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Advances in understanding of mycorrhizal-like associations in bryophytes 苔藓植物菌根样组合研究进展
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.11646/bde.43.1.20
S. Pressel, M. Bidartondo, Katie J. Field, J. Duckett
Mutually beneficial associations between plants and soil fungi, mycorrhizas, are one of the most important terrestrial symbioses. These partnerships are thought to have propelled plant terrestrialisation some 500 million years ago and today they play major roles in ecosystem functioning. It has long been known that bryophytes harbour, in their living tissues, fungal symbionts, recently identified as belonging to the three mycorrhizal fungal lineages Glomeromycotina, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Latest advances in understanding of fungal associations in bryophytes have been largely driven by the discovery, nearly a decade ago, that early divergent liverwort clades, including the most basal Haplomitriopsida, and some hornworts, engage with a wider repertoire of fungal symbionts than previously thought, including endogonaceous members of the ancient sub-phylum Mucoromycotina. Subsequent global molecular and cytological studies have revealed that Mucoromycotina symbionts, alongside Glomeromycotina, are widespread in both complex and simple thalloid liverworts and throughout hornworts, with physiological studies confirming that, in liverworts at least, these associations are mycorrhizal-like, and highlighting important functional differences between Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina symbioses. Whether a more prominent role of Mucoromycotina symbionts in plant nitrogen nutrition, as identified in liverworts, extends to other plant lineages, including the flowering plants, is a major topic for future research.          The latest finding that ascomycete symbionts of leafy liverworts are not restricted to one fungus, Rhizoscyphus ericae, but include species in the genus Meliniomyces, as shown here in Mylia anomala, together with the recent demonstration that R. ericae forms nutritional mutualisms with the rhizoids of Cephalozia bicuspidata, fill other major gaps in our growing knowledge of fungal associations across land plants.
植物与土壤真菌菌根之间的互利关系是最重要的陆地共生关系之一。这些伙伴关系被认为在大约5亿年前推动了植物的陆地化,今天它们在生态系统功能中发挥着重要作用。人们早就知道苔藓植物在其活组织中含有真菌共生体,最近被鉴定为属于三个菌根真菌谱系的小球菌门、子囊菌门和担子菌门。对苔藓植物中真菌关联的最新了解很大程度上是由近十年前的发现所推动的,即早期分化的苔类分支,包括最基础的Haplomitriopsida和一些角苔类,与比以前认为的更广泛的真菌共生体,包括古老的毛霉亚门的内源性成员。随后的全球分子和细胞学研究表明,毛菌门共生体与小球菌门一起广泛存在于复杂和简单的菌体肝菌中以及整个角菌中,生理学研究证实,至少在肝菌中,这些共生体是菌根状的,并强调了毛菌门和小球菌门共生体之间的重要功能差异。毛霉菌门共生体在植物氮营养中的作用,如在苔类中所发现的,是否会扩展到其他植物谱系,包括开花植物,是未来研究的主要课题。最近的一项研究发现,叶苔的子囊菌共生体并不局限于一种真菌,如Mylia anomala所示,而是包括Meliniomyces属的物种,以及最近的一项研究表明,R. ericae与cephalalozia bicuspidata的类根形成营养互惠关系,填补了我们对陆地植物真菌关联的日益增长的知识中的其他主要空白。
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引用次数: 4
50 years of the International Association of Bryologists 国际苔藓学家协会成立50周年
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.11646/bde.43.1.5
S. Gradstein
The International Association of Bryologists (IAB) has been close to my heart during half of a century. Following the establishment of the IAB at the International Botanical Congress in Seattle in 1969, I served as its first secretary-treasurer for eighteen years and helped setting it up. Now, a half-century later, it is a joy and great satisfaction to see a vigorous and healthy IAB continuing on the path of promoting communication and collaboration among the world’s bryologists. It is a pleasure therefore to write a few lines on the history of the organization for this special Golden Jubilee issue of Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution. In doing so, I lean heavily on my account of the early history of the Association (https://bryology.org/history-of-iab/) and my talk on the history of international collaboration at the IAB congress in Madrid (Gradstein 2000).
半个世纪以来,国际苔藓学家协会一直与我心心相印。1969年,在西雅图举行的国际植物大会上,IAB成立后,我担任了18年的第一任秘书兼财务主管,并帮助成立了IAB。半个世纪后的今天,看到一个充满活力和健康的IAB继续走在促进世界苔藓学家之间交流与合作的道路上,我感到非常高兴和满足。因此,很高兴为这期苔藓植物多样性和进化的金禧特刊写几行关于该组织历史的文章。在这样做的过程中,我在很大程度上依赖于我对协会早期历史的描述(https://bryology.org/history-of-iab/)以及我在马德里IAB大会上关于国际合作历史的演讲(Gradstein,2000年)。
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引用次数: 2
Fossil mosses: What do they tell us about moss evolution? 苔藓化石:它们告诉我们关于苔藓进化的什么?
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.11646/bde.43.1.7
M. Ignatov, E. Maslova
The moss fossil records from the Paleozoic age to the Eocene epoch are reviewed and their putative relationships to extant moss groups discussed. The incomplete preservation and lack of key characters that could define the position of an ancient moss in modern classification remain the problem. Carboniferous records are still impossible to refer to any of the modern moss taxa. Numerous Permian protosphagnalean mosses possess traits that are absent in any extant group and they are therefore treated here as an extinct lineage, whose descendants, if any remain, cannot be recognized among contemporary taxa. Non-protosphagnalean Permian mosses were also fairly diverse, representing morphotypes comparable with Dicranidae and acrocarpous Bryidae, although unequivocal representatives of these subclasses are known only since Cretaceous and Jurassic. Even though Sphagnales is one of two oldest lineages separated from the main trunk of moss phylogenetic tree, it appears in fossil state regularly only since Late Cretaceous, ca. 70 million years ago (Ma), while earlier they were found twice as small leaf fragments from Lower Jurassic (ca. 200 Ma) and Late Ordovician (ca. 455 Ma). Pleurocarpous mosses appear in fossil state near the border between Jurassic and Cretaceous, although most Cretaceous mosses belong to acrocarps. Only in Eocene amber pleurocarps become more numerous than acrocarps. Some Eocene mosses can be assigned to extant families and sometimes genera, although the majority of Eocene pleurocarps are difficult to identify up to the family, as their morphology often allows placement of a particular specimen into several different families.
综述了从古生代到始新世的苔藓化石记录,并讨论了它们与现存苔藓类群的假定关系。不完整的保存和缺乏能够确定古代苔藓在现代分类中的位置的关键特征仍然是一个问题。石炭纪的记录仍然不可能提及任何现代苔藓分类群。许多二叠纪的原泥炭藓类苔藓具有任何现存类群都没有的特征,因此它们在这里被视为一个已灭绝的谱系,其后代(如果有的话)在当代分类群中无法识别。非原泥炭藓类二叠纪苔藓也相当多样化,其形态类型可与Dicranidae和Acrocarpus Bryidae相媲美,尽管这些亚类的明确代表性仅在白垩纪和侏罗纪才为人所知。尽管狮身人面像是从苔藓系统发育树主干中分离出来的两个最古老的谱系之一,但它只有在白垩纪晚期(约7000万年前(Ma))才定期以化石状态出现,而更早的时候,它们被发现的小叶片是下侏罗纪(约200 Ma)和晚奥陶世(约455 Ma)的两倍。虽然白垩纪的大部分苔藓属于肩果类,但在侏罗纪和白垩纪边界附近,胸果类苔藓以化石状态出现。只有在始新世,琥珀胸果的数量才比肩果多。一些始新世苔藓可以分为现存的科,有时也可以分为属,尽管大多数始新世胸膜苔藓很难识别到科,因为它们的形态通常允许将特定的标本分为几个不同的科。
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引用次数: 8
Cell wall polymers in the Phaeoceros placenta reflect developmental and functional differences across generations. 辉尾蛇胎盘中的细胞壁聚合物反映了不同世代的发育和功能差异。
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.11646/bde.43.1.19
Jason S Henry, Roberto Ligrone, Kevin C Vaughn, Renee A Lopez, Karen S Renzaglia

The placenta of hornworts is unique among bryophytes in the restriction of transfer cells that are characterized by elaborate wall labyrinths to the gametophyte generation. During development, cells around the periphery of the sporophyte foot elongate, forming smooth-walled haustorial cells that interdigitate with gametophyte cells. Using immunogold labeling with 22 antibodies to diverse cell wall polymers, we examined compositional differences in the developmentally and morphologically distinct cell walls of gametophyte transfer cells and sporophyte haustorial cells in the placenta of Phaeoceros. As detected by Calcofluor White fluorescence, cellulose forms the cell wall scaffolding in cells on both sides of the placenta. Homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) pectins are abundant in both cell types, and haustrorial cells are further enriched in methyl-esterified HGs. The abundance of pectins in placental cell walls is consistent with the postulated roles of these polymers in cell wall porosity and in maintaining an acidic apoplastic pH favorable to solute transport. Xyloglucan hemicellulose, but not mannans or glucuronoxylans, are present in cell walls at the interface between the two generations with a lower density in gametophytic wall ingrowths. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are diverse along the plasmalemma of placental cells and are absent in surrounding cells in both generations. AGPs in placental cell walls may play a role in calcium binding and release associated with signal transduction as has been speculated for these glycoproteins in other plants. Callose is restricted to thin areas in cell walls of gametophyte transfer cells. In contrast to studies of transfer cells in other systems, no reaction to the JIM12 antibody against extensin was observed in Phaeoceros.

角叉菜的胎座在叶绿体植物中是独一无二的,其特征是配子体一代的转移细胞具有复杂的壁迷宫。在发育过程中,孢子叶足外围的细胞伸长,形成与配子体细胞互相连接的光滑壁管细胞。我们使用 22 种不同细胞壁聚合物的抗体进行免疫金标记,研究了辉尾蛇胎盘中配子体转移细胞和孢子体厚壁细胞在发育和形态上不同细胞壁的成分差异。通过钙荧白荧光检测,纤维素构成了胎盘两侧细胞的细胞壁支架。同聚半乳糖醛酸(HG)和鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸 I(RG-I)果胶在两种细胞类型中都很丰富,厚壁细胞进一步富含甲基酯化的 HG。胎盘细胞壁中丰富的果胶与推测的这些聚合物在细胞壁多孔性和维持有利于溶质运输的酸性细胞外pH值方面的作用相一致。木聚糖半纤维素(而不是甘露聚糖或葡萄糖醛酸聚糖)存在于两代植物细胞壁的交界处,在配子体细胞壁萌发区的密度较低。阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白(AGPs)沿着胎盘细胞的质膜多种多样,在两代胎盘细胞的周围细胞中都不存在。胎盘细胞壁中的 AGPs 可能在与信号转导相关的钙结合和释放过程中发挥作用,这与其他植物中的糖蛋白的作用一样。配子体转移细胞的细胞壁中只有较薄的区域含有角质。与对其他系统中转移细胞的研究不同,在辉石菌中没有观察到对针对延展素的 JIM12 抗体的反应。
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引用次数: 0
Special issue of Bryophyte Diversity & Evolution: 50th anniversary of IAB 苔藓植物多样性与进化特刊:IAB成立50周年
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.11646/bde.43.1.3
B. Goffinet
In 1969, an international group of bryologists established an association welcoming everyone seeking to further our knowledge on the biology of bryophytes. Fifty years later, the International Association of Bryologists (IAB) has slightly over 350 active members worldwide. Over the past decades, IAB has promoted bryology by establishing bryonet, a forum for discussions and questions, managed by Dr. Janice Glime, by publishing a regular newsletter, The Bryological Times sharing information about various developments in bryology, by publishing major reviews on specific subjects through the Advances in Bryology, by disseminating contributions to the diversification of bryophytes through Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution, by organizing biennial meetings, including in association with the sexennial International Botanical Congress, and by honoring colleagues for their achievements and stimulating research through grants. All these are made possible through the exemplary commitment by colleagues serving on the council, the editorial boards and the various ad hoc adjudication committees. To all, my and the members’ sincere gratitude.
1969年,一个国际苔藓学家团体成立了一个协会,欢迎所有寻求进一步了解苔藓植物生物学的人。50年后,国际苔藓学家协会(IAB)在全球拥有350多名活跃会员。在过去的几十年里,IAB通过建立由Janice Glime博士管理的讨论和问题论坛bryonet,通过出版定期通讯《苔藓时报》分享苔藓学的各种发展信息,通过《苔藓学进展》发表关于特定主题的主要评论,通过苔藓植物多样性和进化传播对苔藓植物多样化的贡献,组织两年一度的会议,包括与六年一度的国际植物大会联合举行的会议,表彰同事们的成就,并通过拨款激励研究。所有这些都是通过理事会、编辑委员会和各特设裁决委员会的同事们的模范承诺而实现的。我和各位成员衷心感谢大家。
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引用次数: 1
50th anniversary of IAB (Cover) 五十周年校庆(封面)
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.11646/bde.43.1.1
M. Stech, M. von Konrat, P. Câmara, Rafael Medina, Jesús Muñoz, D. Quandt
Cover of 50th anniversary of IAB
IAB成立50周年封面
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引用次数: 0
Cheilolejeunea hodgettsii sp. nov. with comments on other African members of sect. Cyrtolejeunea.―Notes on the bryophytes of Madagascar 1 Cheilolejeunea hodgetsii sp.nov.对该教派其他非洲成员的评论。Cyrtolejeunea。―马达加斯加苔藓植物注释1
Pub Date : 2020-12-31 DOI: 10.11646/bde.42.1.4
T. Pócs
A Cheilolejeunea species with peculiar leaf shape is described from Madagascar, as new to science, which belongs to Sect. Cyrtolejeunea. This encouraged the author to reinvestigate other African members of this section, and to transfer the former described Neurolejeunea breutelii var. africana into the genus of Cheilolejeunea sect. Cyrtolejeunea under the name of Cheilolejeunea shevockii and to re-establish the identity of Cheilolejeunea ulugurica. As a consequence, three species of the ten members of Sect. Cyrtolejeunea occur in Africa, while the genus Neurolejeunea remains restricted only to the Neotropics.
马达加斯加的Cheilolejeunea属一种叶片形状奇特的物种,属于门。Cyrtolejeunea。这鼓励作者重新研究本节的其他非洲成员,并将前者描述的Neurolejeuna breutelii var.africana转移到Cheilolejeunea教派的属中。Cyrtolejeunea以Cheilolejeunea-shevockii的名字命名,并重新建立Cheilolejeunea-ulugurica的身份。因此,十个门派成员中有三个物种。Cyrtolejeunea产于非洲,而Neurolejeunea属仅限于新热带地区。
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引用次数: 4
Studies in Austral Bryaceae (Bryopsida) II. New Combinations in Rosulabryum J.R. Spence from Madagascar and South America 澳大利亚苔藓科植物研究Ⅱ。马达加斯加和南美洲Rosulabryum J.R.Spence的新组合
Pub Date : 2020-12-31 DOI: 10.11646/bde.42.1.6
J. Spence
New combinations in the genus Rosulabryum J.R. Spence are made for 11 species of Bryum Hedw. from South America and Madagascar: Rosulabryum albomarginatum (Cardot ex Thér.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum appressum (Ren. & Cardot) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum atenense (R.S. Williams) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum aubertii (Schwägr.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum coloratum (Müll. Hal.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum duplicatum (Broth.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum erythrocaulon (Schwägr.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum longidens (Thér.), J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum mattogrossense (Broth.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum puconense (Herzog & Thér.) J.R. Spence, and Rosulabryum spininervium (Broth.) J.R. Spence. The invalid combination Rosulabryum truncorum (Brid.) Ochyra is corrected.
本文报道了11种野苔藓植物Rosulabryum J.R.Spence属的新组合。来自南美洲和马达加斯加:Rosulabryum albomarginatum(Cardot ex Thér.)J.r.Spence,Rosulabrnium appressum(Ren.&Cardot)J.r.Speence,Rosula brnium atenense(r.S.Williams)J.r.斯宾塞,RosulaBrnium aubertii(Schwägr,Rosulabryum longidens(Thér.)、J.r.Spence、Rosulabrnium mattogrossense(Broth)J.r.Spece、Rosulabryum puconense(Herzog&Thér.J.r.Spence)和Rosulabruum spininervium(Broth.)J.r.Spence。修正了无效组合Rosulabryum truncorum(Brid.)Ochyra。
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引用次数: 1
Phylogenetic re-examination of the genus Conocephalum Hill. (Marchantiales: Conocephalaceae) 标题山锥虫属的系统发育再研究。(马孔蒂目:锥头科)
Pub Date : 2020-12-31 DOI: 10.11646/bde.42.1.1
H. Akiyama, I. Odrzykoski
Inter-relationship among the cryptic species in the genus Conocephalum Hill was studied using rbcL + rps4 sequences as well as morphological features. Samples used in this study originated from 1) the long-cultivated strains from Europe, North America, and Asia used for previous allozymes and molecular studies and 2) newly gathered plants mainly from Japan and Taiwan used for both molecular and morphological study. For the C. conicum/ salebrosum complex, a total of six species were confirmed, including a new species previously recognized as R type or Chemotype III (Toyota 1994, Kim et al. 2001 Miwa et al 2009). The R type has unique volatile component and morphological features; presence of Methyl cinnamate in natural conditions and absence of mucilage cavity in the central part of thallus. As for the C. japonicum complex, three cryptic species formerly recognized by allozymes and molecular analyses were confirmed. These three species are remotely distant from all the members of the C. conicum/ salebrosum complex. Conocephalum japonicum is here reinstated in the genus Sandea Lindb., as Sandea japonica Steph. ex Yoshin.
利用rbcL+rps4序列和形态学特征,研究了锥头犀属隐种间的亲缘关系。本研究中使用的样品来源于1)来自欧洲、北美和亚洲的长期培养菌株,用于先前的同功酶和分子研究;2)主要来自日本和台湾的新采集植物,用于分子和形态学研究。对于C.conicum/salebrosum复合体,共确认了六个物种,包括一个以前被认为是R型或化学型III的新物种(Toyota 1994,Kim等人2001 Miwa等人2009)。R型具有独特的挥发性成分和形态特征;在自然条件下存在肉桂酸甲酯,在铊的中心部分不存在粘液腔。关于日本血吸虫复合体,通过同工酶和分子分析确认了三个以前被识别的隐蔽物种。这三个物种与分生C.conicum/salebrosum复合体的所有成员相距甚远。日本锥虫在这里恢复为Sandea Lindb属。,如Sandea japonica Stephen。前Yoshin。
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引用次数: 4
Listing the unknown—checklist of liverworts and hornworts of Laos 列出老挝苔类和角苔类的未知清单
Pub Date : 2020-12-31 DOI: 10.11646/bde.42.1.2
L. Söderström, A. Hagborg, T. Pócs, M. von Konrat
We report the first checklist of liverworts from Laos. Only 66 species are known from the country, in addition to three unconfirmed and three rejected reports. Eight taxa have been published with types from Laos, two of them invalidly. Not a single hornwort has been reported from the country.
我们报告了第一份来自老挝的苔类植物清单。除了三份未经证实和三份被拒绝的报告外,该国已知的物种只有66种。老挝已发表8个分类群,其中2个分类无效。据报道,该国没有发现一株荆芥。
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引用次数: 7
期刊
Bryophyte diversity and evolution
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