Inflow and outflow processes are common phenomena in daily life. Many types of research have been conducted to study the features of the outflow process, especially in scenarios with a single room or a straight corridor. A few scholars have paid attention to the movement characteristics of pedestrian inflow. Further explorations are still under great demand. In this contribution, a set of pre-conducted experiments are used to analyze the characteristics of the pedestrian inflow process with inactive persons. In these experiments, inactive persons were required to randomly cease within the room, leading to intensive detour behavior of pedestrians. The characteristics are carefully investigated using gradient analysis and curl analysis. To mimic the aforementioned inflow process, static global field is constructed to heuristically navigate a social force based microscopic model. The proposed model can reproduce the self-organized phenomena in the experiments. Our work can help understand the field feature of the pedestrian inflow process with inactive persons. High chaos level areas can be marked out providing practical information for managers.
{"title":"Microscopic Characteristics and Modelling of Pedestrian Inflow Process with Inactive Persons","authors":"Xinyu Fan, Long Xia, Weiguo Song","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.136","url":null,"abstract":"Inflow and outflow processes are common phenomena in daily life. Many types of research have been conducted to study the features of the outflow process, especially in scenarios with a single room or a straight corridor. A few scholars have paid attention to the movement characteristics of pedestrian inflow. Further explorations are still under great demand. In this contribution, a set of pre-conducted experiments are used to analyze the characteristics of the pedestrian inflow process with inactive persons. In these experiments, inactive persons were required to randomly cease within the room, leading to intensive detour behavior of pedestrians. The characteristics are carefully investigated using gradient analysis and curl analysis. To mimic the aforementioned inflow process, static global field is constructed to heuristically navigate a social force based microscopic model. The proposed model can reproduce the self-organized phenomena in the experiments. Our work can help understand the field feature of the pedestrian inflow process with inactive persons. High chaos level areas can be marked out providing practical information for managers.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42715953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianyu Wang, Jian Ma, M. Sarvi, Abdullah Alhawsawi, P. Lin, Mei-Cheng Yang
As a result of the geometric constraints of the stairs, pedestrian movement features on stairways are different from level ambulation. Therefore, it is necessary for us to consider the stairs' three-dimensional geometry when we try to explore how the stair configuration affects pedestrian movement efficiency. Based on the pedestrian fundamental features from a previous pedestrian single-file movement experiment on stairs, we investigated pedestrian flow under various stair configurations with an improved agent-based model. Our simulated indicates that both stair inclinations and tread depth of stair step are sensitive to the pedestrian dynamic on stairs. Generally speaking, pedestrian flow decreases with the increasing slope of stairs. When the stairs slope increased 5, 10, 15 and 20 degree, the evacuation efficiency dropped 5.8%, 12.8%, 19.3% and 28.4%. Besides, the effect of the tread depth on pedestrian total evacuation time is not changed monotonously. Scenarios with 0.3m tread depth size present the optimal evacuation efficiency. Other scenarios differ from 3% to 27.9% in terms of the total evacuation time.
{"title":"Simulation Pedestrian Flow Under Vertical Bottleneck Constraints: How Stair Configuration Affects Pedestrian Movement Efficiency","authors":"Jianyu Wang, Jian Ma, M. Sarvi, Abdullah Alhawsawi, P. Lin, Mei-Cheng Yang","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.126","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the geometric constraints of the stairs, pedestrian movement features on stairways are different from level ambulation. Therefore, it is necessary for us to consider the stairs' three-dimensional geometry when we try to explore how the stair configuration affects pedestrian movement efficiency. Based on the pedestrian fundamental features from a previous pedestrian single-file movement experiment on stairs, we investigated pedestrian flow under various stair configurations with an improved agent-based model. Our simulated indicates that both stair inclinations and tread depth of stair step are sensitive to the pedestrian dynamic on stairs. Generally speaking, pedestrian flow decreases with the increasing slope of stairs. When the stairs slope increased 5, 10, 15 and 20 degree, the evacuation efficiency dropped 5.8%, 12.8%, 19.3% and 28.4%. Besides, the effect of the tread depth on pedestrian total evacuation time is not changed monotonously. Scenarios with 0.3m tread depth size present the optimal evacuation efficiency. Other scenarios differ from 3% to 27.9% in terms of the total evacuation time.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45838404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Staircase is one of the most essential vertical passageway for pedestrians’ timely evacuation, and has distinct constraint on pedestrians’ movement characteristics when compared with corridors and hallways. During evacuation, temporary obstacles can be observed on stairs, e.g., the abruptly stopped pedestrians or the luggage of pedestrians discarded. It is noticed that studies on the effect of obstacles on pedestrian dynamics mainly focused on planar locomotion, the impact of obstacle on the movement characteristics of pedestrians ascending and descending stairs have not been systematically studied yet. Therefore, in this study, a series of unidirectional pedestrian avoid obstacle movement experiments on staircase under controlled laboratory conditions were performed. The avoidance characteristic of pedestrians is observed from trajectory diagram. Target drift angle towards left and right is further calculated and analyzed. The study found that target drift angle curve occur to relatively large fluctuations to avoid obstacle of a pedestrian rather than not appear to obvious variety to avoid obstacle of a suitcase. Meanwhile, the change trend of target drift angle towards left and right for scenarios S3 and S4 is consistent with results of scenarios S1 and S2. Then, an interesting discovery indicates that the pedestrians will accelerate after passing obstacles whether it is ascending process or descending process. Finally, the obstacle of a pedestrian will accelerate the movement efficiency in ascending process from results of flow rates, but the result is contrary to that of descending process. The systematic experimental data can not only be used for the verification and validation of pedestrian models but also can provide a benchmark for the design of related facilities aiming at improving traffic efficiency.
{"title":"Experimental Study on Unidirectional Pedestrian Descending and Ascending Stair With a Fixed Obstacle","authors":"Dongdong Shi, M. Yang, Juan Chen, Jian Ma","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.127","url":null,"abstract":"Staircase is one of the most essential vertical passageway for pedestrians’ timely evacuation, and has distinct constraint on pedestrians’ movement characteristics when compared with corridors and hallways. During evacuation, temporary obstacles can be observed on stairs, e.g., the abruptly stopped pedestrians or the luggage of pedestrians discarded. It is noticed that studies on the effect of obstacles on pedestrian dynamics mainly focused on planar locomotion, the impact of obstacle on the movement characteristics of pedestrians ascending and descending stairs have not been systematically studied yet. Therefore, in this study, a series of unidirectional pedestrian avoid obstacle movement experiments on staircase under controlled laboratory conditions were performed. The avoidance characteristic of pedestrians is observed from trajectory diagram. Target drift angle towards left and right is further calculated and analyzed. The study found that target drift angle curve occur to relatively large fluctuations to avoid obstacle of a pedestrian rather than not appear to obvious variety to avoid obstacle of a suitcase. Meanwhile, the change trend of target drift angle towards left and right for scenarios S3 and S4 is consistent with results of scenarios S1 and S2. Then, an interesting discovery indicates that the pedestrians will accelerate after passing obstacles whether it is ascending process or descending process. Finally, the obstacle of a pedestrian will accelerate the movement efficiency in ascending process from results of flow rates, but the result is contrary to that of descending process. The systematic experimental data can not only be used for the verification and validation of pedestrian models but also can provide a benchmark for the design of related facilities aiming at improving traffic efficiency.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43724922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the development of aging society, the proportion of the old population is ascending continually. The elders facing the challenge of impaired mobility and decreasing flexibility will affect the dynamic characteristics of pedestrian flow. While the study of the evacuation dynamic mainly focuses on the young for the limited experimental conditions. The movement of elderly pedestrians are seldom investigated. However, the comprehensive understanding of the influence of the elders on the pedestrian flow is essential for facility design and evacuation management. Therefore, a series of comparative experiments between the separate elderly group, separate young group and the mixed group (38 elders and 63 young) are carried out to study the movement properties of elderly pedestrians in the bottleneck flow with different compositions quantitatively. The mixture of the elderly and the young makes the efficiency decrease significantly. In the mixed group, the speed of the young pedestrians is lower than that of the elders for the young slow down to avoid collisions. The young kept a certain distance from the elders for the sake of safety, so that the high-density profiles of the mixed group present as long strips. In addition, pedestrians in the mixed group have longer time lapse than that in the separate groups when passing the bottleneck. In the separate groups, the spatial distribution of the nearest neighbour presents as a uniform circle. The spatial distance between the elderly (0.46 m) is bigger than that between the young (0.39 m). While there is no obvious difference in the mixed group. The results can be used in pedestrian modelling, facilities designing and evacuation management for the population with old people.
{"title":"Movement Properties of Elderly Pedestrians in the Bottleneck Flow With Different Compositions","authors":"Xiangxia Ren, Jun Zhang, Weiguo Song","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.121","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of aging society, the proportion of the old population is ascending continually. The elders facing the challenge of impaired mobility and decreasing flexibility will affect the dynamic characteristics of pedestrian flow. While the study of the evacuation dynamic mainly focuses on the young for the limited experimental conditions. The movement of elderly pedestrians are seldom investigated. However, the comprehensive understanding of the influence of the elders on the pedestrian flow is essential for facility design and evacuation management. Therefore, a series of comparative experiments between the separate elderly group, separate young group and the mixed group (38 elders and 63 young) are carried out to study the movement properties of elderly pedestrians in the bottleneck flow with different compositions quantitatively. The mixture of the elderly and the young makes the efficiency decrease significantly. In the mixed group, the speed of the young pedestrians is lower than that of the elders for the young slow down to avoid collisions. The young kept a certain distance from the elders for the sake of safety, so that the high-density profiles of the mixed group present as long strips. In addition, pedestrians in the mixed group have longer time lapse than that in the separate groups when passing the bottleneck. In the separate groups, the spatial distribution of the nearest neighbour presents as a uniform circle. The spatial distance between the elderly (0.46 m) is bigger than that between the young (0.39 m). While there is no obvious difference in the mixed group. The results can be used in pedestrian modelling, facilities designing and evacuation management for the population with old people.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49607064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jonas Rzezonka, A. Seyfried, Ben Hein, Mohcine Chraibi, A. Schadschneider
In this study a simple speed-based model is employed to simulate an experiment of pedestrian bottleneck flow. The experiment revealed that the density near the bottleneck is influenced by the motivation of the pedestrians and the corridor width. In narrow corridors, distinct lanes are formed for pedestrians with low motivation. These lanes can disappear when the pedestrians have a high motivation to reach their target. We show that a speed-based model is - despite its relative simplicity- capable to reproduce the observed phenomena to a high degree.
{"title":"Numerical Study of Bottleneck Flow with Varying Corridor Width and Motivation Using a Speed-Based Model","authors":"Jonas Rzezonka, A. Seyfried, Ben Hein, Mohcine Chraibi, A. Schadschneider","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.132","url":null,"abstract":"In this study a simple speed-based model is employed to simulate an experiment of pedestrian bottleneck flow. The experiment revealed that the density near the bottleneck is influenced by the motivation of the pedestrians and the corridor width. In narrow corridors, distinct lanes are formed for pedestrians with low motivation. These lanes can disappear when the pedestrians have a high motivation to reach their target. We show that a speed-based model is - despite its relative simplicity- capable to reproduce the observed phenomena to a high degree.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45702031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current studies about moving obstacles mainly focus on uncommon evacuation scenarios, while there lacks researches on common egress scenarios, such as evacuation from an exit. This study aims to prove that pedestrian flow through exit can be improved by the presence of a moving obstacle and investigate the effect of a moving obstacle on regulating pedestrian flow. Unidirectional pedestrian flow simulations based on social force model are conducted to study the influence of a moving obstacle, that is a mobile robot, on the pedestrian flow through an exit. The robot reciprocates parallel to the wall of the exit with a constant speed 0.5m/s, and the gap between the robot and the exit is set to 1.0m. The pedestrians need to obey the rule of avoiding collision with the robot. By comparing the distributions of individual evacuation time with and without a moving obstacle, it is proven that that the average evacuation time can be reduced by a moving obstacle obviously. The moving obstacle can lead to the inhomogeneous distribution of the crowd near the exit by observing the density profiles. Furthermore, the crowd near the exit is classified into four groups according to movement direction (left or right) and position (the left or right part relative to the center of the exit) of the robot. It reveals that the moving obstacle impedes the evacuation of small proportion pedestrians, but promotes the evacuation of the large proportion pedestrians by the analysis on the fundamental diagrams of the four groups.
{"title":"Effect of a Moving Obstacle on Pedestrian Flow Through an Exit","authors":"Han Xu, Weiguo Song, Jun Zhang","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.125","url":null,"abstract":"Current studies about moving obstacles mainly focus on uncommon evacuation scenarios, while there lacks researches on common egress scenarios, such as evacuation from an exit. This study aims to prove that pedestrian flow through exit can be improved by the presence of a moving obstacle and investigate the effect of a moving obstacle on regulating pedestrian flow. Unidirectional pedestrian flow simulations based on social force model are conducted to study the influence of a moving obstacle, that is a mobile robot, on the pedestrian flow through an exit. The robot reciprocates parallel to the wall of the exit with a constant speed 0.5m/s, and the gap between the robot and the exit is set to 1.0m. The pedestrians need to obey the rule of avoiding collision with the robot. By comparing the distributions of individual evacuation time with and without a moving obstacle, it is proven that that the average evacuation time can be reduced by a moving obstacle obviously. The moving obstacle can lead to the inhomogeneous distribution of the crowd near the exit by observing the density profiles. Furthermore, the crowd near the exit is classified into four groups according to movement direction (left or right) and position (the left or right part relative to the center of the exit) of the robot. It reveals that the moving obstacle impedes the evacuation of small proportion pedestrians, but promotes the evacuation of the large proportion pedestrians by the analysis on the fundamental diagrams of the four groups.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44348507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Santiago of Chile subway system is nowadays one of the most used means of transportation in the city, therefore many passengers with reduced mobility prefer it. However, in the subway lines, we can find different vertical gaps that are generated between the train and the platform. These vertical gaps makes it difficult for passengers with reduced mobility to get on and off the train, by generating a change in their gait, affecting their stability. This stability can be represented by different variables such as the rejection and damping force, the travel ranges of each step component, and the area generated by these travel ranges. The objective of this paper is to study, experimentally, the effect of vertical gaps on the gait and stability of passengers with reduced mobility in the train-platform space of subway stations. For this purpose, the construction of full-scale experiments representing the train-platform transition was carried out at the Human Dynamics Laboratory of the Universidad de los Andes. To obtain the data, a Bertec force plate and Bertec Acquire 4 software were used, which allows, to obtain the force in the z-axis and the pressure centers in the x-axis and y-axis. The results show that the higher the vertical gap, the higher the instability in passengers with reduced mobility. In addition, it was also observed how passengers with reduced mobility change their gait strategy when having to face vertical gaps greater than 11 cm, since they changed the angle of inclination with which people position their foot when descending, to be able to do the process with greater stability. It is hoped that future experiments will expand the scope of this type of study, by implementing more instrumentation and a larger number of participants.
{"title":"Exploring the Gait and Stability of Passengers at the Moment they get off an Urban Railway Train by Laboratory Experiments","authors":"Sebastian Seriani, Cristobal Erenchun, F. Palma","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.115","url":null,"abstract":"The Santiago of Chile subway system is nowadays one of the most used means of transportation in the city, therefore many passengers with reduced mobility prefer it. However, in the subway lines, we can find different vertical gaps that are generated between the train and the platform. These vertical gaps makes it difficult for passengers with reduced mobility to get on and off the train, by generating a change in their gait, affecting their stability. This stability can be represented by different variables such as the rejection and damping force, the travel ranges of each step component, and the area generated by these travel ranges. The objective of this paper is to study, experimentally, the effect of vertical gaps on the gait and stability of passengers with reduced mobility in the train-platform space of subway stations. For this purpose, the construction of full-scale experiments representing the train-platform transition was carried out at the Human Dynamics Laboratory of the Universidad de los Andes. To obtain the data, a Bertec force plate and Bertec Acquire 4 software were used, which allows, to obtain the force in the z-axis and the pressure centers in the x-axis and y-axis. The results show that the higher the vertical gap, the higher the instability in passengers with reduced mobility. In addition, it was also observed how passengers with reduced mobility change their gait strategy when having to face vertical gaps greater than 11 cm, since they changed the angle of inclination with which people position their foot when descending, to be able to do the process with greater stability. It is hoped that future experiments will expand the scope of this type of study, by implementing more instrumentation and a larger number of participants.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46023956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hugo Mayo, A. Shipman, D. Giunchi, Riccardo Bovo, A. Steed, T. Heinis
Visualising crowds is a key pedestrian dynamics topic, with significant research efforts aiming to improve the current state-of-the-art. Sophisticated visualisation methods are a standard for modern commercial models, and can improve crowd management techniques and sociological theory development. These models often define standard metrics, including density and speed. However, modern visualisation techniques typically use desktop screens. This can limit the capability of a user to investigate and identify key features, especially in real time scenarios such as control centres. Virtual reality (VR) provides the opportunity to represent scenarios in a fully immersive environment, granting the user the ability to quickly assess situations. Furthermore, these visualisations are often limited to the simulation model that has generated the dataset, rather than being source-agnostic. In this paper we implement an immersive, interactive toolkit for crowd behaviour analysis. This toolkit was built specifically for use within VR environments and was developed in conjunction with commercial users and researchers. It allows the user to identify locations of interest, as well as individual agents, showing characteristics such as group density, individual (Voronoi) density and speed. Furthermore, it was used as a data-extraction tool, building individual fundamental diagrams for all scenario agents, and predicting group status as a function of local agent geometry. Finally, this paper presents an evaluation of the toolkit made by crowd behaviour experts.
{"title":"VR Toolkit for Identifying Group Characteristics","authors":"Hugo Mayo, A. Shipman, D. Giunchi, Riccardo Bovo, A. Steed, T. Heinis","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.119","url":null,"abstract":"Visualising crowds is a key pedestrian dynamics topic, with significant research efforts aiming to improve the current state-of-the-art. Sophisticated visualisation methods are a standard for modern commercial models, and can improve crowd management techniques and sociological theory development. These models often define standard metrics, including density and speed. However, modern visualisation techniques typically use desktop screens. This can limit the capability of a user to investigate and identify key features, especially in real time scenarios such as control centres. Virtual reality (VR) provides the opportunity to represent scenarios in a fully immersive environment, granting the user the ability to quickly assess situations. Furthermore, these visualisations are often limited to the simulation model that has generated the dataset, rather than being source-agnostic. In this paper we implement an immersive, interactive toolkit for crowd behaviour analysis. This toolkit was built specifically for use within VR environments and was developed in conjunction with commercial users and researchers. It allows the user to identify locations of interest, as well as individual agents, showing characteristics such as group density, individual (Voronoi) density and speed. Furthermore, it was used as a data-extraction tool, building individual fundamental diagrams for all scenario agents, and predicting group status as a function of local agent geometry. Finally, this paper presents an evaluation of the toolkit made by crowd behaviour experts.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43415561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research of pedestrian evacuation dynamics is of significance to understanding and preventing human stampedes. Since empirical approach of reproducing true emergency evacuations is impossible due to safety issues. Theoretical approach based on numerical simulation has called the attention from researchers. In the simulation of pedestrian evacuation, a critical problem is how to simulate pedestrian competitiveness to reproduce emergency evacuation. Based on the social force model, researchers have tried to simulate pedestrian competitiveness through adjusting some model parameters. However, in most cases handcrafted values are adopted without calibration, thus unrealistic results might be produced. In this study, we applied a differential evolutionary algorithm to determine the optimal parameter specifications of the social force model by adjustment to empirical data. We conducted pedestrian experiments where five participants including patient and impatient individuals proceeded through a narrow corridor. Taking the distance between simulation results and empirical data as objective function, a minimization problem was generated. A differential evolutionary algorithm was adopted to search for the optimal combination of parameters. We found that though at initialization all the parameter values were randomly determined, the difference between patient and impatient pedestrians could be captured by adjustment to empirical data. This highlights the need to better understand and research pedestrian heterogeneity in terms of competitiveness.
{"title":"A Data Driven Approach to Simulate Pedestrian Competitiveness Using the Social Force Model","authors":"Gengshen Cui, D. Yanagisawa, Nishinari Katsuhiro","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.118","url":null,"abstract":"The research of pedestrian evacuation dynamics is of significance to understanding and preventing human stampedes. Since empirical approach of reproducing true emergency evacuations is impossible due to safety issues. Theoretical approach based on numerical simulation has called the attention from researchers. In the simulation of pedestrian evacuation, a critical problem is how to simulate pedestrian competitiveness to reproduce emergency evacuation. Based on the social force model, researchers have tried to simulate pedestrian competitiveness through adjusting some model parameters. However, in most cases handcrafted values are adopted without calibration, thus unrealistic results might be produced. In this study, we applied a differential evolutionary algorithm to determine the optimal parameter specifications of the social force model by adjustment to empirical data. We conducted pedestrian experiments where five participants including patient and impatient individuals proceeded through a narrow corridor. Taking the distance between simulation results and empirical data as objective function, a minimization problem was generated. A differential evolutionary algorithm was adopted to search for the optimal combination of parameters. We found that though at initialization all the parameter values were randomly determined, the difference between patient and impatient pedestrians could be captured by adjustment to empirical data. This highlights the need to better understand and research pedestrian heterogeneity in terms of competitiveness.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44663929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Cordes, Mohcine Chraibi, A. Tordeux, A. Schadschneider
We apply the concept of time-to-collision (TTC) to the modeling of pedestrian dynamics. The TTC combines the spatial distances with the velocities to quantify the 'distance' to a collision. Therefore, it is a promising candidate for modeling the interactions between pedestrians. Empirical studies also indicate that the interaction between pedestrians can be described by the TTC: While the pair distribution of the distances, i.e. the probability of two pedestrians to have a certain spatial distance, was found to strongly depend on the relative velocity, the TTC accurately parametrizes its pair distribution. However, there are still few pedestrian models that use the TTC. After giving a general definition of the TTC, we present the widely used approximations for its calculation, especially in a one-dimensional setting. Combined with a desired time-gap, these give rise to different models, namely an Optimal-Velocity model and a new Time-to-Collision model. The TTC model exhibits, however, generic inconsistencies which are related to the estimates we use to approximate the speed of the predecessor. The estimates have a large impact on the dynamics and must therefore be interpreted as reflecting the pedestrians behavior, i.e. as anticipation strategies. We propose new estimates for the predecessor's speed. These give rise to a rich family of models based on the TTC which are analyzed by means of linear stability analysis and simulations.
{"title":"Time-To-Collision Models for Single-File Pedestrian Motion","authors":"J. Cordes, Mohcine Chraibi, A. Tordeux, A. Schadschneider","doi":"10.17815/cd.2021.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.133","url":null,"abstract":"We apply the concept of time-to-collision (TTC) to the modeling of pedestrian dynamics. The TTC combines the spatial distances with the velocities to quantify the 'distance' to a collision. Therefore, it is a promising candidate for modeling the interactions between pedestrians. Empirical studies also indicate that the interaction between pedestrians can be described by the TTC: While the pair distribution of the distances, i.e. the probability of two pedestrians to have a certain spatial distance, was found to strongly depend on the relative velocity, the TTC accurately parametrizes its pair distribution. However, there are still few pedestrian models that use the TTC. After giving a general definition of the TTC, we present the widely used approximations for its calculation, especially in a one-dimensional setting. Combined with a desired time-gap, these give rise to different models, namely an Optimal-Velocity model and a new Time-to-Collision model. The TTC model exhibits, however, generic inconsistencies which are related to the estimates we use to approximate the speed of the predecessor. The estimates have a large impact on the dynamics and must therefore be interpreted as reflecting the pedestrians behavior, i.e. as anticipation strategies. We propose new estimates for the predecessor's speed. These give rise to a rich family of models based on the TTC which are analyzed by means of linear stability analysis and simulations.","PeriodicalId":93276,"journal":{"name":"Collective dynamics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49372475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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