Yifan Zhuang, Zhigang Liu, Jiajun Huang, Lizhong Yang, A. Schadschneider
In recent years, the measures to interfere the crowds movement with physical facilities (such as channelizing, separation railing) have become more and more common, but how they affect the crowd movement and what moving risks exist in the entrance confluence area have not been fully revealed. Therefore, this paper analyzes the moving risk of the crowds before the bottleneck entrance area, in the presence of the channelizing barriers by controllable laboratory experiments. The visual color cloud charts of the local density, speed and confusion degree of moving directions within the entrance confluence area are analyzed in the presence of different gaps (1.05m and 0.7m) channelizing barriers, to further quantify the motion risk of the crowds. The study finds that the narrower gaps of the channelizing railings, the larger area of high-risk zones, and they have clear ‘lane formation’ effect in shaping the risk zones. The both ends of the channelizing barriers are higher moving risk zones for multi-entry sides conditions, but the area before the middle channels also needs to be closely concerned when the participants entering from two opposite entering sides. The study will provide theoretical basis for evaluating the safety of the setting conditions of the channelizing barriers and conducting scientific crowd management decisions.
{"title":"Moving Risk of Crowds in the Entrance Confluence Area in the Presence of Channelizing Facilities","authors":"Yifan Zhuang, Zhigang Liu, Jiajun Huang, Lizhong Yang, A. Schadschneider","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.130","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the measures to interfere the crowds movement with physical facilities (such as channelizing, separation railing) have become more and more common, but how they affect the crowd movement and what moving risks exist in the entrance confluence area have not been fully revealed. Therefore, this paper analyzes the moving risk of the crowds before the bottleneck entrance area, in the presence of the channelizing barriers by controllable laboratory experiments. The visual color cloud charts of the local density, speed and confusion degree of moving directions within the entrance confluence area are analyzed in the presence of different gaps (1.05m and 0.7m) channelizing barriers, to further quantify the motion risk of the crowds. The study finds that the narrower gaps of the channelizing railings, the larger area of high-risk zones, and they have clear ‘lane formation’ effect in shaping the risk zones. The both ends of the channelizing barriers are higher moving risk zones for multi-entry sides conditions, but the area before the middle channels also needs to be closely concerned when the participants entering from two opposite entering sides. The study will provide theoretical basis for evaluating the safety of the setting conditions of the channelizing barriers and conducting scientific crowd management decisions.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46238970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the development of science and technology, smartphones are widely used in people’s daily lives. An interesting phenomenon is that many pedestrians use smartphones while walking in the public places, which not only harm and even kill in some cases, but also affect the pedestrian traffic safety. At present, most studies focus on the pedestrians in the normal state that they don’t use phones while walking. Few research has been done on the pedestrian flow when they use phones. Therefore, the experiment that the pedestrians use phones while walking in straight corridor was conducted to study the movement characteristics and compared with the normal one. From the trajectories, the lane formation can be found in all experiments and the trajectories when they use phones are more chaotic. When pedestrians distract themselves by using phones, they walk more slowly and the flow is lower, leading to the longer egress time to pass the corridor. The distance from the boundary is defined as the shortest distance between the pedestrians and the wall. When they use phones, they try to avoid collision with the wall and walk away from the wall, so the distance is further than the normal one. The nearest pedestrian distance is defined as the nearest distance among all pedestrians. When they use phones, they distract themselves and don’t have enough time to avoid collision with others, so the nearest pedestrians distance is closer than the normal one. Our findings maybe a new insight for pedestrian flow when they distract themselves by using the phones, talking with others and thinking deeply, which can enrich empirical data and contribute to the simulation model.
{"title":"Experimental Study on the Effect of Using Smartphones on Pedestrian Flow in Straight Corridors","authors":"Xudong Li, Weiguo Song, Jun Zhang","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.120","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of science and technology, smartphones are widely used in people’s daily lives. An interesting phenomenon is that many pedestrians use smartphones while walking in the public places, which not only harm and even kill in some cases, but also affect the pedestrian traffic safety. At present, most studies focus on the pedestrians in the normal state that they don’t use phones while walking. Few research has been done on the pedestrian flow when they use phones. Therefore, the experiment that the pedestrians use phones while walking in straight corridor was conducted to study the movement characteristics and compared with the normal one. From the trajectories, the lane formation can be found in all experiments and the trajectories when they use phones are more chaotic. When pedestrians distract themselves by using phones, they walk more slowly and the flow is lower, leading to the longer egress time to pass the corridor. The distance from the boundary is defined as the shortest distance between the pedestrians and the wall. When they use phones, they try to avoid collision with the wall and walk away from the wall, so the distance is further than the normal one. The nearest pedestrian distance is defined as the nearest distance among all pedestrians. When they use phones, they distract themselves and don’t have enough time to avoid collision with others, so the nearest pedestrians distance is closer than the normal one. Our findings maybe a new insight for pedestrian flow when they distract themselves by using the phones, talking with others and thinking deeply, which can enrich empirical data and contribute to the simulation model.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46638682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work we present a simple routing model capable of capturing pedestrians path choices in the presence of a herding effect. The model is tested and validated against data from a large scale tracking campaign which we have conducted during the GLOW 2019 festival. The choice between alternative paths is modeled as an individual cost minimization procedure, with the cost function being associated to the (estimated) traveling time. In order to trigger herding effects the cost function is supplemented with a penalty term, modulated as a function of the fraction of pedestrians walking along each route. The model is shown to provide an accurate quantitative description of the decision process.
{"title":"Modeling Routing Choices in Unidirectional Pedestrian Flows","authors":"A. Gabbana, Alessandro Corbetta, F. Toschi","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.135","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we present a simple routing model capable of capturing pedestrians path choices in the presence of a herding effect. The model is tested and validated against data from a large scale tracking campaign which we have conducted during the GLOW 2019 festival. The choice between alternative paths is modeled as an individual cost minimization procedure, with the cost function being associated to the (estimated) traveling time. In order to trigger herding effects the cost function is supplemented with a penalty term, modulated as a function of the fraction of pedestrians walking along each route. The model is shown to provide an accurate quantitative description of the decision process.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45528901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Upon exiting buildings, theatres, and stadiums, which house a great number of people, egress points can act as bottlenecks, resulting in crowded exits and decreased flows. Most studies investigating flow have been conducted in either narrow bottlenecks (doors) or funnel shape bottlenecks, with the latter investigating bottlenecks placed in the middle of the walkway. This study investigates, for the first time, crowd flow through funnel-shaped bottlenecks placed in the corner of the walkway and makes comparisons with similar bottlenecks of the same length, entrance and exit width placed in the middle of the walkway. The entry width and exit width of the bottlenecks were 3 m and 1 m respectively, with lengths varying from 1 m to 4 m; they continued into a 10 m corridor. Ninety-four participants of various ages were observed moving through each of the configurations. The results indicated that using funnel-shaped bottlenecks in the middle of the walkway increased the flow rate significantly compared to the corner in bottlenecks with 2 m and 3 m lengths. This is contrary to what some other researchers have found for narrow bottlenecks placed in the middle and corner of a wall, although it is recognised that the configuration of funnel-shaped bottlenecks makes the comparison more complex and further work is required in this area. Notwithstanding these results are considered valuable for consideration when designing egress points and corridors in complex buildings such as metro and train stations.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Flows Through Funnel-Shaped Bottlenecks Placed in the Middle and Corner","authors":"Hossein Tavana, Kayvan Aghabayk, K. Boyce","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.128","url":null,"abstract":"Upon exiting buildings, theatres, and stadiums, which house a great number of people, egress points can act as bottlenecks, resulting in crowded exits and decreased flows. Most studies investigating flow have been conducted in either narrow bottlenecks (doors) or funnel shape bottlenecks, with the latter investigating bottlenecks placed in the middle of the walkway. This study investigates, for the first time, crowd flow through funnel-shaped bottlenecks placed in the corner of the walkway and makes comparisons with similar bottlenecks of the same length, entrance and exit width placed in the middle of the walkway. The entry width and exit width of the bottlenecks were 3 m and 1 m respectively, with lengths varying from 1 m to 4 m; they continued into a 10 m corridor. Ninety-four participants of various ages were observed moving through each of the configurations. The results indicated that using funnel-shaped bottlenecks in the middle of the walkway increased the flow rate significantly compared to the corner in bottlenecks with 2 m and 3 m lengths. This is contrary to what some other researchers have found for narrow bottlenecks placed in the middle and corner of a wall, although it is recognised that the configuration of funnel-shaped bottlenecks makes the comparison more complex and further work is required in this area. Notwithstanding these results are considered valuable for consideration when designing egress points and corridors in complex buildings such as metro and train stations.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44336593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdullah Alhawsawi, M. Sarvi, Emad A. Felemban, A. Rajabifard, Jianyu Wang
The aim of this study is to understand the collective movements of individuals and to observe how individuals interact within a physical environment in a crowd dynamic, which has drawn the attention of many researchers. We conducted an experimental study to observe interactions in the collective motions of people and to identify characteristics of pedestrians when passing obstacles of different sizes (bar-shaped, 1.2 m, 2.4 m, 3.6 m and 4.8 m), going through one narrow exit and employing three different flow rates in walking and running conditions. According to the results of our study, there were no differences in collision-avoidance behaviour of pedestrians when walking or running. The pedestrians reacted early to the obstacles and changed the direction in which they were walking by quickly turning to the left or to the right. In terms of the speed of the pedestrians, the average velocity was significantly affected while performing these tasks, decreasing as the size of the obstacle increased; therefore, the size of obstacles will affect flow and speed levels. Travel time was shorter when participants were in the medium-flow rate experiments. In terms of the distance of each individual’s travel, our data showed that there was no significant difference in all the flow rate experiments for both speed levels. Our results also show that when the pedestrians crossed an obstacle, the lateral distance averaged from 0.3 m to 0.7 m, depending on the flow rate and speed level. We then explored how the body sways behaved while avoiding obstacles. It is observed that the average sway of the body was less in the high-speed conditions compared to the low-speed conditions – except for the HF & 4.8 m experiment. These results are expected to provide an insight into the characteristics of the behaviour of pedestrians when avoiding objects, and this could help enhance agent-based models.
{"title":"Understanding the Characteristics of Pedestrians when Passing Obstacles of Different Sizes: An Experimental Study","authors":"Abdullah Alhawsawi, M. Sarvi, Emad A. Felemban, A. Rajabifard, Jianyu Wang","doi":"10.17815/CD.2021.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/CD.2021.114","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to understand the collective movements of individuals and to observe how individuals interact within a physical environment in a crowd dynamic, which has drawn the attention of many researchers. We conducted an experimental study to observe interactions in the collective motions of people and to identify characteristics of pedestrians when passing obstacles of different sizes (bar-shaped, 1.2 m, 2.4 m, 3.6 m and 4.8 m), going through one narrow exit and employing three different flow rates in walking and running conditions. According to the results of our study, there were no differences in collision-avoidance behaviour of pedestrians when walking or running. The pedestrians reacted early to the obstacles and changed the direction in which they were walking by quickly turning to the left or to the right. In terms of the speed of the pedestrians, the average velocity was significantly affected while performing these tasks, decreasing as the size of the obstacle increased; therefore, the size of obstacles will affect flow and speed levels. Travel time was shorter when participants were in the medium-flow rate experiments. In terms of the distance of each individual’s travel, our data showed that there was no significant difference in all the flow rate experiments for both speed levels. Our results also show that when the pedestrians crossed an obstacle, the lateral distance averaged from 0.3 m to 0.7 m, depending on the flow rate and speed level. We then explored how the body sways behaved while avoiding obstacles. It is observed that the average sway of the body was less in the high-speed conditions compared to the low-speed conditions – except for the HF & 4.8 m experiment. These results are expected to provide an insight into the characteristics of the behaviour of pedestrians when avoiding objects, and this could help enhance agent-based models.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47362166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Individual tracking of museum visitors based on portable radio beacons, an asset for behavioural analyses and comfort/performance improvements, is seeing increasing diffusion. Conceptually, this approach enables room-level localisation based on a network of small antennas (thus, without invasive modification of the existent structures). The antennas measure the intensity (RSSi) of self-advertising signals broadcasted by beacons individually assigned to the visitors. The signal intensity provides a proxy for the distance to the antennas and thus indicative positioning. However, RSSi signals are well-known to be noisy, even in ideal conditions (high antenna density, absence of obstacles, absence of crowd, ...). In this contribution, we present a method to perform accurate RSSi-based visitor tracking when the density of antennas is relatively low, e.g. due to technical constraints imposed by historic buildings. We combine an ensemble of "simple" localisers, trained based on ground-truth, with an encoding of the museum topology in terms of a total-coloured graph. This turns the localisation problem into a cascade process, from large to small scales, in space and in time. Our use case is visitors tracking in Galleria Borghese, Rome (Italy), for which our method manages >96% localisation accuracy, significantly improving on our previous work (J. Comput. Sci. 101357, 2021).
{"title":"RSSi-Based Visitor Tracking in Museums via Cascaded AI Classifiers and Coloured Graph Representations","authors":"Elia Onofri, Alessandro Corbetta","doi":"10.17815/CD.2021.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/CD.2021.131","url":null,"abstract":"Individual tracking of museum visitors based on portable radio beacons, an asset for behavioural analyses and comfort/performance improvements, is seeing increasing diffusion. Conceptually, this approach enables room-level localisation based on a network of small antennas (thus, without invasive modification of the existent structures). The antennas measure the intensity (RSSi) of self-advertising signals broadcasted by beacons individually assigned to the visitors. The signal intensity provides a proxy for the distance to the antennas and thus indicative positioning. However, RSSi signals are well-known to be noisy, even in ideal conditions (high antenna density, absence of obstacles, absence of crowd, ...). In this contribution, we present a method to perform accurate RSSi-based visitor tracking when the density of antennas is relatively low, e.g. due to technical constraints imposed by historic buildings. We combine an ensemble of \"simple\" localisers, trained based on ground-truth, with an encoding of the museum topology in terms of a total-coloured graph. This turns the localisation problem into a cascade process, from large to small scales, in space and in time. Our use case is visitors tracking in Galleria Borghese, Rome (Italy), for which our method manages >96% localisation accuracy, significantly improving on our previous work (J. Comput. Sci. 101357, 2021).","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47925587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article was created in context of OPMoPS (Organized Pedestrian Movement in Public Spaces), a French-German interdisciplinary collaboration on high conflict urban marches and parades. As OPMoPS aims to support decision making for authorities of public order, both a French and a German police institution are members of the consortium. Communication with target group was insofar challenging, as their experts' language is close to everyday terms. Thus the authors are proposing the following glossary to support applied international research in this field. Both authors are not skilled language experts but pragmatic members of OPMoPS's police institutions. All terms can be found in English, German and French, with a focus on police and on German police procedure. It is firstly classed in thematic order, and secondly in alphabetical order.
{"title":"Glossary to Support Applied International Research on Decision Making for\u0000 High Conflict Urban Marches and Parades","authors":"Liane Hauff, Thibaut Heckmann","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.113","url":null,"abstract":"This article was created in context of OPMoPS (Organized Pedestrian\u0000 Movement in Public Spaces), a French-German interdisciplinary collaboration\u0000 on high conflict urban marches and parades. As OPMoPS aims to support\u0000 decision making for authorities of public order, both a French and a German\u0000 police institution are members of the consortium. Communication with target\u0000 group was insofar challenging, as their experts' language is close to\u0000 everyday terms. Thus the authors are proposing the following glossary to\u0000 support applied international research in this field. Both authors are not\u0000 skilled language experts but pragmatic members of OPMoPS's police\u0000 institutions. All terms can be found in English, German and French, with a\u0000 focus on police and on German police procedure. It is firstly classed in\u0000 thematic order, and secondly in alphabetical order.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49342437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In case of a threat in a public space, the crowd in it should be moved to a shelter or evacuated without delays. Risk management and evacuation planning in public spaces should also take into account uncertainties in the traffic patterns of crowd flow. One way to account for the uncertainties is to make use of safety staff, or guides, that lead the crowd out of the building according to an evacuation plan. Nevertheless, solving the minimum time evacuation plan is a computationally demanding problem. In this paper, we model the evacuating crowd and guides as a multi-agent system with the social force model. To represent uncertainty, we construct probabilistic scenarios. The evacuation plan should work well both on average and also for the worst-performing scenarios. Thus, we formulate the problem as a bi-objective scenario optimization problem, where the mean and conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) of the evacuation time are objectives. A solution procedure combining numerical simulation and genetic algorithm is presented. We apply it to the evacuation of a fictional passenger terminal. In the mean-optimal solution, guides are assigned to lead the crowd to the nearest exits, whereas in the CVaR-optimal solution the focus is on solving the physical congestion occurring in the worst-case scenario. With one guide positioned behind each agent group near each exit, a plan that minimizes both objectives is obtained.
{"title":"Minimization of Mean-CVaR Evacuation Time of a Crowd using Rescue Guides:\u0000 a Scenario-based Approach","authors":"Anton von Schantz, H. Ehtamo, S. Hostikka","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.112","url":null,"abstract":"In case of a threat in a public space, the crowd in it should be moved\u0000 to a shelter or evacuated without delays. Risk management and evacuation\u0000 planning in public spaces should also take into account uncertainties in the\u0000 traffic patterns of crowd flow. One way to account for the uncertainties is\u0000 to make use of safety staff, or guides, that lead the crowd out of the\u0000 building according to an evacuation plan. Nevertheless, solving the minimum\u0000 time evacuation plan is a computationally demanding problem. In this paper,\u0000 we model the evacuating crowd and guides as a multi-agent system with the\u0000 social force model. To represent uncertainty, we construct probabilistic\u0000 scenarios. The evacuation plan should work well both on average and also for\u0000 the worst-performing scenarios. Thus, we formulate the problem as a\u0000 bi-objective scenario optimization problem, where the mean and conditional\u0000 value-at-risk (CVaR) of the evacuation time are objectives. A solution\u0000 procedure combining numerical simulation and genetic algorithm is presented.\u0000 We apply it to the evacuation of a fictional passenger terminal. In the\u0000 mean-optimal solution, guides are assigned to lead the crowd to the nearest\u0000 exits, whereas in the CVaR-optimal solution the focus is on solving the\u0000 physical congestion occurring in the worst-case scenario. With one guide\u0000 positioned behind each agent group near each exit, a plan that minimizes\u0000 both objectives is obtained.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44396356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Helmut Schrom-Feiertag, T. Matyus, Martin Stubenschrott, S. Seer
Crowd simulations have proven to be a valuable numerical tool for evacuation analysis. There is series of research and empirical evacuation studies for infrastructures and buildings. In contrast to research on evacuation via descending stairs, little attention has been given to ascending stairs, but they are an important criterion, especially in subway stations with high passenger frequencies. In this paper, we present the findings from an evacuation exercise in a subway station with long ascending stairs. The empirical findings showed an increasing walking time on the ascending stairs during evacuation. Also, the flow rate differs with higher flow rates at the beginning of the stairs and lower values at the end of the stairs. The mechanism behind these results has still to be investigated, but the findings already provide an interesting basis for modelling and validating evacuation simulations over long ascending stairs.
{"title":"Empirical Findings from an Ascending Stair Evacuation Exercise in a Subway Station","authors":"Helmut Schrom-Feiertag, T. Matyus, Martin Stubenschrott, S. Seer","doi":"10.17815/cd.2020.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2020.105","url":null,"abstract":"Crowd simulations have proven to be a valuable numerical tool for evacuation analysis. There is series of research and empirical evacuation studies for infrastructures and buildings. In contrast to research on evacuation via descending stairs, little attention has been given to ascending stairs, but they are an important criterion, especially in subway stations with high passenger frequencies. In this paper, we present the findings from an evacuation exercise in a subway station with long ascending stairs. The empirical findings showed an increasing walking time on the ascending stairs during evacuation. Also, the flow rate differs with higher flow rates at the beginning of the stairs and lower values at the end of the stairs. The mechanism behind these results has still to be investigated, but the findings already provide an interesting basis for modelling and validating evacuation simulations over long ascending stairs.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43981977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is a crucial issue whether evacuees follow the evacuation guidance during evacuation. Good evacuation guidance is necessary to be designed to help the evacuees follow the guidance. In this paper, evacuation experiments based on wearable eye tracking devices were carried out to study the design effect of the evacuation guidance. Three factors were considered in these experiments: 1) the position of the evacuation guidance; 2) follow guidance or follow other evacuees; 3) follow a stranger or a familiar person. The results show that more participants noticed the guidance with low position and ground position than the guidance with up position. The evacuees intend to follow others rather than to follow the guidance, i.e. most evacuees act as “follower”. Eye tracking evacuation experiments can also be used to test the effectiveness of evacuation guidance signs.
{"title":"Evacuation Guidance Design: An Experimental Study Based on Eye Tracking Devices","authors":"Ning Ding, Tao Chen, Yuan-Jui Liu","doi":"10.17815/cd.2020.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2020.52","url":null,"abstract":"It is a crucial issue whether evacuees follow the evacuation guidance during evacuation. Good evacuation guidance is necessary to be designed to help the evacuees follow the guidance. In this paper, evacuation experiments based on wearable eye tracking devices were carried out to study the design effect of the evacuation guidance. Three factors were considered in these experiments: 1) the position of the evacuation guidance; 2) follow guidance or follow other evacuees; 3) follow a stranger or a familiar person. The results show that more participants noticed the guidance with low position and ground position than the guidance with up position. The evacuees intend to follow others rather than to follow the guidance, i.e. most evacuees act as “follower”. Eye tracking evacuation experiments can also be used to test the effectiveness of evacuation guidance signs.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46832764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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