Pub Date : 2022-01-03DOI: 10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2022.1118
Chang M-W, Wegener Dt, P. J, Lee Re
Purpose: This study investigated the associations between stress, body mass index (BMI) category (overweight versus obesity), pregnancy status (pregnant versus postpartum) and distinct domains of eating behaviors (restrained eating, overeating, or uncontrolled eating) in low-income women. This study also examined whether BMI category or pregnancy status moderated the associations between stress and eating behaviors. Methods: 688 low-income women completed previously validated surveys measuring stress and eating behaviors. Linear regression analysis was performed. Results: Stress was not significantly associated with restrained eating. However, stress was significantly associated with overeating (unstandardized parameter estimate (B=0.10, p<0.0001, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.12) and with uncontrolled eating (B=0.11, p<0.0001; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.14). BMI category and pregnancy status were not associated with any types of eating behaviors and did not affect the associations between stress and restrained eating, overeating or uncontrolled eating. Conclusion: The presence of significant associations between stress and overeating and between stress and uncontrolled eating support the possibility that enhanced ability to manage or cope with stress might have associated influences on ability to manage weight regardless low-income women’s body size or pregnancy status.
{"title":"Associations between Stress, Body Mass Index, Demographics and Eating Behaviors in Low-Income Overweight or Obese Women","authors":"Chang M-W, Wegener Dt, P. J, Lee Re","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2022.1118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2022.1118","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study investigated the associations between stress, body mass index (BMI) category (overweight versus obesity), pregnancy status (pregnant versus postpartum) and distinct domains of eating behaviors (restrained eating, overeating, or uncontrolled eating) in low-income women. This study also examined whether BMI category or pregnancy status moderated the associations between stress and eating behaviors. Methods: 688 low-income women completed previously validated surveys measuring stress and eating behaviors. Linear regression analysis was performed. Results: Stress was not significantly associated with restrained eating. However, stress was significantly associated with overeating (unstandardized parameter estimate (B=0.10, p<0.0001, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.12) and with uncontrolled eating (B=0.11, p<0.0001; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.14). BMI category and pregnancy status were not associated with any types of eating behaviors and did not affect the associations between stress and restrained eating, overeating or uncontrolled eating. Conclusion: The presence of significant associations between stress and overeating and between stress and uncontrolled eating support the possibility that enhanced ability to manage or cope with stress might have associated influences on ability to manage weight regardless low-income women’s body size or pregnancy status.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48350049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thailand achieved Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in 2002 through three main public health insurance schemes; the tax-financed Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (CSMBS) covers public sector employees and dependants (7.1% of total population), payroll-tax financed Social Health Insurance (SHI) Scheme covers private sector employees (17.2%), and the tax-financed Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) covers the remaining majority (75.7%) [1,2]. Registered migrant workers are covered by the SHI while voluntary premium-contribution migrant health insurance, managed by Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), covers undocumented migrants and their dependants. Hence, many unregistered migrant workers and their family members are not covered by any financial risk protection systems; services are paid for out-of-pocket [3]. Extensive geographical coverage of district health systems facilitates adequate and equitable access [4] with low levels of unmet needs [5]. The comprehensive benefit package [2] and free-at-point of services result in low and continually decreasing prevalence of catastrophic health spending [6] (6.7% in 1994 to 2.2% in 2017 [7]) and incidence of impoverishment (1.4% in 1996 to 0.4% in 2015 (using international poverty line of US$ 3.1 per capita per day)) [8]. This perspective analyses how Thailand has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic through the UHC lens, covering all Thai and non-Thai populations, including migrant workers, with a comprehensive set of COVID-19-related services for everyone--a key contributing factor to pandemic containment.
{"title":"Thailand UHC in Action: Universal Access to Comprehensive COVID-19 Services by Thai and Non-Thai Population","authors":"Tangcharoensathien V, Viriyathorn S, Sachdev S, Sriprasert K, Kongkam L, Srichomphu K, Patcharanarumol W","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2022.1119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2022.1119","url":null,"abstract":"Thailand achieved Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in 2002 through three main public health insurance schemes; the tax-financed Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (CSMBS) covers public sector employees and dependants (7.1% of total population), payroll-tax financed Social Health Insurance (SHI) Scheme covers private sector employees (17.2%), and the tax-financed Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) covers the remaining majority (75.7%) [1,2]. Registered migrant workers are covered by the SHI while voluntary premium-contribution migrant health insurance, managed by Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), covers undocumented migrants and their dependants. Hence, many unregistered migrant workers and their family members are not covered by any financial risk protection systems; services are paid for out-of-pocket [3]. Extensive geographical coverage of district health systems facilitates adequate and equitable access [4] with low levels of unmet needs [5]. The comprehensive benefit package [2] and free-at-point of services result in low and continually decreasing prevalence of catastrophic health spending [6] (6.7% in 1994 to 2.2% in 2017 [7]) and incidence of impoverishment (1.4% in 1996 to 0.4% in 2015 (using international poverty line of US$ 3.1 per capita per day)) [8]. This perspective analyses how Thailand has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic through the UHC lens, covering all Thai and non-Thai populations, including migrant workers, with a comprehensive set of COVID-19-related services for everyone--a key contributing factor to pandemic containment.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41539678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-29DOI: 10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1117
Mistler Cb, Rosen Ao, Eger W, Copenhaver Mm, S. R
Background: The number of deaths from drug overdose in the United States has more than doubled in the past decade. In particular, drug overdose deaths involving fentanyl have doubled every year since 2013. Rapid fentanyl test strips (FTS) are a useful strategy for detecting traces of fentanyl in substances and have received overwhelming support from individuals with opioid-dependence. Methods: We investigated fentanyl use, knowledge of FTS, willingness to use FTS, and overdose history among a sample of 105 individuals currently on medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Results: Results showed that the majority (63%) of the sample had experienced a non-fatal overdose and that 85% of participants were willing to use FTS. The majority of participants reported concern about fentanyl in their drug supply (70%) and 77% reported likelihood of past unintentional fentanyl use. Of note, only about half (47%) of participants knew of FTS prior to being surveyed, and only 17% reported ever using FTS. Conclusion: These results expand on previous literature that documents high levels of willingness, yet low uptake of FTS among individuals on MOUD. Widespread education about FTS, in addition to the implementation of the use of FTS, is a highly promising and critical primary prevention alternative to overdose treatment and/or death due to fentanyl.
{"title":"Fentanyl Test Strip Use and Overdose History among Individuals on Medication for Opioid Use Disorder","authors":"Mistler Cb, Rosen Ao, Eger W, Copenhaver Mm, S. R","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1117","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The number of deaths from drug overdose in the United States has more than doubled in the past decade. In particular, drug overdose deaths involving fentanyl have doubled every year since 2013. Rapid fentanyl test strips (FTS) are a useful strategy for detecting traces of fentanyl in substances and have received overwhelming support from individuals with opioid-dependence. Methods: We investigated fentanyl use, knowledge of FTS, willingness to use FTS, and overdose history among a sample of 105 individuals currently on medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Results: Results showed that the majority (63%) of the sample had experienced a non-fatal overdose and that 85% of participants were willing to use FTS. The majority of participants reported concern about fentanyl in their drug supply (70%) and 77% reported likelihood of past unintentional fentanyl use. Of note, only about half (47%) of participants knew of FTS prior to being surveyed, and only 17% reported ever using FTS. Conclusion: These results expand on previous literature that documents high levels of willingness, yet low uptake of FTS among individuals on MOUD. Widespread education about FTS, in addition to the implementation of the use of FTS, is a highly promising and critical primary prevention alternative to overdose treatment and/or death due to fentanyl.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47472871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1116
Yakushin Ma, Gorenkov Rv, Vasilieva Tp, Melerzanov Av, Alexandrova Oy, Yarotskiy Sy, Malakhova Ar, M. A., Bischof Ey
The COVID-19 pandemic enforced societies to rapidly restructure industrial, social security, and public health care processes. Several countries, where organized anti-epidemic measures were implemented, indicated the efficacy of strict adherence to measures that flexibly balance between self-isolation and social distancing. The population group at the highest risk of mortality and morbidity, most susceptible to infection, and the impaction by stress factors - the elderly - is at the same time strongly endangered by social deprivation, mental health decrease, and suicide. It is thus especially important to establish safe leisure environments and create comfortable conditions for the elderly who live alone. Optimally, a correctly selected set of measures should facilitate efficient use of the free time to enforce physical and mental health, including aspects crucial for the individual quality of life. Here, we propose such a setting of approaches based on the pandemic experience in Russia. We outline general and specific management options that tackle the subpopulation of the elderly, rendering a positive effect on the health status of all citizens, thus at the level of public health.
{"title":"Organization of Protective Regime for Elderly Population in the COVID-19 Pandemic Period","authors":"Yakushin Ma, Gorenkov Rv, Vasilieva Tp, Melerzanov Av, Alexandrova Oy, Yarotskiy Sy, Malakhova Ar, M. A., Bischof Ey","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1116","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic enforced societies to rapidly restructure industrial, social security, and public health care processes. Several countries, where organized anti-epidemic measures were implemented, indicated the efficacy of strict adherence to measures that flexibly balance between self-isolation and social distancing. The population group at the highest risk of mortality and morbidity, most susceptible to infection, and the impaction by stress factors - the elderly - is at the same time strongly endangered by social deprivation, mental health decrease, and suicide. It is thus especially important to establish safe leisure environments and create comfortable conditions for the elderly who live alone. Optimally, a correctly selected set of measures should facilitate efficient use of the free time to enforce physical and mental health, including aspects crucial for the individual quality of life. Here, we propose such a setting of approaches based on the pandemic experience in Russia. We outline general and specific management options that tackle the subpopulation of the elderly, rendering a positive effect on the health status of all citizens, thus at the level of public health.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42856017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1114
Tramuta C, Decastelli L, Bianchi Dm, Boteva C, P. M., Masotti C, Serracca L, Battistini R
With this study we investigated the resistance and the presence of resistance genes in 22 Vibrio spp. strains isolated from Crassostrea gigas oysters collected from the Golfo della Spezia (Liguria, Italy). Colonies were identified by MALDITOF mass spectrometry and tested for antibiotic susceptibility using a broth microdilution method. Primer pairs for gene amplification of tet, bla, qnr, sul and mcr were used to screen for resistance determinants. Potentially pathogenic Vibrio species were detected: V. alginolyticus (68%), V. harveyi (18%), and V. parahaemolyticus (14%). Multiplex PCR revealed the blaTEM gene, which was responsible for ampicillin resistance in 68% of identified strains. High levels of resistance were observed also for ciprofloxacin (91%), ampicillin (73%), and colistin (73%); 45% of the isolates were resistant to three antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report Vibrio strains encoding the blaTEM gene in Crassostrea gigas oyster samples from Northern Italy and to find an association between phenotypic and genotypic ampicillin resistance. This finding indicates raw oysters as a possible source of antibiotic-resistant Vibrio carrying resistance determinants and a potential for spread of resistance through the food chain.
通过这项研究，我们调查了22种弧菌的耐药性和耐药性基因的存在。从意大利利古里亚的Golfo della Spezia采集的巨型牡蛎中分离出的菌株。菌落通过MALDITOF质谱法鉴定，并使用肉汤微量稀释法检测抗生素敏感性。用tet、bla、qnr、sul和mcr基因扩增引物对筛选抗性决定簇。检测到潜在致病性弧菌：溶藻弧菌（68%）、哈维氏弧菌（18%）和副溶血弧菌（14%）。多重PCR揭示了blaTEM基因，该基因在68%的已鉴定菌株中对氨苄青霉素产生耐药性。对环丙沙星（91%）、氨苄青霉素（73%）和粘菌素（73%）也观察到高水平的耐药性；45%的分离株对三种抗生素具有耐药性。据我们所知，这是首次报道意大利北部巨型牡蛎样本中编码blaTEM基因的弧菌菌株，并发现表型和基因型氨苄青霉素耐药性之间的关联。这一发现表明，生牡蛎可能是携带耐药性决定因素的抗生素耐药性弧菌的来源，并有可能通过食物链传播耐药性。
{"title":"First Detection of Ampicillin Resistant Gene (blaTEM) Isolated from Vibrio Species in Northern Italy","authors":"Tramuta C, Decastelli L, Bianchi Dm, Boteva C, P. M., Masotti C, Serracca L, Battistini R","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1114","url":null,"abstract":"With this study we investigated the resistance and the presence of resistance genes in 22 Vibrio spp. strains isolated from Crassostrea gigas oysters collected from the Golfo della Spezia (Liguria, Italy). Colonies were identified by MALDITOF mass spectrometry and tested for antibiotic susceptibility using a broth microdilution method. Primer pairs for gene amplification of tet, bla, qnr, sul and mcr were used to screen for resistance determinants. Potentially pathogenic Vibrio species were detected: V. alginolyticus (68%), V. harveyi (18%), and V. parahaemolyticus (14%). Multiplex PCR revealed the blaTEM gene, which was responsible for ampicillin resistance in 68% of identified strains. High levels of resistance were observed also for ciprofloxacin (91%), ampicillin (73%), and colistin (73%); 45% of the isolates were resistant to three antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report Vibrio strains encoding the blaTEM gene in Crassostrea gigas oyster samples from Northern Italy and to find an association between phenotypic and genotypic ampicillin resistance. This finding indicates raw oysters as a possible source of antibiotic-resistant Vibrio carrying resistance determinants and a potential for spread of resistance through the food chain.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46678738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1113
Makhlouf M, Ismahen B, Hayet A, Hedia K, Iadh M, Hejer L, Nissaf Ba, Jawhar M
Background: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a specific reporting system was set up in Tunisia to allow communication and timely follow-up of cases. These data are used among others to take public health measures to control this infection. However, effective decisions should be based on high quality data. Purpose: Our objective was to quantitatively evaluate the quality of the data of COVID-19 cases reporting in Sfax from March 2020 to June 2021. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study that refers to the data collected in the reporting of covid-19 patients. Three quality attributes were studied, availability, promptness or punctuality and completeness. The source of the data was the Case Report Forms (CRFs) developed by the National Office of New and Emerging Diseases (ONMNE) collected mainly by telephone. A sample of 384 CRFs was selected by systematic random sampling. Findings: Only 29% of the MSDSs (15972) were available compared to the expected ones (38852). As for punctuality, 23% (n=87) were received at the surveillance cell within 48 hours of case confirmation. On the other hand, they reveal that the information recorded in the MSDS by the interveners was globally very insufficient and or illegible, especially the identification of the reporter and the contacts of the patients with scores of 53.9% and 43.9%. Overall, the quality of the data was judged “poor” in the majority of cases (72.13%). Conclusion: The present study revealed that our data reported during this pandemic are not timely and not satisfactory both quantitatively and qualitatively. We therefore recommend an evaluation of the entire communication system on a regular basis. Also, a mandatory training cycle for all primary care physicians and biologists in bio-statistics is necessary to better understand the usefulness of data collection, analysis and interpretation.
{"title":"Quality of Reporting Data for Covid-19 Cases in Sfax (Tunisia) in 2020-2021","authors":"Makhlouf M, Ismahen B, Hayet A, Hedia K, Iadh M, Hejer L, Nissaf Ba, Jawhar M","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1113","url":null,"abstract":"Background: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a specific reporting system was set up in Tunisia to allow communication and timely follow-up of cases. These data are used among others to take public health measures to control this infection. However, effective decisions should be based on high quality data. Purpose: Our objective was to quantitatively evaluate the quality of the data of COVID-19 cases reporting in Sfax from March 2020 to June 2021. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study that refers to the data collected in the reporting of covid-19 patients. Three quality attributes were studied, availability, promptness or punctuality and completeness. The source of the data was the Case Report Forms (CRFs) developed by the National Office of New and Emerging Diseases (ONMNE) collected mainly by telephone. A sample of 384 CRFs was selected by systematic random sampling. Findings: Only 29% of the MSDSs (15972) were available compared to the expected ones (38852). As for punctuality, 23% (n=87) were received at the surveillance cell within 48 hours of case confirmation. On the other hand, they reveal that the information recorded in the MSDS by the interveners was globally very insufficient and or illegible, especially the identification of the reporter and the contacts of the patients with scores of 53.9% and 43.9%. Overall, the quality of the data was judged “poor” in the majority of cases (72.13%). Conclusion: The present study revealed that our data reported during this pandemic are not timely and not satisfactory both quantitatively and qualitatively. We therefore recommend an evaluation of the entire communication system on a regular basis. Also, a mandatory training cycle for all primary care physicians and biologists in bio-statistics is necessary to better understand the usefulness of data collection, analysis and interpretation.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43734540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dairy subsector in Rwanda is the most important portion of the livestock sector and antibiotics are frequently used in veterinary aspects to treat zoonotic agents. The present study aimed to determine knowledge, attitudes, and practices on antibiotics use among cattle keepers in Nyagatare District. The target population was 384 cattle keepers and cross sectional study design was conducted. A structured questionnaire was used by researcher to collect the data and SPSS version 21 has been analyzed used to analyze the data. The study findings show that 86.7% were male, 76.0% were married, 85.9% had more than 5 years in keeping cattle, 39.3% had between 11-20 cows in their farms while 34.1% had to make between 1 and 3 kilometers to reach a veterinary pharmacy from their firms. The present study revealed that 64.3% of respondents had a low level of knowledge towards antibiotic use in cattle and 73.7% of the respondents had positive attitude towards antibiotic use in cattle. Cattle keepers who required to walk less than one km from farm to veterinary pharmacy were less likely (AOR=0.06; 95% CI: (0.01-0.30); p=001) to have poor practice on antibiotic use in cattle than those living far from the vet pharmacy. In conclusion, cattle keepers from Nyagatare district demonstrated poor knowledge, positive attitude and poor practices towards antibiotic use. Therefore, educational programs are urgently needed to train to raise famer’s awareness about proper antibiotics use with particular attention to public health problems that may rise due to poor use of antibiotics in cattle.
{"title":"Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Antibiotics Use among Cattle Keepers in Nyagatare District, Rwanda","authors":"Mushayija Jp, Nikwigize S, Karangwa C, Manishimwe R, Habimana R, Rutayisire E","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1111","url":null,"abstract":"The dairy subsector in Rwanda is the most important portion of the livestock sector and antibiotics are frequently used in veterinary aspects to treat zoonotic agents. The present study aimed to determine knowledge, attitudes, and practices on antibiotics use among cattle keepers in Nyagatare District. The target population was 384 cattle keepers and cross sectional study design was conducted. A structured questionnaire was used by researcher to collect the data and SPSS version 21 has been analyzed used to analyze the data. The study findings show that 86.7% were male, 76.0% were married, 85.9% had more than 5 years in keeping cattle, 39.3% had between 11-20 cows in their farms while 34.1% had to make between 1 and 3 kilometers to reach a veterinary pharmacy from their firms. The present study revealed that 64.3% of respondents had a low level of knowledge towards antibiotic use in cattle and 73.7% of the respondents had positive attitude towards antibiotic use in cattle. Cattle keepers who required to walk less than one km from farm to veterinary pharmacy were less likely (AOR=0.06; 95% CI: (0.01-0.30); p=001) to have poor practice on antibiotic use in cattle than those living far from the vet pharmacy. In conclusion, cattle keepers from Nyagatare district demonstrated poor knowledge, positive attitude and poor practices towards antibiotic use. Therefore, educational programs are urgently needed to train to raise famer’s awareness about proper antibiotics use with particular attention to public health problems that may rise due to poor use of antibiotics in cattle.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49244018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-30DOI: 10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1110
Assari S, Zare H
Background: Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment protect people against health problems, including but not limited to depressive symptoms. However, according to the marginalization-related Diminished Returns Framework (MDRs), SES indicators such as educational attainment show weaker health effects for marginalized than for socially privileged groups. We conducted this study-built on the MDRs-with two aims: First, to test the association between educational attainment and depressive symptoms, and second, to test variation in this association by immigration status. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2005-2016) data. Participants included 28,682 adults who were either non-immigrant (US-born) or immigrant. Demographic factors (age, sex, race, ethnicity, and marital status), SES (educational attainment), and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scale) were measured. Weighted Negative Binomial Regression (NBREG) models were used in Stata to adjust for the complex sample design of the NHANES. Models without and with interaction terms were estimated in the pooled sample and by immigration status. Results: Overall, high educational attainment showed an inverse association with depressive symptoms. However, as documented by statistical interactions between educational and immigrant status showed that immigrants with college education or above had experienced higher depressive symptoms (IRR: 1.26; CI: 1.08-1.48) than US-born individuals with college education or above. Conclusion: Educational attainment may have a differential association with the depressive symptoms of immigrant and non-immigrant people. Immigrant people report high depressive symptoms despite their high education.
{"title":"Immigrants’ Diminished Protective Effects of Educational Attainment against Depressive Symptoms in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2005-2016)","authors":"Assari S, Zare H","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1110","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment protect people against health problems, including but not limited to depressive symptoms. However, according to the marginalization-related Diminished Returns Framework (MDRs), SES indicators such as educational attainment show weaker health effects for marginalized than for socially privileged groups. We conducted this study-built on the MDRs-with two aims: First, to test the association between educational attainment and depressive symptoms, and second, to test variation in this association by immigration status. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2005-2016) data. Participants included 28,682 adults who were either non-immigrant (US-born) or immigrant. Demographic factors (age, sex, race, ethnicity, and marital status), SES (educational attainment), and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scale) were measured. Weighted Negative Binomial Regression (NBREG) models were used in Stata to adjust for the complex sample design of the NHANES. Models without and with interaction terms were estimated in the pooled sample and by immigration status. Results: Overall, high educational attainment showed an inverse association with depressive symptoms. However, as documented by statistical interactions between educational and immigrant status showed that immigrants with college education or above had experienced higher depressive symptoms (IRR: 1.26; CI: 1.08-1.48) than US-born individuals with college education or above. Conclusion: Educational attainment may have a differential association with the depressive symptoms of immigrant and non-immigrant people. Immigrant people report high depressive symptoms despite their high education.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44114475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-04DOI: 10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1108
Nopowo Nt, Akono Pn, N. R., Offono Le, Kojom R, Mache Pn, N. Oe, M. Ja, Mbongue Rs
The study was conducted in December 2019 and February 2020 in two areas of Ayos city, Akoun (urban site) and Ebabodo (peri-urban site), in order to study the spatial distribution of members of the Anopheles gambiae complex, to determine their resistance status and to investigate the occurrence and distribution of the Kdr mutation. Mosquitoes were collected at the larval stage using the dipping method and then reared to the adult stage. The susceptibility of adult populations of An. gambiae s.l. to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed according to the WHO recommended protocol. Mosquitoes from the tests were identified by SINE PCR. Only test survivors were used for Kdr mutation testing by PCR. In the study sites, the gambiae complex was composed of An. coluzzii and An. gambiae living in sympatry in their oviposition sites with a predominance of An. coluzzii in Akoun (90.83%) and Ebabodo (76.69%). Tests with deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT revealed mortality rates of less than 70% whatever the locality of origin of the anopheles. Diagnostic PCR for the Kdr mutation showed that 100% of the survivors had the mutation in both sites, with frequencies of the resistant allele of 1.0 in both species. The high resistance of An. coluzzii and An. gambiae to insecticides requires the development of new insecticidal molecules.
{"title":"Kdr Resistance Gene and Spatial Distribution of Anopheles gambiae Complex Members in a Secondary City in Central Africa: Ayos Case (South Cameroon)","authors":"Nopowo Nt, Akono Pn, N. R., Offono Le, Kojom R, Mache Pn, N. Oe, M. Ja, Mbongue Rs","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1108","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted in December 2019 and February 2020 in two areas of Ayos city, Akoun (urban site) and Ebabodo (peri-urban site), in order to study the spatial distribution of members of the Anopheles gambiae complex, to determine their resistance status and to investigate the occurrence and distribution of the Kdr mutation. Mosquitoes were collected at the larval stage using the dipping method and then reared to the adult stage. The susceptibility of adult populations of An. gambiae s.l. to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed according to the WHO recommended protocol. Mosquitoes from the tests were identified by SINE PCR. Only test survivors were used for Kdr mutation testing by PCR. In the study sites, the gambiae complex was composed of An. coluzzii and An. gambiae living in sympatry in their oviposition sites with a predominance of An. coluzzii in Akoun (90.83%) and Ebabodo (76.69%). Tests with deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT revealed mortality rates of less than 70% whatever the locality of origin of the anopheles. Diagnostic PCR for the Kdr mutation showed that 100% of the survivors had the mutation in both sites, with frequencies of the resistant allele of 1.0 in both species. The high resistance of An. coluzzii and An. gambiae to insecticides requires the development of new insecticidal molecules.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46838449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-04DOI: 10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1109
Zare H, Assari S
Background: While Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and employment are among the major drivers of health and illness, the health returns of SES indicators may differ across racial groups. Built on the Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns framework (MDRs) that refers to weaker health effects of SES indicators for marginalized and minoritized groups than non-Hispanic White people, we conducted this study with two aims: First, to test the association between educational attainment and employment with Cardio Metabolic Diseases (CMDs), and second, to test racial variations in these associations. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2016) data. Participants included 29,230 adults who were either non-Hispanic White or non-Hispanic Black. We measured the following: race, demographic factors (age and sex, and marital status), SES (educational attainment and employment), behaviors (smoking, drinking, and exercise), health insurance, and CMDs (diabetes, stroke, hypertension, and congestive heart failure). Weighted Poisson regression models were used in Stata to adjust for the complex sample design of the NHANES. Models without and with interactions were performed in the pooled sample. We also ran racestratified models. Results: Overall, high educational attainment and employment showed inverse associations with some CMDs. As documented by statistical interactions between race and our SES indicators, we observed weaker inverse associations between educational attainment and employment with some CMDs. Racestratified models also confirmed our main analysis; however, the results varied across CMD conditions. Conclusion: We observed that SES indicators such as educational attainment and employment have differential associations for racial groups. Compared to non-Hispanic White people, non-Hispanic Black people remain at CMDs risk across the full SES spectrum. This finding is in line with the MDRs framework and may be due to the structural racism, social stratification, and marginalization of non-Hispanic Black Americans.
{"title":"Non-Hispanic Black Americans’ Diminished Protective Effects of Educational Attainment and Employment against Cardiometabolic Diseases: NHANES 1999-2016","authors":"Zare H, Assari S","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1109","url":null,"abstract":"Background: While Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and employment are among the major drivers of health and illness, the health returns of SES indicators may differ across racial groups. Built on the Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns framework (MDRs) that refers to weaker health effects of SES indicators for marginalized and minoritized groups than non-Hispanic White people, we conducted this study with two aims: First, to test the association between educational attainment and employment with Cardio Metabolic Diseases (CMDs), and second, to test racial variations in these associations. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2016) data. Participants included 29,230 adults who were either non-Hispanic White or non-Hispanic Black. We measured the following: race, demographic factors (age and sex, and marital status), SES (educational attainment and employment), behaviors (smoking, drinking, and exercise), health insurance, and CMDs (diabetes, stroke, hypertension, and congestive heart failure). Weighted Poisson regression models were used in Stata to adjust for the complex sample design of the NHANES. Models without and with interactions were performed in the pooled sample. We also ran racestratified models. Results: Overall, high educational attainment and employment showed inverse associations with some CMDs. As documented by statistical interactions between race and our SES indicators, we observed weaker inverse associations between educational attainment and employment with some CMDs. Racestratified models also confirmed our main analysis; however, the results varied across CMD conditions. Conclusion: We observed that SES indicators such as educational attainment and employment have differential associations for racial groups. Compared to non-Hispanic White people, non-Hispanic Black people remain at CMDs risk across the full SES spectrum. This finding is in line with the MDRs framework and may be due to the structural racism, social stratification, and marginalization of non-Hispanic Black Americans.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41823880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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