. Food fortification and enrichment of a specific meal that provides the necessary dietary recommendations of the child in less than three food servings that would provide the necessary nutritional requirements at a low cost therefore making it valuable in developing countries.Methods: Four OFSP varieties were procured from Embu in Kenya. The weaning food consisted of 20% maize (white) meal and 100% OFSP. Analysis was done on the composite flour and maize meal for pro-vitamin A. OFSP composite flour samples were analysed for pro vitamin A and comoared with recomended dietary allowance for children 6 to 59 months. The β-carotene nutrient retention of the weaning food was also calculated.Results: two OFSP varieties had the highest pro vitamin A carotenoid content: Tauing (57.10 mg/kg) and Haspot (51.70 mg/kg). Addition of white maize meal was important to improve gelatinization during preparation. One kilogram of maize meal enriched with Tauing variety of sweet potatoes is estimated to contain 50.88 mg/kg pro vitamin A carotenoid .Conclusion: white maize meal enriched with 80% OFSP is estimated to increase pro vitamin A carotenoid intake in children aged 6 to 59 months, contributing to a reduction in vitamin A deficiency in rural households.Keywords: Xerophthalmia; retinol; RDA; Pro-vitamin A carotenoid, weaning food.
{"title":"Preparation of a Weaning Food Through Enrichment of Maize Meal with Potatoes (Ipomea batatas) Also Known as Orange Fleshed Sweet Potatoes (OFSP)","authors":"J. Mutuku, Mw Mwaniki, Gw Muiruri","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v2i8.626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v2i8.626","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and xerophthalmia is prevalent and contribute to morbidity and mortality especially in young children in developing countries. Vitamin A deficiency contributes up to 23% lives lost in children aged 6 to 59 months. Thanks to huge requirements in children aged less than 59 months, vitamin A supplementation has been adopted by countries with support from UNICEF and other development partners. Without vitamin A supplementation a typical child in a developing country is not able to attain and maintain the minimally adequate liver retinol stores [Children are vitamin A deficient with liver retinol stores <20 µg/dL (<0.693 µmol/L)]. However, vitamin A supplementation has faced a number of challenges which creates an avenue for other intervention strategies. Dietary diversity is important. Beta carotene is converted to retinol on a function of 1:2, therefore children would have to eat tenfold increase in portion sizes of fruits and vegetables. Food fortification and enrichment of a specific meal that provides the necessary dietary recommendations of the child in less than three food servings that would provide the necessary nutritional requirements at a low cost therefore making it valuable in developing countries.Methods: Four OFSP varieties were procured from Embu in Kenya. The weaning food consisted of 20% maize (white) meal and 100% OFSP. Analysis was done on the composite flour and maize meal for pro-vitamin A. OFSP composite flour samples were analysed for pro vitamin A and comoared with recomended dietary allowance for children 6 to 59 months. The β-carotene nutrient retention of the weaning food was also calculated.Results: two OFSP varieties had the highest pro vitamin A carotenoid content: Tauing (57.10 mg/kg) and Haspot (51.70 mg/kg). Addition of white maize meal was important to improve gelatinization during preparation. One kilogram of maize meal enriched with Tauing variety of sweet potatoes is estimated to contain 50.88 mg/kg pro vitamin A carotenoid .Conclusion: white maize meal enriched with 80% OFSP is estimated to increase pro vitamin A carotenoid intake in children aged 6 to 59 months, contributing to a reduction in vitamin A deficiency in rural households.Keywords: Xerophthalmia; retinol; RDA; Pro-vitamin A carotenoid, weaning food.","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41677045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Animal experiments have demonstrated that oral administration of a porcine liver protein hydrolysate (LPH) ameliorates alcohol-induced liver toxicity, as well as exercise- and concanavalin A-induced low locomotor activity in mice. The peptides responsible for the beneficial effect have not yet been identified. Recently, presence of food-derived peptides in human blood has been detected post ingestion of other food protein hydrolysates. These peptides are prolyl, hydroxyprolyl, or pyroglutamyl di- and tri-peptides, and resist exopeptidase digestion. Some of these peptides exert significant biological roles in vitro and in vivo, which have been associated with the biological response post ingestion. The objective of the present study was to identify the food-derived peptides in rat blood after ingestion of LPH.Results: In the in vitro exopeptidase digest of LPH, pyroglutamyl, prolyl, hydroxyprolyl, and aspartic dipeptides were identified. The aspartic peptides (Asp-Val, Asp-Ile, Asp-Leu, and Asp-Phe) showed multiple peaks by LC-MS/MS, indicating the presence of isomers. Four isomers with L- and D-aspartyl residues, and α and β peptide bonds were present in each sequence. After administration of LPH, the amounts of unusual aspartic dipeptides with β peptide bond and/or D-aspartyl residue significantly increased in rat plasma, while those of the other usual aspartic peptides did not.Conclusions: Racemization and isomerization of aspartyl residues in peptides occur during the preparation of LPH or following its digestion. The unusual aspartic peptides have a potential for carrying out diverse biological activities.Key words: Peptide, food protein hydrolysate, aspartic, isopeptide, bioavailability, D-amino acid
{"title":"Presence of aspartic dipeptides with β peptide bond and/or D-aspartyl residue in rat blood after ingestion of porcine liver protein hydrolysate","authors":"A. Ejima, Kotaro Yamada, Kenji Sato","doi":"10.31989/BCHD.V2I7.619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/BCHD.V2I7.619","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Animal experiments have demonstrated that oral administration of a porcine liver protein hydrolysate (LPH) ameliorates alcohol-induced liver toxicity, as well as exercise- and concanavalin A-induced low locomotor activity in mice. The peptides responsible for the beneficial effect have not yet been identified. Recently, presence of food-derived peptides in human blood has been detected post ingestion of other food protein hydrolysates. These peptides are prolyl, hydroxyprolyl, or pyroglutamyl di- and tri-peptides, and resist exopeptidase digestion. Some of these peptides exert significant biological roles in vitro and in vivo, which have been associated with the biological response post ingestion. The objective of the present study was to identify the food-derived peptides in rat blood after ingestion of LPH.Results: In the in vitro exopeptidase digest of LPH, pyroglutamyl, prolyl, hydroxyprolyl, and aspartic dipeptides were identified. The aspartic peptides (Asp-Val, Asp-Ile, Asp-Leu, and Asp-Phe) showed multiple peaks by LC-MS/MS, indicating the presence of isomers. Four isomers with L- and D-aspartyl residues, and α and β peptide bonds were present in each sequence. After administration of LPH, the amounts of unusual aspartic dipeptides with β peptide bond and/or D-aspartyl residue significantly increased in rat plasma, while those of the other usual aspartic peptides did not.Conclusions: Racemization and isomerization of aspartyl residues in peptides occur during the preparation of LPH or following its digestion. The unusual aspartic peptides have a potential for carrying out diverse biological activities.Key words: Peptide, food protein hydrolysate, aspartic, isopeptide, bioavailability, D-amino acid","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47631909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Tsuda, H. Miki, R. Nakatake, T. Sakaguchi, M. Hatta, T. Okumura, M. Nishizawa, M. Kaibori
Background/objective: Tryptophan exerts protective effects against a variety of organ inflammation and injury, including liver. However, there are few scientific reports about the mechanisms involved in the action. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β stimulates the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and NO production in cultured hepatocytes (“in vitro liver injury model”), and the prevention of iNOS expression and NO production is considered to be an indicator of liver protection. This study aimed to examine whether tryptophan influences the induction of iNOS gene expression and the mechanisms.Methods: Tryptophan was added into primary cultures of rat hepatocytes stimulated by IL-1β. The iNOS induction, NO production and its signaling pathway were analyzed.Results: IL-1β induced iNOS gene expression, which was followed by iNOS expression and NO production. Tryptophan inhibited the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein, and decreased the production of NO. Transfection experiments with iNOS promoter-luciferase constructs revealed that tryptophan reduced the activities of iNOS mRNA synthesis and its stability. Tryptophan blocked two essential signaling pathways, the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and upregulation of type I IL-1receptor (IL-1RI).Conclusions: Results indicate that tryptophan can prevent the NO production by the inhibition of iNOS gene expression, in part through NF-κB activation and IL-1RI upregulation, in inflamed hepatocytes. Tryptophan may be a potential therapeutic treatment in injured organs, including liver.Key words: tryptophan, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, cultured hepatocytes, nuclear factor-κB, type I interleukin-1 receptor
{"title":"Essential amino acid tryptophan inhibits induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in interleukin-1β stimulated hepatocytes","authors":"T. Tsuda, H. Miki, R. Nakatake, T. Sakaguchi, M. Hatta, T. Okumura, M. Nishizawa, M. Kaibori","doi":"10.31989/BCHD.V2I7.639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/BCHD.V2I7.639","url":null,"abstract":"Background/objective: Tryptophan exerts protective effects against a variety of organ inflammation and injury, including liver. However, there are few scientific reports about the mechanisms involved in the action. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β stimulates the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and NO production in cultured hepatocytes (“in vitro liver injury model”), and the prevention of iNOS expression and NO production is considered to be an indicator of liver protection. This study aimed to examine whether tryptophan influences the induction of iNOS gene expression and the mechanisms.Methods: Tryptophan was added into primary cultures of rat hepatocytes stimulated by IL-1β. The iNOS induction, NO production and its signaling pathway were analyzed.Results: IL-1β induced iNOS gene expression, which was followed by iNOS expression and NO production. Tryptophan inhibited the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein, and decreased the production of NO. Transfection experiments with iNOS promoter-luciferase constructs revealed that tryptophan reduced the activities of iNOS mRNA synthesis and its stability. Tryptophan blocked two essential signaling pathways, the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and upregulation of type I IL-1receptor (IL-1RI).Conclusions: Results indicate that tryptophan can prevent the NO production by the inhibition of iNOS gene expression, in part through NF-κB activation and IL-1RI upregulation, in inflamed hepatocytes. Tryptophan may be a potential therapeutic treatment in injured organs, including liver.Key words: tryptophan, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, cultured hepatocytes, nuclear factor-κB, type I interleukin-1 receptor","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47026966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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