Buildings & cities最新文献

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Housing adaptability: new research, emerging practices and challenges 住房适应性:新研究、新实践和新挑战

Q1 Engineering

Buildings & cities

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/bc.266

S. Pelsmakers, Elanor Warwick

引用次数: 0

Projected climate data for building design: barriers to use 建筑设计预测气候数据:使用障碍

Q1 Engineering

Buildings & cities

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/bc.145

P. Rastogi, A. Laxo, L. Cecil, Daniel Overbey

Building professionals’ use of historical weather data in performance analysis and design is an insufficient response to the impacts of a changing climate. Existing standards, laws and conventions in the US (and elsewhere) reinforce the use of typical weather files derived from historical data. Although projected climate data are readily available from reliable sources, significant barriers prevent adoption. These include a lack of consensus on the methodology for creating climate data for buildings based on climate models; a lack of a publicly available platform for providing climate projections for use in a format suitable for building analysis; a lack of consensus on a standardized framework for communicating results of simulation with long-term climate data projections; and liability concerns with using projection data. A coordinated response to these challenges is necessary across building design disciplines to ensure widespread adoption. Professional institutions, codes and standards organizations, and national governments have a key role to ensure that buildings created today are fit for climatic conditions in 20, 50, and 100 years’ time.

建筑专业人士在性能分析和设计中使用历史天气数据不足以应对气候变化的影响。美国(和其他地方)现有的标准、法律和惯例加强了对源自历史数据的典型天气文件的使用。虽然预测的气候数据很容易从可靠的来源获得，但在采用方面存在重大障碍。这些问题包括:在基于气候模型为建筑物创建气候数据的方法上缺乏共识;缺乏一个可供公众使用的平台，以适合建筑物分析的格式提供气候预测;就将模拟结果与长期气候数据预估交流的标准化框架缺乏共识;责任与使用投影数据有关。需要跨建筑设计学科协调应对这些挑战，以确保广泛采用。专业机构、规范和标准组织以及国家政府在确保今天建造的建筑物适合20年、50年和100年的气候条件方面发挥着关键作用。

引用次数: 0

Living with air-conditioning: experiences in Dubai, Chongqing and London 有空调的生活:迪拜、重庆和伦敦的经历

Q1 Engineering

Buildings & cities

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/bc.147

N. Murtagh, S. Badi, Yaling Shi, Shen Wei, Wei Yu

Extreme heat is a likely consequence of global warming, leading to increased mortality and reduced wellbeing. There is limited research evidence of experiences of living with and without air-conditioning (AC), commonly regarded as the sole technological solution, but such knowledge is essential to progressing alternative approaches. A total of 72 participants were interviewed in an exploratory cross-cultural phenomenological study in Dubai (United Arab Emirates—UAE), Chongqing (China) and London (UK). In Dubai and Chongqing, AC was ubiquitous and central to life in the hotter months, although not for all socio-economic groups. AC enabled indoor work to proceed, but a restricted indoor life meant less exercise, less social interaction and health issues. Participants had over-adapted, not to heat but to cold indoor temperatures, which were uncomfortable for many. In London, AC was not yet used, but the purchase of AC was being contemplated. The London participants showed a range of behavioural adaptations to heat. To reduce dependence on AC, regulations and behaviour change interventions regarding AC settings should focus on acclimatisation to heat. Changes in societal patterns, such as workhours, and behavioural adaptations, such as informed use of shading, can help mitigate heat. Deconstruction of the impact on human societies above and beyond health risks.

极端高温很可能是全球变暖的结果，导致死亡率上升，幸福感下降。空调通常被认为是唯一的技术解决方案，但关于有空调和没有空调的生活经验的研究证据有限，但这些知识对于发展替代方法至关重要。在一项探索性的跨文化现象学研究中，共有72名参与者在迪拜(阿拉伯联合酋长国-阿联酋)、重庆(中国)和伦敦(英国)接受了采访。在迪拜和重庆，空调无处不在，在炎热的月份是生活的中心，尽管并非所有社会经济群体都如此。空调使室内工作得以进行，但受限的室内生活意味着更少的锻炼、更少的社交互动和健康问题。参与者已经过度适应了，不是对热，而是对室内寒冷的温度，这对许多人来说不舒服。在伦敦，空调还没有被使用，但购买空调已经在考虑之中。伦敦的参与者表现出一系列适应高温的行为。为了减少对空调的依赖，有关空调设置的法规和行为改变干预措施应侧重于对热的适应。社会模式的改变(如工作时间)和行为适应(如知情地使用遮阳)可以帮助减少热量。解构健康风险之外对人类社会的影响。

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引用次数: 6

Residential geothermal air-conditioning: inhabitants’ comfort, behaviour and energy use 住宅地热空调:居民的舒适度、行为和能源使用

Q1 Engineering

Buildings & cities

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/bc.172

Leena Thomas, Alexandra Woods, Rebecca Powles, Parisa Kalali, S. Wilkinson

How do occupants’ behaviour and expectations influence energy use for residential geothermal air-conditioning? This detailed study of 40 homes with geothermal AC in Sydney, Australia, during the period 2019–20 covers one of hottest Australian summers and increased daytime occupancy over the winter due to working from home during Covid-19 lockdowns. Monitored data are analysed for ground source heat pump (GSHP)-AC energy, occupancy, indoor conditions, as well as a snapshot resident feedback captured during hot and cold spells. Findings indicate that the homes built to comply with 2011 energy efficiency standards maintain indoor temperatures within 10–12°C of peak summer and minimum winter temperatures, without AC. A general preference to adopt adaptive strategies such as ceiling fans and appropriate clothing before deploying AC is evident for moderately hot and cold days. A heightened dependence on AC is seen for extreme days. However, a significant number of houses adhere to a narrow range of acceptable temperatures, thereby increasing the take-up of GSHP-AC and energy consumption. The replacement of conventional AC with alternate technologies is not a one-stop solution in, and of, itself. There is a need for improved building low energy design and construction based on a better understanding of occupant behaviour and energy consequences. POLICY RELEVANCE Although geothermal systems offer potential energy savings (especially in extreme conditions) and their potential for seamless technological replacement of conventional AC in homes, the findings suggest GSHP-AC is not a one-stop solution to reduce dependence on AC. The study reveals that the unconstrained use of GSHP-AC can increase energy consumption and squander energy savings achieved through its technological efficiency. The ‘conditioned’ expectations of inhabitants, stimulated by a lower tolerance of ‘imperfect’ conditions and availability of heating and cooling on standby, can lead to increased dependence and usage. In an increasing warming world, more stringent guidelines are needed for thermal performance and design to mitigate residual discomfort and transform occupant practices. These must also be supported with occupant education and engagement to ensure the design intent is realised. © 2022 The Author(s).

使用者的行为和期望如何影响住宅地热空调的能源使用?这项对2019 - 2020年期间澳大利亚悉尼40个装有地热空调的家庭的详细研究涵盖了澳大利亚最热的夏季之一，由于在Covid-19封锁期间在家工作，冬季白天的入住率增加。对地源热泵(GSHP)的监测数据进行分析——交流能量、占用率、室内条件，以及在热和冷期间捕获的居民反馈快照。研究结果表明，在没有空调的情况下，符合2011年能效标准的房屋将室内温度保持在夏季峰值和冬季最低温度的10-12°C以内。在适度炎热和寒冷的天气中，在安装空调之前，普遍倾向于采用吊扇和适当的衣服等适应性策略。在极端天气，对空调的依赖程度会提高。然而，相当数量的房屋坚持一个狭窄的可接受温度范围，从而增加了地源热泵-空调的使用和能源消耗。用替代技术取代传统的空调本身并不是一站式的解决方案。有必要在更好地了解居住者行为和能源后果的基础上改进建筑的低能耗设计和施工。虽然地热系统提供了潜在的节能(特别是在极端条件下)，并且它们在家庭中无缝技术替代传统空调的潜力，但研究结果表明，地源热泵-空调并不是减少对空调依赖的一站式解决方案。研究表明，无限制地使用地源热泵-空调会增加能源消耗，浪费通过其技术效率节省的能源。由于居民对“不完美”条件的容忍度较低，以及待机供暖和制冷的可用性，居民的“条件性”期望会导致依赖性和使用量的增加。在日益变暖的世界中，需要更严格的热性能和设计指导方针，以减轻残余的不适和改变居住者的做法。这些还必须得到居住者教育和参与的支持，以确保设计意图得以实现。©2022作者。

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引用次数: 0

Architects’ ‘enforced togetherness’: new design affordances of the home 建筑师的“强制团结”:家庭的新设计启示

Q1 Engineering

Buildings & cities

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/bc.189

E. Marco, M. Tahsiri, D. Sinnett, S. Oliveira

Lockdown impositions have impacted people’s lives, their health and wellbeing, changing the ways in which dwellings are used and occupied. Spaces within the home have had to be rapidly renegotiated, redesigned and resynchronised in ways not yet fully explored or understood. Social relationships in the home have shifted and adapted as a result of ‘enforced togetherness’. This study presents a rich snapshot of 23 UK designer-architects’ transformative lived experiences of lockdown, using an interpretative phenomenological approach. It identifies four critical socio-spatial affordances that are rooted in the physical and mental wellbeing of the architects/designers. ‘Individuality’ suggests the need for increased physical separation to be alone. ‘Communality’ denotes a need for household members to be together. Both individuality and communality are seen as two opposite dimensions of the socio-spatial affordance of the home. ‘Adaptability’ points to requirements for flexible, decluttered and versatile spaces to enable ‘vibrancy’ not ‘suffocation’. Finally, ‘connectivity’ encompasses the need for a strong connection between the indoors and outdoors. These dimensions must be considered in housing design, so new housing models can emerge. The use of interpretative phenomenological analysis, employing the architectural tool of drawing, is shown to be a useful approach for housing research. PRACTICE RELEVANCE The impact on households’ wellbeing as a consequence of Covid-19 lockdowns has led to new considerations for future housing design. In a post-Covid environment, the particular needs for housing have been transformed. The findings and insights from this study will help to reframe the existing conventions of housing design criteria (e.g. a reliance on defining space functions) toward a clearer set of qualities for inhabitant and household wellbeing. New housing criteria involving socio-spatial affordances of individuality, communality, adaptability, and connectivity are shown to be viable and highly appropriate. These new dimensions highlight how inhabitants’ wellbeing can be included in viable and affordable housing. © 2022 The Author(s).

封锁影响了人们的生活、健康和福祉，改变了住房的使用和占用方式。住宅内的空间必须以尚未完全探索或理解的方式迅速重新协商、重新设计和重新同步。由于“强制团聚”，家庭中的社会关系已经发生了变化和适应。本研究采用解释性现象学方法，展示了23位英国设计师和建筑师的禁闭变革生活经历的丰富快照。它确定了四个关键的社会空间功能，这些功能植根于建筑师/设计师的身心健康。“个性”意味着需要更多的身体隔离来独处。“Communality”表示家庭成员需要在一起。个性和社区被视为家庭社会空间功能的两个相反维度。“适应性”指的是对灵活、整洁和多功能空间的要求，以实现“活力”而不是“窒息”。最后，“连接性”包括室内和室外之间的强烈连接。在住房设计中必须考虑这些因素，这样才能出现新的住房模式。使用解释性现象学分析，采用绘图的建筑工具，被证明是住房研究的有用方法。Covid-19封锁对家庭福祉的影响引发了对未来住房设计的新考虑。在疫情后的环境中，对住房的特殊需求已经发生了变化。这项研究的发现和见解将有助于重新构建现有的住房设计标准惯例(例如，对定义空间功能的依赖)，为居民和家庭福祉提供更清晰的品质。新的住房标准涉及个性、社区性、适应性和连通性的社会空间负担，证明是可行的和高度适当的。这些新的维度强调了如何将居民的福祉纳入可行和负担得起的住房中。©2022作者。

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引用次数: 3

Balconies as adaptable spaces in apartment housing 阳台作为公寓住宅的适应性空间

Q1 Engineering

Buildings & cities

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/bc.191

T. Peters, Sepideh Masoudinejad

New requirements for living, working, and learning at home due to Covid-19 have highlighted two fundamental needs in apartment housing: (1) adaptability to fit multiple functions in a limited area;and (2) access to private outdoor space to support residents’ health and wellbeing, and to provide spatial and thermal variety in small units. The two needs may initially appear to be disconnected: when residents have a high demand for flexibility and adaptability in apartment housing, balconies tend to be overlooked as potential spaces to facilitate adaptability. An analysis of several international housing projects with innovative balcony designs and unit designs is the basis for the identification of several typologies of balconies. Typologies of adaptable balconies and examples are used to show how they may support housing adaptability within a dwelling. The ‘adaptable balcony’ concept is introduced in the context of multifamily housing design, together with a clear definition of active and passive adaptability by inhabitants. © 2022 The Author(s).

新冠肺炎疫情对家庭生活、工作和学习的新要求凸显了公寓住房的两个基本需求:(1)在有限的区域内适应多种功能;(2)获得私人户外空间，以支持居民的健康和福祉，并在小单元内提供空间和热变化。这两种需求最初可能看起来是脱节的:当居民对公寓住房的灵活性和适应性有很高的要求时，阳台往往被忽视为促进适应性的潜在空间。对几个具有创新阳台设计和单元设计的国际住房项目的分析是确定几种阳台类型的基础。适应性阳台的类型学和实例用于展示它们如何支持住宅内的住房适应性。“适应性阳台”概念是在多户住宅设计的背景下引入的，同时对居民的主动和被动适应性进行了明确的定义。©2022作者。

引用次数: 1

Socioeconomic and livelihood impacts within Bangkok’s expanding metropolitan region 曼谷不断扩大的大都市区对社会经济和生计的影响

Q1 Engineering

Buildings & cities

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/bc.233

G. Gullette, Paporn Thebpanya, Sayamon Singto

引用次数: 0

Fire performance and regulatory considerations with modern methods of construction 现代建筑方法的防火性能和法规考虑

Q1 Engineering

Buildings & cities

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/bc.201

B. Meacham

引用次数: 5

Technological fascination and reluctance: gendered practices in the smart home 技术的迷恋与不情愿:智能家居中的性别实践

Q1 Engineering

Buildings & cities

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/bc.205

Line kryger Aagaard, Line Valdorff Madsen

引用次数: 4

Who cares? How care practices uphold the decentralised energy order 谁在乎呢?护理实践如何维护分散的能源秩序

Q1 Engineering

Buildings & cities

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/bc.219

Kathryn Lucas-Healey, H. Ransan-Cooper, Hugo Temby, A. W. Russell

引用次数: 3

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