Background/Aim: With the availability of biosimilars, hospital formulary drug selection among biologics extends beyond clinical and safety considerations when comes to hospital resource management, to factors like human resource allocation and financial sustainability. However, research assessing the time and cost of labor, supplies, and waste disposal of biologics from the standpoint of hospitals remains limited. This study focuses on short-acting granulocyte-colony stimulating factor originators (Granocyte® and Neupogen®) and biosimilar (Nivestim®), comparing them based on mean total handling times per dose and total annual expenses. Materials and Methods: Ten nursesfrom a Taiwanese cancer centerwere recruited; they each prepared three doses of each drug. Results: Findings showedthat the mean total handlingtimes per dose of Granocyte® and Neupogen® were significantly higherthan that of Nivestim®. Handling Nivestim® required the lowest total annual expense. Conclusion: Nivestim® is an advantageous alternative to Granocyte® and Neupogen®, benefiting hospital resource management.
{"title":"Comparing Drug Handling Efficiencies and Expenses for Short- Acting Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Injection Originators and Biosimilars from the Perspective of Hospital Resource Management in Formulary Decision-Making","authors":"Shao- Chin Chiang","doi":"10.31579/2639-4162/146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/146","url":null,"abstract":"Background/Aim: With the availability of biosimilars, hospital formulary drug selection among biologics extends beyond clinical and safety considerations when comes to hospital resource management, to factors like human resource allocation and financial sustainability. However, research assessing the time and cost of labor, supplies, and waste disposal of biologics from the standpoint of hospitals remains limited. This study focuses on short-acting granulocyte-colony stimulating factor originators (Granocyte® and Neupogen®) and biosimilar (Nivestim®), comparing them based on mean total handling times per dose and total annual expenses. Materials and Methods: Ten nursesfrom a Taiwanese cancer centerwere recruited; they each prepared three doses of each drug. Results: Findings showedthat the mean total handlingtimes per dose of Granocyte® and Neupogen® were significantly higherthan that of Nivestim®. Handling Nivestim® required the lowest total annual expense. Conclusion: Nivestim® is an advantageous alternative to Granocyte® and Neupogen®, benefiting hospital resource management.","PeriodicalId":93288,"journal":{"name":"General medicine and clinical practice","volume":"130 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140250201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: In the dynamic healthcare landscape, pharmacists contend with the challenge of staying current with evolving knowledge. Continuing Pharmacy Education (CPE) programs, play a pivotal role in addressing this need. This study focuses on a six-year evaluation of CPE programs at a College of Pharmacy, aiming to assess the impact of a multifaceted approach on various educational outcomes. Materials and Methods: The University College of Pharmacy Office of Continuing Professional Education implemented a multifaceted approach from 2017 to 2022. Changes included hiring a full-time coordinator, offering on-site and online programs, establishing partnerships, identifying knowledge gap through surveying participants, and enhancing digital presence beyond others. Data from this period were compared with the preceding six years (2010 2016). Evaluation metrics covered attendee the number and diversity, program growth, and professional impact. Results: The study showcased significant improvements in various aspects of CPE programs. Pharmacist attendees increased by 816.67%, with a notable rise in non-pharmacy participants. Geographical distribution saw a surge in out-of-state and international participants. Program content witnesseda shift towardsinfectious diseases and pain management. The number of CPE programsand awarded hours experienced a fivefold increase, reflecting a commitment to a diverse curriculum. Participant feedback consistently indicated high satisfaction with knowledge enhancement, applicability, and program usefulness. Conclusion: Over the six-year period,the evaluation revealedsubstantial advancements in our CPE programs. Increased pharmacist attendance, diversified participant engagement, and expandedgeographical reach underscored the program's success.The exponential growth in program offerings reflected a commitment to diverse and extensive education. Positive participant feedback, indicating sustained impact on drug therapy management, patient safety, and public health outcomes, affirmedthe enduring effectiveness of the CPE programs. While acknowledging study limitations, this comprehensive analysis highlights the success and ongoing efforts to enhance CPE programs at major university. Future research should address these constraints for a more nuanced understanding of CPE program impact.
{"title":"Longitudinal Exploration of Strategies Advancing Continuing Professional Pharmacy Education in a Major University: an in- Depth Study on Impact","authors":"B. Hailemeskel","doi":"10.31579/2639-4162/153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/153","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In the dynamic healthcare landscape, pharmacists contend with the challenge of staying current with evolving knowledge. Continuing Pharmacy Education (CPE) programs, play a pivotal role in addressing this need. This study focuses on a six-year evaluation of CPE programs at a College of Pharmacy, aiming to assess the impact of a multifaceted approach on various educational outcomes. Materials and Methods: The University College of Pharmacy Office of Continuing Professional Education implemented a multifaceted approach from 2017 to 2022. Changes included hiring a full-time coordinator, offering on-site and online programs, establishing partnerships, identifying knowledge gap through surveying participants, and enhancing digital presence beyond others. Data from this period were compared with the preceding six years (2010 2016). Evaluation metrics covered attendee the number and diversity, program growth, and professional impact. Results: The study showcased significant improvements in various aspects of CPE programs. Pharmacist attendees increased by 816.67%, with a notable rise in non-pharmacy participants. Geographical distribution saw a surge in out-of-state and international participants. Program content witnesseda shift towardsinfectious diseases and pain management. The number of CPE programsand awarded hours experienced a fivefold increase, reflecting a commitment to a diverse curriculum. Participant feedback consistently indicated high satisfaction with knowledge enhancement, applicability, and program usefulness. Conclusion: Over the six-year period,the evaluation revealedsubstantial advancements in our CPE programs. Increased pharmacist attendance, diversified participant engagement, and expandedgeographical reach underscored the program's success.The exponential growth in program offerings reflected a commitment to diverse and extensive education. Positive participant feedback, indicating sustained impact on drug therapy management, patient safety, and public health outcomes, affirmedthe enduring effectiveness of the CPE programs. While acknowledging study limitations, this comprehensive analysis highlights the success and ongoing efforts to enhance CPE programs at major university. Future research should address these constraints for a more nuanced understanding of CPE program impact.","PeriodicalId":93288,"journal":{"name":"General medicine and clinical practice","volume":"193 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140250001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background Incidence rate of covid-19 infection in people vaccinated with 4th dose of RNA covid-19 vaccine remain subject of debate and is not clearly known Objective Estimate the incidence rate of covid-19 in vaccinated 4th dose people in general practitioner care level. Methodology An incidence rates epidemiological analysis of covid-19 infection in people with 4th dose of bivalent mRNA vaccines based in a longitudinal study from October, 2022 to October, 2023, in a general practice setting in Toledo, Spain. Results 21 cases of covid-19 infection in vaccinated people with 4th dose were included. Incidence rate of covid-19 infection in total vaccinated people with 4th dose from October 2022 to October 2023 was 2%; it was greater in > = 65 years vs. < 65 years (3% vs. 1%), and in women vs. men (2% vs. 1%). Regarding incidence rate of covid-19 infection in vaccinated people with 4th dose in general population of the office was 1%; It was again older at > = 65 years vs. < 65 years (1% vs. 0.5%), but without differences between women and men (1% vs. 1%). Conclusion In general practice setting in Toledo, Spain, crude incidence rate of covid-19 infection in vaccinated people with 4th dose and in general population of the office was low. However, the population segments of >= 65 years and women, even with fourth vaccine dose, have a higher risk of covid-19 infection, and consequently should continue receiving booster vaccine. But these results should be interpreted with caution since the number of tests carried out in the community was low
{"title":"Incidence Rate of Covid-19 Infection in People with Fourth Dose of Vaccines Bivalent Mrna from October 2022 to October 2023 in A General Medicine Office in Toledo (Spain)","authors":"J. Luis Turabián","doi":"10.31579/2639-4162/133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/133","url":null,"abstract":"Background Incidence rate of covid-19 infection in people vaccinated with 4th dose of RNA covid-19 vaccine remain subject of debate and is not clearly known Objective Estimate the incidence rate of covid-19 in vaccinated 4th dose people in general practitioner care level. Methodology An incidence rates epidemiological analysis of covid-19 infection in people with 4th dose of bivalent mRNA vaccines based in a longitudinal study from October, 2022 to October, 2023, in a general practice setting in Toledo, Spain. Results 21 cases of covid-19 infection in vaccinated people with 4th dose were included. Incidence rate of covid-19 infection in total vaccinated people with 4th dose from October 2022 to October 2023 was 2%; it was greater in > = 65 years vs. < 65 years (3% vs. 1%), and in women vs. men (2% vs. 1%). Regarding incidence rate of covid-19 infection in vaccinated people with 4th dose in general population of the office was 1%; It was again older at > = 65 years vs. < 65 years (1% vs. 0.5%), but without differences between women and men (1% vs. 1%). Conclusion In general practice setting in Toledo, Spain, crude incidence rate of covid-19 infection in vaccinated people with 4th dose and in general population of the office was low. However, the population segments of >= 65 years and women, even with fourth vaccine dose, have a higher risk of covid-19 infection, and consequently should continue receiving booster vaccine. But these results should be interpreted with caution since the number of tests carried out in the community was low","PeriodicalId":93288,"journal":{"name":"General medicine and clinical practice","volume":"22 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main contribution of electron microscopy was the solution of problems concerning Nissl's substance, the Golgi apparatus, neurofibrils, myelin sheath and synapses. However, many problems remain unresolved due to the special nature of the neuron and the complexity of the structure of its processes. The use of an electron microscope led to the emergence of ideas about the structure and functions of the endoplasmic reticulum, protein, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, nodes of Ranvier, synapses, and the contents of presynaptic endings. This article presents the elements of the peripheral nervous system, new information about them and functions that can be further used in the study of the mechanisms of the occurrence of diseases and methods of treatment.
{"title":"The Study of Neurons and Satellite Cells Under an Electron Microscope. Methodological Approaches","authors":"Melahat Akdeniz","doi":"10.31579/2639-4162/135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/135","url":null,"abstract":"The main contribution of electron microscopy was the solution of problems concerning Nissl's substance, the Golgi apparatus, neurofibrils, myelin sheath and synapses. However, many problems remain unresolved due to the special nature of the neuron and the complexity of the structure of its processes. The use of an electron microscope led to the emergence of ideas about the structure and functions of the endoplasmic reticulum, protein, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, nodes of Ranvier, synapses, and the contents of presynaptic endings. This article presents the elements of the peripheral nervous system, new information about them and functions that can be further used in the study of the mechanisms of the occurrence of diseases and methods of treatment.","PeriodicalId":93288,"journal":{"name":"General medicine and clinical practice","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cardiac tumours may be primary or secondary-metastatic (malignant). Secondary cardiac tumours are much more common than primary cardiac tumours. Their frequency on large anatomical studies varies between 3.4% and 13.9%. Though cardiac metastases may originate from any malignant tumor, melanomas have the greatest propensity for cardiac involvement, and also carcinomas of the thorax, including breast, lung, and esophageal [12,13]. The routes of metastasis include direct invasion, hematogenous, lymphatic, or transvenous, especially through the inferior vena cava [9,10]. Cardiac involvement should be suspected or sought in any patient with a known malignancy who develops new cardiovascular signs or symptoms. Imaging methods - echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) and MRI, are essential in establishing the diagnosis and the invasion of the tumour in the cardiac cavity. The severe evolution of secondary cardiac tumors depends on the extension of the primary tumour, but also on the severity of the clinical cardiac manifestations. Generally, the treatment is surgical. A correct diagnosis is important in the clinical setting since cardiac metastases are able to induce sudden cardiac death1. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth cause of cancer in the world and the second cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with more than 830,000 deaths recorded annually2. We present a case of HCC growth into the vena cava inferior (VCI) and invasion into the right atrium (RA).
{"title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Right Atrial Metastasis","authors":"I. Tasheva","doi":"10.31579/2639-4162/131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/131","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiac tumours may be primary or secondary-metastatic (malignant). Secondary cardiac tumours are much more common than primary cardiac tumours. Their frequency on large anatomical studies varies between 3.4% and 13.9%. Though cardiac metastases may originate from any malignant tumor, melanomas have the greatest propensity for cardiac involvement, and also carcinomas of the thorax, including breast, lung, and esophageal [12,13]. The routes of metastasis include direct invasion, hematogenous, lymphatic, or transvenous, especially through the inferior vena cava [9,10]. Cardiac involvement should be suspected or sought in any patient with a known malignancy who develops new cardiovascular signs or symptoms. Imaging methods - echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) and MRI, are essential in establishing the diagnosis and the invasion of the tumour in the cardiac cavity. The severe evolution of secondary cardiac tumors depends on the extension of the primary tumour, but also on the severity of the clinical cardiac manifestations. Generally, the treatment is surgical. A correct diagnosis is important in the clinical setting since cardiac metastases are able to induce sudden cardiac death1. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth cause of cancer in the world and the second cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with more than 830,000 deaths recorded annually2. We present a case of HCC growth into the vena cava inferior (VCI) and invasion into the right atrium (RA).","PeriodicalId":93288,"journal":{"name":"General medicine and clinical practice","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140513717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is a condition that can occur for different reasons and can lead to acute kidney injury or chronic kidney failure. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is a disease that involves both tubules and interstitium of the kidney parenchyma, mostly reversible and characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration (lymphocyte, monocytes and macrophages) in the tubulointerstitial area. There are 4 main causes of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis: drugs (75%), systemic diseases (10-15%), infections (5-10%), uveitis with tubulointerstitial nephritis (TINU) (5-10%) (1,2). Although the pathogenesis of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis is not clear, it is thought to be an autoimmune disease that develops as a result of the effects of both cellular and humoral immune mechanisms (4.5). ATN may therefore accompany other autoimmune diseases. Antigens that cross-react with kidney tubule cells and eye ciliary body epithelium are thought to be responsible for the initial pathogenesis of uveitis associated with tubulointerstitial nephritis (3). In this article, anterior uveitis syndrome with tubulointerstitial nephritis, which is rarely seen, is presented.
{"title":"A Rare Syndrome with Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: TINU Syndrome","authors":"Mehmet Selim Mamiş","doi":"10.31579/2639-4162/118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/118","url":null,"abstract":"Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is a condition that can occur for different reasons and can lead to acute kidney injury or chronic kidney failure. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is a disease that involves both tubules and interstitium of the kidney parenchyma, mostly reversible and characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration (lymphocyte, monocytes and macrophages) in the tubulointerstitial area. There are 4 main causes of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis: drugs (75%), systemic diseases (10-15%), infections (5-10%), uveitis with tubulointerstitial nephritis (TINU) (5-10%) (1,2). Although the pathogenesis of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis is not clear, it is thought to be an autoimmune disease that develops as a result of the effects of both cellular and humoral immune mechanisms (4.5). ATN may therefore accompany other autoimmune diseases. Antigens that cross-react with kidney tubule cells and eye ciliary body epithelium are thought to be responsible for the initial pathogenesis of uveitis associated with tubulointerstitial nephritis (3). In this article, anterior uveitis syndrome with tubulointerstitial nephritis, which is rarely seen, is presented.","PeriodicalId":93288,"journal":{"name":"General medicine and clinical practice","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140513362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article describes brand new field in Phisycs through the Theory of new axioms and laws. It includes 2 new axioms and 8 new laws. It was described by the same author in previous articles and reports. It expands the Classic Field Theory which describes parametric processes to a much more general theory which describes nonparametric processes. It consists new type of field (accelerating and decelerating) and new tipes of movement (cross and longitudinal). The expanding includes Gravity field, Free Energy and even live structures. In present report are used 2 Axiom and 6 Laws only. It is known that Maxwell’s laws (1864) are based on a single base axiom [1]. It states that the movement in a closed loop leads to evenly movement (with constant speed) of a vector E: div rot E = 0. The author change this axiom with a new one (Axiom1), according which the movement in an open loop (div rot E ≠ 0) or vortex (div Vor E ≠ 0) leads to unevenly movement (with variable speed) of a vector E [2]. The subsequent results are: the evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement which can be decelerating or accelerating; in 2D is defined a cross vortex and in 3D is defined a longitudinal vortex. For example: the cross vortex in 2D is transformed to a longitudinal vortex in 3D through a transformation Δ1(Law1); the longitudinal vortex in 3D is transformed to a cross vortex in 2D through transformation Δ2(Law2); decelerating vortex emits free cross vortices to the environment that are called “free energy” (Law5); accelerating vortex sucks the same one’s free cross vortices (Law6) and so on. The electron is an field particle that contains a decelerating cross vortex. It pulsates in time and this is the reason in contraction phase to emit Free transverse vortices into the environment. These free cross vortices then self-organize into something like dipoles. These imaginary and invisible dipoles don’t react to the amplitude of an applied Electromagnetic Field at all. These primary dipoles react instantly and orient themselves only at high acceleration of the Electromagnetic Field.The acceleration and not the amplitude is the reason for the movement of the imaginary dipoles (as free energy) to the poles of anoutside Electromagnetic Field. In this report the author describes the essence of the phenomenon free energy as moving primary decelerating and accelerating dipoles. The free energy is as result of the structure and the dynamic of the transverse vortices from theory of new Axioms and Laws. For now the ultimate goal is to create a device that sucks in and separates with high acceleration (between two different poles) these decelerating and accelerating dipoles. And finally in this way, an Electrical Voltage to be created between these two poles. The acceleration approach was used by Nikola Tesla (1931) in the creation of “free energy” generator that was installed in “Pierce –Arrow Corporation” car instead of previous gasoline engine.
文章通过新公理和新定律理论描述了 Phisycs 的全新领域。其中包括 2 条新公理和 8 条新定律。该理论由同一作者在之前的文章和报告中描述。它将描述参数过程的经典场论扩展为描述非参数过程的更为广泛的理论。它包括新型场（加速和减速）和新的运动轨迹（横向和纵向）。扩展包括重力场、自由能甚至活结构。本报告只使用了 2 个公理和 6 个定律。众所周知，麦克斯韦定律（1864 年）基于一个单一的基本公理[1]。作者用一个新公理（公理 1）改变了这一公理，根据该公理，在开环（div rot E ≠ 0）或涡旋（div Vor E ≠ 0）中的运动会导致矢量 E 的不均匀运动（变速）[2]。随后的结果是：匀速运动被不均匀运动取代，不均匀运动可以是减速运动，也可以是加速运动；在二维中定义为横向漩涡，在三维中定义为纵向漩涡。例如：二维中的十字涡通过变换 Δ1（定律 1）转化为三维中的纵向涡；三维中的纵向涡通过变换 Δ2（定律 2）转化为二维中的十字涡；减速涡向环境释放自由十字涡，称为 "自由能"（定律 5）；加速涡吸入同样的自由十字涡（定律 6）等等。电子是一个包含减速交叉涡旋的场粒子。它在时间上脉动，这就是在收缩阶段向环境发射自由横向涡的原因。这些自由横向漩涡会自我组织成类似偶极子的东西。这些虚构的、不可见的偶极子对外加电磁场的振幅没有任何反应。只有在高加速度的电磁场中，这些原偶极子才会立即做出反应并确定方向。加速度而不是振幅是虚偶极子（作为自由能量）向外部电磁场两极运动的原因。在本报告中，作者描述了自由能现象的本质，即移动的初级减速偶极子和加速偶极子。自由能是新公理和定律理论中横向涡旋结构和动态的结果。目前，我们的最终目标是创建一个装置，以高加速度（在两个不同极点之间）吸入并分离这些减速和加速偶极子。最后，通过这种方式在这两极之间产生电压。尼古拉-特斯拉（Nikola Tesla，1931 年）在制造 "自由能源 "发电机时使用了这种加速方法，并将其安装在 "皮尔斯-艾罗公司 "的汽车上，以取代以前的汽油发动机。
{"title":"The Essence of Free Energy as Application of Transverse Vortices, According the new Axioms and Laws","authors":"Valentina Markova","doi":"10.31579/2639-4162/129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/129","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes brand new field in Phisycs through the Theory of new axioms and laws. It includes 2 new axioms and 8 new laws. It was described by the same author in previous articles and reports. It expands the Classic Field Theory which describes parametric processes to a much more general theory which describes nonparametric processes. It consists new type of field (accelerating and decelerating) and new tipes of movement (cross and longitudinal). The expanding includes Gravity field, Free Energy and even live structures. In present report are used 2 Axiom and 6 Laws only. It is known that Maxwell’s laws (1864) are based on a single base axiom [1]. It states that the movement in a closed loop leads to evenly movement (with constant speed) of a vector E: div rot E = 0. The author change this axiom with a new one (Axiom1), according which the movement in an open loop (div rot E ≠ 0) or vortex (div Vor E ≠ 0) leads to unevenly movement (with variable speed) of a vector E [2]. The subsequent results are: the evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement which can be decelerating or accelerating; in 2D is defined a cross vortex and in 3D is defined a longitudinal vortex. For example: the cross vortex in 2D is transformed to a longitudinal vortex in 3D through a transformation Δ1(Law1); the longitudinal vortex in 3D is transformed to a cross vortex in 2D through transformation Δ2(Law2); decelerating vortex emits free cross vortices to the environment that are called “free energy” (Law5); accelerating vortex sucks the same one’s free cross vortices (Law6) and so on. The electron is an field particle that contains a decelerating cross vortex. It pulsates in time and this is the reason in contraction phase to emit Free transverse vortices into the environment. These free cross vortices then self-organize into something like dipoles. These imaginary and invisible dipoles don’t react to the amplitude of an applied Electromagnetic Field at all. These primary dipoles react instantly and orient themselves only at high acceleration of the Electromagnetic Field.The acceleration and not the amplitude is the reason for the movement of the imaginary dipoles (as free energy) to the poles of anoutside Electromagnetic Field. In this report the author describes the essence of the phenomenon free energy as moving primary decelerating and accelerating dipoles. The free energy is as result of the structure and the dynamic of the transverse vortices from theory of new Axioms and Laws. For now the ultimate goal is to create a device that sucks in and separates with high acceleration (between two different poles) these decelerating and accelerating dipoles. And finally in this way, an Electrical Voltage to be created between these two poles. The acceleration approach was used by Nikola Tesla (1931) in the creation of “free energy” generator that was installed in “Pierce –Arrow Corporation” car instead of previous gasoline engine.","PeriodicalId":93288,"journal":{"name":"General medicine and clinical practice","volume":"32 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140513740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Curcumin is a natural compound found in turmeric and has shown potential in treating a variety of diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, curcumin has low bioavailability and poor solubility in water, which limits its therapeutic efficacy. Transferosomes are specialized lipid vesicles that can encapsulate drugs and other bioactive molecules, allowing them to be delivered to specific target tissues. Curcumin, a natural compound found in turmeric, has been the subject of intense study due to its potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Transferosomes are lipid-based nanoparticles that can encapsulate hydrophobic compounds like curcumin and improve their delivery to target tissues. They can also enhance the absorption of drugs through the skin or mucous membranes. Several studies have investigated the potential of curcumin loaded transferosomes in various applications, such as wound healing, cancer treatment, and anti-inflammatory therapy. These studies have shown promising results, indicating that transferosomes could be an effective drug delivery system for curcumin. However, more research is needed to optimize the formulation and improve the stability and shelf-life curcumin-loaded transferosomes. Additionally, the safety and toxicity of these nanoparticles need to be thoroughly evaluated before they can be used in clinical application. In our study we have observed drug content 4.47mg/ml and EE% was found to be 94.8%, the percentage of drug release of curcumin transferosomes was observed as 30.8%at time period of 4hr.
{"title":"An Article on Curcumin Loaded Transferosomes as A Novel Drug Delivery System","authors":"Abbaraju Krishna sailaja","doi":"10.31579/2639-4162/122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/122","url":null,"abstract":"Curcumin is a natural compound found in turmeric and has shown potential in treating a variety of diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, curcumin has low bioavailability and poor solubility in water, which limits its therapeutic efficacy. Transferosomes are specialized lipid vesicles that can encapsulate drugs and other bioactive molecules, allowing them to be delivered to specific target tissues. Curcumin, a natural compound found in turmeric, has been the subject of intense study due to its potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Transferosomes are lipid-based nanoparticles that can encapsulate hydrophobic compounds like curcumin and improve their delivery to target tissues. They can also enhance the absorption of drugs through the skin or mucous membranes. Several studies have investigated the potential of curcumin loaded transferosomes in various applications, such as wound healing, cancer treatment, and anti-inflammatory therapy. These studies have shown promising results, indicating that transferosomes could be an effective drug delivery system for curcumin. However, more research is needed to optimize the formulation and improve the stability and shelf-life curcumin-loaded transferosomes. Additionally, the safety and toxicity of these nanoparticles need to be thoroughly evaluated before they can be used in clinical application. In our study we have observed drug content 4.47mg/ml and EE% was found to be 94.8%, the percentage of drug release of curcumin transferosomes was observed as 30.8%at time period of 4hr.","PeriodicalId":93288,"journal":{"name":"General medicine and clinical practice","volume":"1 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140513599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background It is not clear whether the symptoms of covid-19 have varied throughout the pandemic and what effect vaccination may have had. Objective To compare clinical-epidemiological characteristics between cases of covid-19 in 2020 without vaccination, and covid-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people with vaccine booster during 2022 in general medicine. Methodology Comparison of secondary data of cases of covid-19 without vaccination of previous studies in 2020, with other cases of covid-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people with vaccine booster in 2022, all of them carried out in the same population of patients treated in a general medicine office in Toledo, Spain. Results Cases of covid-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people with vaccine booster in 2022 (N= 46) vs. cases in 2020 without vaccination (N=100), differed statistically by being older, having more sociohealth workers, presenting more chronic diseases, and having more ENT symptoms and fewer digestive and psychiatric ones. Conclusions In the context of general medicine in Toledo (Spain), the cases of covid-19 in 2022 are different from those of 2020, affecting older people and showing symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. This change in symptoms that causes covid-19 to present itself as a common cold can do away with preventive precautions, so it is important to test to see what the symptoms mean.
{"title":"Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections In Vaccinated People With Vaccine Booster In 2022 Versus Covid-19 Cases In Unvaccinated People In 2020: A New Disease Whose Clinic we Should Know or Another Cause of The Old Symptoms of The Common Cold?","authors":"J. Luis Turabián","doi":"10.31579/2639-4162/060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/060","url":null,"abstract":"Background It is not clear whether the symptoms of covid-19 have varied throughout the pandemic and what effect vaccination may have had. Objective To compare clinical-epidemiological characteristics between cases of covid-19 in 2020 without vaccination, and covid-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people with vaccine booster during 2022 in general medicine. Methodology Comparison of secondary data of cases of covid-19 without vaccination of previous studies in 2020, with other cases of covid-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people with vaccine booster in 2022, all of them carried out in the same population of patients treated in a general medicine office in Toledo, Spain. Results Cases of covid-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people with vaccine booster in 2022 (N= 46) vs. cases in 2020 without vaccination (N=100), differed statistically by being older, having more sociohealth workers, presenting more chronic diseases, and having more ENT symptoms and fewer digestive and psychiatric ones. Conclusions In the context of general medicine in Toledo (Spain), the cases of covid-19 in 2022 are different from those of 2020, affecting older people and showing symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. This change in symptoms that causes covid-19 to present itself as a common cold can do away with preventive precautions, so it is important to test to see what the symptoms mean.","PeriodicalId":93288,"journal":{"name":"General medicine and clinical practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42688184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Vaccine covid-19 booster effectiveness (VBE) timing is not clearly known Objective: To compare the cases of covid-19 in vaccinated booster people with a time of <15 days vs. >= 15 days from booster to infection diagnosis and assess their relative VBE. Methodology: An observational, longitudinal and prospective study of adult patients with covid-19 breakthrough infections in booster vaccinated people, in general medicine and for the period December 2021 to February 2022, during the omicron variant contagion wave. Results: Forty-six cases were included, 15 cases of Covid-19 breakthrough infections with booster shot <15 days (33%) with a mean time in days from booster to diagnostic covid-19 of 6 days, and 31 cases with booster > = 15 days (67%) with a time in days from booster to covid-19 diagnostic of 37 days of mean. Relative VBE <15 days (cases where it can be considered that the booster is not yet effective) vs. > = 15 days (cases where it can be considered that the booster is already effective) [1 - (Cases with vaccine Booster shot < 15 days) / (Cases with vaccine Booster shot > = 15 days) x 100] was 60%. Covid-19 cases with booster shot <15 days had been more vaccinated with 2 doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Vaxzevria, Oxford / AstraZeneca) plus booster of mRNA-1273 vaccine (Spikevax, formerly covid-19 Vaccine Moderna). Conclusion: In the general practice setting in Toledo, Spain, from December 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022, at the peak of omicron infections, booster after a period of <15 days provided 60% relative protection against symptomatic disease vs. > = 15 days. The results suggest that booster received <15 days provided early protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection of symptomatic Covid-19 of 60%. However, this result does not seem logical: this lower early risk may be transient and due to “vaccinated bias.”
{"title":"Characteristics and Vaccine Booster Effectiveness in Covid-19 Infections Using 15 Days Post-Booster Period as Baseline during the Omicron Wave in A General Medicine office in Toledo (Spain)","authors":"J. Luis Turabián","doi":"10.31579/2639-4162/050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/050","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vaccine covid-19 booster effectiveness (VBE) timing is not clearly known Objective: To compare the cases of covid-19 in vaccinated booster people with a time of <15 days vs. >= 15 days from booster to infection diagnosis and assess their relative VBE. Methodology: An observational, longitudinal and prospective study of adult patients with covid-19 breakthrough infections in booster vaccinated people, in general medicine and for the period December 2021 to February 2022, during the omicron variant contagion wave. Results: Forty-six cases were included, 15 cases of Covid-19 breakthrough infections with booster shot <15 days (33%) with a mean time in days from booster to diagnostic covid-19 of 6 days, and 31 cases with booster > = 15 days (67%) with a time in days from booster to covid-19 diagnostic of 37 days of mean. Relative VBE <15 days (cases where it can be considered that the booster is not yet effective) vs. > = 15 days (cases where it can be considered that the booster is already effective) [1 - (Cases with vaccine Booster shot < 15 days) / (Cases with vaccine Booster shot > = 15 days) x 100] was 60%. Covid-19 cases with booster shot <15 days had been more vaccinated with 2 doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Vaxzevria, Oxford / AstraZeneca) plus booster of mRNA-1273 vaccine (Spikevax, formerly covid-19 Vaccine Moderna). Conclusion: In the general practice setting in Toledo, Spain, from December 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022, at the peak of omicron infections, booster after a period of <15 days provided 60% relative protection against symptomatic disease vs. > = 15 days. The results suggest that booster received <15 days provided early protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection of symptomatic Covid-19 of 60%. However, this result does not seem logical: this lower early risk may be transient and due to “vaccinated bias.”","PeriodicalId":93288,"journal":{"name":"General medicine and clinical practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45033812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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