This paper presents a collection of 'ethical by design' principles for considering ethical aspects in the design and implementation of technology-based products and services. It is a work-in-progress describing the need for new, innovative concepts and approaches in ethical design-based thinking. The paper argues that design thinking should and can be 'ethical by design'; that designs should strive to go beyond the ethical guidelines that are set by regulatory bodies and other such governance. This manifesto of 'ethical by design' principles is intended to support developers, providers, and users in the collaborative process of inherently and explicitly including ethics into product and service design.
{"title":"Ethical by Design: A Manifesto","authors":"M. Mulvenna, J. Boger, R. Bond","doi":"10.1145/3121283.3121300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3121283.3121300","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a collection of 'ethical by design' principles for considering ethical aspects in the design and implementation of technology-based products and services. It is a work-in-progress describing the need for new, innovative concepts and approaches in ethical design-based thinking. The paper argues that design thinking should and can be 'ethical by design'; that designs should strive to go beyond the ethical guidelines that are set by regulatory bodies and other such governance. This manifesto of 'ethical by design' principles is intended to support developers, providers, and users in the collaborative process of inherently and explicitly including ethics into product and service design.","PeriodicalId":93284,"journal":{"name":"ECCE ... : proceedings of the ... European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"355 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76494287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of this study is to develop a computer-interpretable model for activity detection and representation, based on existing informal models of how humans perform activity. Appropriate detection of purposeful human activity is an essential functionality of active assistive technology aiming at providing tailored support to individuals for improving activity performance and completion. The main contribution is the design of a model for detection and representation of human activities based on three categories of instruments, which is implemented as two generic and supplementary terminology models: an event ontology and a core ontology. The core ontology is extended for each new knowledge domain into a domain ontology. The model builds the base for personalization of services generated by the cooperative reasoning performed by a human collaborating with an intelligent and social software agent. Ongoing and future work includes user studies in the different application domains.
{"title":"Instrument-Oriented Approach to Detecting and Representing Human Activity for Supporting Executive Functions and Learning","authors":"J. Baskar, Chunli Yan, H. Lindgren","doi":"10.1145/3121283.3121305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3121283.3121305","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this study is to develop a computer-interpretable model for activity detection and representation, based on existing informal models of how humans perform activity. Appropriate detection of purposeful human activity is an essential functionality of active assistive technology aiming at providing tailored support to individuals for improving activity performance and completion. The main contribution is the design of a model for detection and representation of human activities based on three categories of instruments, which is implemented as two generic and supplementary terminology models: an event ontology and a core ontology. The core ontology is extended for each new knowledge domain into a domain ontology. The model builds the base for personalization of services generated by the cooperative reasoning performed by a human collaborating with an intelligent and social software agent. Ongoing and future work includes user studies in the different application domains.","PeriodicalId":93284,"journal":{"name":"ECCE ... : proceedings of the ... European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91354310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joe D. Chalkley, Thomas T. Ranji, Carina E. I. Westling, N. Chockalingam, H. Witchel
Measuring fidgeting is an important goal for the psychology of mind-wandering and for human computer interaction (HCI). Previous work measuring the movement of the head, torso and thigh during HCI has shown that engaging screen content leads to non-instrumental movement inhibition (NIMI). Camera-based methods for measuring wrist movements are limited by occlusions. Here we used a high pass filtered magnitude of wearable tri-axial accelerometer recordings during 2-minute passive HCI stimuli as a surrogate for movement of the wrists and ankles. With 24 seated, healthy volunteers experiencing HCI, this metric showed that wrists moved significantly more than ankles. We found that NIMI could be detected in the wrists and ankles; it distinguished extremes of interest and boredom via restlessness. We conclude that both free-willed and forced screen engagement can elicit NIMI of the wrists and ankles.
{"title":"Wearable sensor metric for fidgeting: screen engagement rather than interest causes NIMI of wrists and ankles","authors":"Joe D. Chalkley, Thomas T. Ranji, Carina E. I. Westling, N. Chockalingam, H. Witchel","doi":"10.1145/3121283.3121290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3121283.3121290","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring fidgeting is an important goal for the psychology of mind-wandering and for human computer interaction (HCI). Previous work measuring the movement of the head, torso and thigh during HCI has shown that engaging screen content leads to non-instrumental movement inhibition (NIMI). Camera-based methods for measuring wrist movements are limited by occlusions. Here we used a high pass filtered magnitude of wearable tri-axial accelerometer recordings during 2-minute passive HCI stimuli as a surrogate for movement of the wrists and ankles. With 24 seated, healthy volunteers experiencing HCI, this metric showed that wrists moved significantly more than ankles. We found that NIMI could be detected in the wrists and ankles; it distinguished extremes of interest and boredom via restlessness. We conclude that both free-willed and forced screen engagement can elicit NIMI of the wrists and ankles.","PeriodicalId":93284,"journal":{"name":"ECCE ... : proceedings of the ... European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84121599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A common conversation between an older adult and a nurse about health-related issues includes topics such as troubles with sleep, reasons for walking around nighttime, pain conditions, etc. Such a dialogue can be regarded as a "natural" dialogue emerging from the participating agents' lines of thinking, their roles, needs and motives, while switching between topics as the dialogue unfolds. The purpose of this work is to define a generic conceptual model of purposeful human-agent dialogue activity including different types of argumentation dialogues, suitable for health-related topics. This is done based on analyses of a scenario, persona and models of human behaviour. The model will be shared between the human and the agent, allowing for adaptation to the human's reasoning, needs and motives.
{"title":"Human-Agent Dialogues and their Purposes","authors":"J. Baskar, H. Lindgren","doi":"10.1145/3121283.3121303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3121283.3121303","url":null,"abstract":"A common conversation between an older adult and a nurse about health-related issues includes topics such as troubles with sleep, reasons for walking around nighttime, pain conditions, etc. Such a dialogue can be regarded as a \"natural\" dialogue emerging from the participating agents' lines of thinking, their roles, needs and motives, while switching between topics as the dialogue unfolds. The purpose of this work is to define a generic conceptual model of purposeful human-agent dialogue activity including different types of argumentation dialogues, suitable for health-related topics. This is done based on analyses of a scenario, persona and models of human behaviour. The model will be shared between the human and the agent, allowing for adaptation to the human's reasoning, needs and motives.","PeriodicalId":93284,"journal":{"name":"ECCE ... : proceedings of the ... European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85468539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim is to develop an adaptive computer-based intervention that gives seniors personalized support for increasing physical and social activity. The user-centered studies have been conducted. The results indicate that the seniors need to be categorized based on their preferences regarding a sub-set of messages.
{"title":"A Study on Motivational Messages for Supporting Seniors to Increase Physical Activity and Social Participation","authors":"Rebecka Janols, H. Lindgren","doi":"10.1145/3121283.3121417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3121283.3121417","url":null,"abstract":"The aim is to develop an adaptive computer-based intervention that gives seniors personalized support for increasing physical and social activity. The user-centered studies have been conducted. The results indicate that the seniors need to be categorized based on their preferences regarding a sub-set of messages.","PeriodicalId":93284,"journal":{"name":"ECCE ... : proceedings of the ... European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74576544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Witchel, R. Needham, A. Healy, Joseph H. Guppy, Jake Bush, Cäcilia Oberndorfer, Chantal Herberz, Carina E. I. Westling, Dawit Kim, D. Roggen, J. Barth, B. Eskofier, W. Rashid, N. Chockalingam, J. Klucken
The dual task paradigm (DTP), where performance of a walking task co-occurs with a cognitive task to assess performance decrement, has been controversially mooted as a more suitable task to test safety from falls in outdoor and urban environments than simple walking in a hospital corridor. There are a variety of different cognitive tasks that have been used in the DTP, and we wanted to assess the use of a secondary task that requires mental tracking (the alternate letter alphabet task) against a more automatic working memory task (counting backward by ones). In this study we validated the x-io x-IMU wearable inertial sensors, used them to record healthy walking, and then used dynamic time warping to assess the elements of the gait cycle. In the timed 25 foot walk (T25FW) the alternate letter alphabet task lengthened the stride time significantly compared to ordinary walking, while counting backward did not. We conclude that adding a mental tracking task in a DTP will elicit performance decrement in healthy volunteers.
{"title":"Using Wearable Inertial Sensors to Compare Different Versions of the Dual Task Paradigm during Walking","authors":"H. Witchel, R. Needham, A. Healy, Joseph H. Guppy, Jake Bush, Cäcilia Oberndorfer, Chantal Herberz, Carina E. I. Westling, Dawit Kim, D. Roggen, J. Barth, B. Eskofier, W. Rashid, N. Chockalingam, J. Klucken","doi":"10.1145/3121283.3121285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3121283.3121285","url":null,"abstract":"The dual task paradigm (DTP), where performance of a walking task co-occurs with a cognitive task to assess performance decrement, has been controversially mooted as a more suitable task to test safety from falls in outdoor and urban environments than simple walking in a hospital corridor. There are a variety of different cognitive tasks that have been used in the DTP, and we wanted to assess the use of a secondary task that requires mental tracking (the alternate letter alphabet task) against a more automatic working memory task (counting backward by ones). In this study we validated the x-io x-IMU wearable inertial sensors, used them to record healthy walking, and then used dynamic time warping to assess the elements of the gait cycle. In the timed 25 foot walk (T25FW) the alternate letter alphabet task lengthened the stride time significantly compared to ordinary walking, while counting backward did not. We conclude that adding a mental tracking task in a DTP will elicit performance decrement in healthy volunteers.","PeriodicalId":93284,"journal":{"name":"ECCE ... : proceedings of the ... European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79262428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is an increasing understanding that service and user experience research needs to include the study of the social processes that shape the individual experience. The paper investigates adopted experiences, strongly affected by the outside world, in the context of business-to-business (B2B) services. These experiences are coined as mediated experiences and the paper provides new information about the quality and formation of them.
{"title":"Mediated Experience in Customer-Supplier Relationship","authors":"M. Liinasuo, Anke Dittmar, E. Kaasinen","doi":"10.1145/3121283.3121297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3121283.3121297","url":null,"abstract":"There is an increasing understanding that service and user experience research needs to include the study of the social processes that shape the individual experience. The paper investigates adopted experiences, strongly affected by the outside world, in the context of business-to-business (B2B) services. These experiences are coined as mediated experiences and the paper provides new information about the quality and formation of them.","PeriodicalId":93284,"journal":{"name":"ECCE ... : proceedings of the ... European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73192541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many years ago my student Yoram Hazan compared two different graphical user interfaces (GUIs) [3]. One GUI was easy-tounderstand and the other was difficult-to–understand. Those who used the difficult-to-understand GUI got angry or frustrated in some experimental situations. Those who used the easy-tounderstand GUI asked sometimes after completing a task of the experiments, whether they may try to do the task in a different way. These user requests suggest both their satisfaction with the application and the possibility of exploiting it in a creative and productive way. It is therefore important to construct both the code of the application and its user interface (UI), such that the human user may easily understand the application. In order to
{"title":"Semantic User Interface Controls","authors":"E. Kantorowitz","doi":"10.1145/3121283.3121419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3121283.3121419","url":null,"abstract":"Many years ago my student Yoram Hazan compared two different graphical user interfaces (GUIs) [3]. One GUI was easy-tounderstand and the other was difficult-to–understand. Those who used the difficult-to-understand GUI got angry or frustrated in some experimental situations. Those who used the easy-tounderstand GUI asked sometimes after completing a task of the experiments, whether they may try to do the task in a different way. These user requests suggest both their satisfaction with the application and the possibility of exploiting it in a creative and productive way. It is therefore important to construct both the code of the application and its user interface (UI), such that the human user may easily understand the application. In order to","PeriodicalId":93284,"journal":{"name":"ECCE ... : proceedings of the ... European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77557012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study 1 investigates the effects of interacting with a Paro robot on physiological stress responses (eg. skin conductance response). Participants were asked to stroke a Paro robot, a bolster, or to rest, before listening to a stressful sound. The results indicate that interacting with a Paro robot helps to reduce responses to noise-induced stress.
{"title":"A Paro robot reduces the stressful effects of environmental noise","authors":"Raihah Aminuddin, A. Sharkey","doi":"10.1145/3121283.3121420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3121283.3121420","url":null,"abstract":"The present study 1 investigates the effects of interacting with a Paro robot on physiological stress responses (eg. skin conductance response). Participants were asked to stroke a Paro robot, a bolster, or to rest, before listening to a stressful sound. The results indicate that interacting with a Paro robot helps to reduce responses to noise-induced stress.","PeriodicalId":93284,"journal":{"name":"ECCE ... : proceedings of the ... European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82495239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To satisfy the increasing demand for safer critical systems, engineers have integrated higher levels of automation. In the context of airplane autopilot, time saved by automation, which should normally be used to plan the flight, might instead be filled by task-unrelated thoughts, or mind wandering (MW). We observed the impact of automation on MW in an operational environment. Participants were required to either avoid incoming obstacles by controlling the movements of an aircraft on a 2D radar screen or monitor an automated system performing the same task. Participants' propensity to mind wander increased with the time spent doing the task. Moreover, the time spent MW increased with automation in a significant manner. The NASA TLX, a measure of perceived workload, highlighted the influence of automation over perceived workload. Moreover, TLX scores were not correlated with MW propensity. This study shows a significant influence of automation over MW, which was not due to workload effects or task interactions.
{"title":"A Preliminary Study on the Influence of Automation over Mind Wandering Frequency in Sustained Attention","authors":"Jonas Gouraud, A. Delorme, B. Berberian","doi":"10.1145/3121283.3121306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3121283.3121306","url":null,"abstract":"To satisfy the increasing demand for safer critical systems, engineers have integrated higher levels of automation. In the context of airplane autopilot, time saved by automation, which should normally be used to plan the flight, might instead be filled by task-unrelated thoughts, or mind wandering (MW). We observed the impact of automation on MW in an operational environment. Participants were required to either avoid incoming obstacles by controlling the movements of an aircraft on a 2D radar screen or monitor an automated system performing the same task. Participants' propensity to mind wander increased with the time spent doing the task. Moreover, the time spent MW increased with automation in a significant manner. The NASA TLX, a measure of perceived workload, highlighted the influence of automation over perceived workload. Moreover, TLX scores were not correlated with MW propensity. This study shows a significant influence of automation over MW, which was not due to workload effects or task interactions.","PeriodicalId":93284,"journal":{"name":"ECCE ... : proceedings of the ... European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81630086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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