M. Sanou, Absatou Ba Ky, Cyrile Ouedraogo, A. Ouedraogo, M. Tamboura, Dinanibé Kambire, A. Yonli, B. Nagalo, Ouedraougo Rasmata Traore
Introduction: Clinical syndromes of digestive expression or various origins, infectious diarrhea is a major public health problem in children in tropical countries. Methodology: This was a descriptive retrospective study aimed at analyzing the epidemiological and microbiological aspects of the stool cultures carried out in children aged 0-5 years hospitalized at CHUP-CDG from January 2010 to December 2015. Results: Out of 2329 stool cultures performed, we found a positivity rate of 4.12% with a predominance of requests in the infant service. With regard to the bacteria isolated, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli came first with 19 cases, then Salmonella spp with 10 cases and Shigella spp with 2 cases. Candida albicans were isolated in 30 cases and Candida spp in 33 cases. The frequency of parasites was 7.17% and that of Rotavirus / Adenovirus 44.12% (out of 68 virus search requests). 452 patients were on probabilistic antibiotic therapy out of 465 patients (97.20%) with a predominance of the combination ceftriaxone + gentamycin (87.6%). Also there were no suitable isolation media for germs such as as Yersinia, Campylobacter, and Clostridium. Conclusion: In view of all the above, there is a need to review the indications and the practical conditions for carrying out this technique in tropical environments with limited resources.
{"title":"Why So Many Negative Coproculture? About 2329 Corocultures Carried Out at the Charles De Gaulle Pediatric Hospital Center in Hospitalized Children Aged 0 To 5 Years Old","authors":"M. Sanou, Absatou Ba Ky, Cyrile Ouedraogo, A. Ouedraogo, M. Tamboura, Dinanibé Kambire, A. Yonli, B. Nagalo, Ouedraougo Rasmata Traore","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1142","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Clinical syndromes of digestive expression or various origins, infectious diarrhea is a major public health problem in children in tropical countries. Methodology: This was a descriptive retrospective study aimed at analyzing the epidemiological and microbiological aspects of the stool cultures carried out in children aged 0-5 years hospitalized at CHUP-CDG from January 2010 to December 2015. Results: Out of 2329 stool cultures performed, we found a positivity rate of 4.12% with a predominance of requests in the infant service. With regard to the bacteria isolated, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli came first with 19 cases, then Salmonella spp with 10 cases and Shigella spp with 2 cases. Candida albicans were isolated in 30 cases and Candida spp in 33 cases. The frequency of parasites was 7.17% and that of Rotavirus / Adenovirus 44.12% (out of 68 virus search requests). 452 patients were on probabilistic antibiotic therapy out of 465 patients (97.20%) with a predominance of the combination ceftriaxone + gentamycin (87.6%). Also there were no suitable isolation media for germs such as as Yersinia, Campylobacter, and Clostridium. Conclusion: In view of all the above, there is a need to review the indications and the practical conditions for carrying out this technique in tropical environments with limited resources.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41324502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a highly deadly infection transmitted to humans by ticks, has an acute course, and progresses with bleeding. The disease entered Turkey for the first time in 2002 and has continued until today. The primary source of transmission of the disease to humans is ticked and contact with the body fluids of infected animals or humans. Since animals have the subclinical disease, they have an important place, especially in human transmission. In this study, serum of people living in the urban and rural areas of Vezirkopru district and the rural areas of Kavak district are endemic in terms of CCHF disease in Samsun, without a history of tick bite and who came to the hospital for health check-ups were used. While serums were collected from the district urban and rural areas in Vezirkopru, only rural areas in the Kavak district were collected between January 2020 and March 2020. A total of 336 (168 Vezirkopru, 168 Kavak) serums were tested for CCHF Virus IgG antibodies. As a test result, 15 (8.9%) serum collected from Vezirkopru and 12 (7.1%) serum collected from Kavak were positive. When the studies conducted throughout Turkey are examined, the seroprevalence rate determined in the region was found to be close to the endemic regions.
{"title":"Investigation of Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Samsun Region","authors":"G. Ma, K. Hamza","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1140","url":null,"abstract":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a highly deadly infection transmitted to humans by ticks, has an acute course, and progresses with bleeding. The disease entered Turkey for the first time in 2002 and has continued until today. The primary source of transmission of the disease to humans is ticked and contact with the body fluids of infected animals or humans. Since animals have the subclinical disease, they have an important place, especially in human transmission. In this study, serum of people living in the urban and rural areas of Vezirkopru district and the rural areas of Kavak district are endemic in terms of CCHF disease in Samsun, without a history of tick bite and who came to the hospital for health check-ups were used. While serums were collected from the district urban and rural areas in Vezirkopru, only rural areas in the Kavak district were collected between January 2020 and March 2020. A total of 336 (168 Vezirkopru, 168 Kavak) serums were tested for CCHF Virus IgG antibodies. As a test result, 15 (8.9%) serum collected from Vezirkopru and 12 (7.1%) serum collected from Kavak were positive. When the studies conducted throughout Turkey are examined, the seroprevalence rate determined in the region was found to be close to the endemic regions.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48981405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examined trends and differences in the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths and corresponding estimates of case fatality in the United Kingdom (UK) during the 20-month period, 3/1/2020-10/31/2021. Three distinct stages of the epidemic in the UK population of 68.4 million were noted corresponding to successive surges in the number of cases and deaths. For these three successive time periods, crude case fatality rates (case fatality = number of deaths / number of cases) fell dramatically: 12.4% during the early months of the epidemic, (335,210 cases and 41,564 deaths during 3/1-8/31/2020), 2.08% during the autumn, winter and spring months of 2020 and 2021 (4,148,076 cases and 86,254 deaths during 9/1/2020-5/31/2021), and 0.28% during the summer and autumn months of 2021 (4,573,571 cases and 12,814 deaths during 6/1-10/31, 2021). A high proportion (80-90%) of the UK population was vaccinated against SARS CoV-2 during the latter stage when the dominant infection was due to the Delta variant of SARS CoV-2. Results suggest that COVID-19 vaccines did not prevent viral transmission in the UK but were associated with a marked reduction in case fatality.
{"title":"Impact of Vaccination on COVID-19 case fatality in the United Kingdom","authors":"Randall Harris, J. Schwartzbaum","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1141","url":null,"abstract":"We examined trends and differences in the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths and corresponding estimates of case fatality in the United Kingdom (UK) during the 20-month period, 3/1/2020-10/31/2021. Three distinct stages of the epidemic in the UK population of 68.4 million were noted corresponding to successive surges in the number of cases and deaths. For these three successive time periods, crude case fatality rates (case fatality = number of deaths / number of cases) fell dramatically: 12.4% during the early months of the epidemic, (335,210 cases and 41,564 deaths during 3/1-8/31/2020), 2.08% during the autumn, winter and spring months of 2020 and 2021 (4,148,076 cases and 86,254 deaths during 9/1/2020-5/31/2021), and 0.28% during the summer and autumn months of 2021 (4,573,571 cases and 12,814 deaths during 6/1-10/31, 2021). A high proportion (80-90%) of the UK population was vaccinated against SARS CoV-2 during the latter stage when the dominant infection was due to the Delta variant of SARS CoV-2. Results suggest that COVID-19 vaccines did not prevent viral transmission in the UK but were associated with a marked reduction in case fatality.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43202414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background Norovirus is the world-leading cause of acute gastroenteritis associated with severe symptoms and deaths. However, vaccines against norovirus are currently not available, and medications that specifically target human norovirus infection are still under development. The current study evaluated the virucidal and antiviral activities of epigallocatechin-3-gallate-palmitate (EC16), a compound derived from green tea polyphenols, against murine norovirus (MNV S99, a surrogate for human norovirus). Method Initially, formulation suitability tests were conducted to compare EGCG (epigallocatechin-3-gallate), EC16 and tea polyphenol-palmitate in alcohol solution and hand hygiene formulations. The virucidal activity of EC16 was then tested in hand sanitizer gel and hand sanitizer foam formulations using a TCID50 time-kill suspension assay. In vitro treatment and prevention tests were performed using a 1-hour incubation of EC16 or EGCG with RAW264.7 cells, either post-infection or pre-infection with MNV. Statistical analysis employed two-tailed student t test (alpha=0.05). Results Unlike EC16, both EGCG and tea polyphenol-palmitate showed auto-oxidation (color change) and precipitation in alcohol solution and hand hygiene formulations, and thus less suitable for potential hand hygiene product or new drug development. The time-kill suspension test results demonstrated that EC16 in both sanitizer gel and foam formulations reduced MNV by >99.99% (>log10 4) after 60 sec direct contact. One-hour incubation of EC16 with RAW264.7 cells either before or after MNV infection (i.e., without direct contact with MNV), resulted in >99% (>log10 2) reduction of MNV infectivity. Conclusion EC16 is a candidate for use as a virucidal and antiviral compound to prevent and treat norovirus infection, with potential to be developed as a new drug against norovirus, pending in vivo and clinical tests.
{"title":"Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate-Palmitate (EC16) on In Vitro Norovirus Infection.","authors":"Jia-rong Zhong, D. Dickinson, S. Hsu","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1139","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000Norovirus is the world-leading cause of acute gastroenteritis associated with severe symptoms and deaths. However, vaccines against norovirus are currently not available, and medications that specifically target human norovirus infection are still under development. The current study evaluated the virucidal and antiviral activities of epigallocatechin-3-gallate-palmitate (EC16), a compound derived from green tea polyphenols, against murine norovirus (MNV S99, a surrogate for human norovirus).\u0000\u0000\u0000Method\u0000Initially, formulation suitability tests were conducted to compare EGCG (epigallocatechin-3-gallate), EC16 and tea polyphenol-palmitate in alcohol solution and hand hygiene formulations. The virucidal activity of EC16 was then tested in hand sanitizer gel and hand sanitizer foam formulations using a TCID50 time-kill suspension assay. In vitro treatment and prevention tests were performed using a 1-hour incubation of EC16 or EGCG with RAW264.7 cells, either post-infection or pre-infection with MNV. Statistical analysis employed two-tailed student t test (alpha=0.05).\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Unlike EC16, both EGCG and tea polyphenol-palmitate showed auto-oxidation (color change) and precipitation in alcohol solution and hand hygiene formulations, and thus less suitable for potential hand hygiene product or new drug development. The time-kill suspension test results demonstrated that EC16 in both sanitizer gel and foam formulations reduced MNV by >99.99% (>log10 4) after 60 sec direct contact. One-hour incubation of EC16 with RAW264.7 cells either before or after MNV infection (i.e., without direct contact with MNV), resulted in >99% (>log10 2) reduction of MNV infectivity.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000EC16 is a candidate for use as a virucidal and antiviral compound to prevent and treat norovirus infection, with potential to be developed as a new drug against norovirus, pending in vivo and clinical tests.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":"5 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46652178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Mostafa Abdel Ghaffar, H. Shousha, M. Omran, A. Heiba, A. Elaskary, Samah Hafez, Ahmed Abdel Azeem Wahdan, Dalia Omran
Early identification of patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) particularly those who develop critical illness is of great importance and aids in delivering proper treatment and optimizing the use of resources. This work aimed to develop a clinical score at hospital admission for COVID-19 diagnosis and predicting severe disease. This is a multicenter case-control study including 2793 PCR-confirmed consecutive COVID-19 patients and 251 patients without COVID-19 presented to 6 hospitals affiliated to the General Organization for Teaching Hospitals, Egypt (1st-May-2020 to 31st-July-2020). There was no difference among groups regarding age and gender distribution. Patients with COVID-19 had significantly higher white blood cell count, platelet count, ALT, AST, total serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, CRP, Ferritin, D-dimer, and fibrinogen and lower serum albumin and more prolonged INR. ALT, ferritin, D-dimer, and Fibrinogen were significantly higher and oxygen saturation was significantly lower, in patients with severe COVID-19. Multivariate regression analysis revealed Oxygen saturation, ferritin, D-dimer and CRP are the independent factors associated with severity. We developed a novel COVID model which enabled the correct diagnosis of COVID-19 at cutoff point (0.1) with an AUC=0.99, (P-value<0.0001), sensitivity 99%, and specificity 89%. At this point, COVID-19 severity could be diagnosed with AUC of 0.88, sensitivity 87%, specificity 71%.
{"title":"Novel COVID Model to Help Early Diagnosis of COVID-19 and Prediction of Disease Severity: A Multicenter Study","authors":"Muhammad Mostafa Abdel Ghaffar, H. Shousha, M. Omran, A. Heiba, A. Elaskary, Samah Hafez, Ahmed Abdel Azeem Wahdan, Dalia Omran","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1137","url":null,"abstract":"Early identification of patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) particularly those who develop critical illness is of great importance and aids in delivering proper treatment and optimizing the use of resources. This work aimed to develop a clinical score at hospital admission for COVID-19 diagnosis and predicting severe disease. This is a multicenter case-control study including 2793 PCR-confirmed consecutive COVID-19 patients and 251 patients without COVID-19 presented to 6 hospitals affiliated to the General Organization for Teaching Hospitals, Egypt (1st-May-2020 to 31st-July-2020). There was no difference among groups regarding age and gender distribution. Patients with COVID-19 had significantly higher white blood cell count, platelet count, ALT, AST, total serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, CRP, Ferritin, D-dimer, and fibrinogen and lower serum albumin and more prolonged INR. ALT, ferritin, D-dimer, and Fibrinogen were significantly higher and oxygen saturation was significantly lower, in patients with severe COVID-19. Multivariate regression analysis revealed Oxygen saturation, ferritin, D-dimer and CRP are the independent factors associated with severity. We developed a novel COVID model which enabled the correct diagnosis of COVID-19 at cutoff point (0.1) with an AUC=0.99, (P-value<0.0001), sensitivity 99%, and specificity 89%. At this point, COVID-19 severity could be diagnosed with AUC of 0.88, sensitivity 87%, specificity 71%.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47754699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the aetiological agent of COVID-19 continues to be a threat to public health globally. Viral transmission is horizontal from person-to-person via cough, sneeze and droplets with surface spreading also possible. Disease can progress to severe or life-threatening requiring hospitalisation and oxygen therapy with acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure often evident. While non-therapeutic controls measure such as restricting the movement of people and recurrent lockdowns have proven vital to preventing disease transmission, such action has had substantial impact on economies across the globe with a global recession to be expected. Disease prevention measures implemented to curtail the pandemic is heavily reliant on effective biocide control measures with the EPA listing suitable viricidal disinfectants for use. The unprecedented demand for PPE has led to supply shortages with efforts to establish suitable sterilisation methods for re-purposing PPE materials. As variants of concern emerge globally, concern has arisen relating to the efficacy of current vaccination programmes to protect against each new strain displaying increased transmissibility. This review discusses the epidemiology of COVID-19 highlighting viral virulence factors promoting pathogenicity and current control measures therapeutic and non-therapeutic in use as best practice preventative measures.
{"title":"Current Control Measures for SARS-CoV-2 the Aetiological Agent of COVID-19","authors":"Elaine Meade, M. Savage, M. Garvey","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1138","url":null,"abstract":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the aetiological agent of COVID-19 continues to be a threat to public health globally. Viral transmission is horizontal from person-to-person via cough, sneeze and droplets with surface spreading also possible. Disease can progress to severe or life-threatening requiring hospitalisation and oxygen therapy with acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure often evident. While non-therapeutic controls measure such as restricting the movement of people and recurrent lockdowns have proven vital to preventing disease transmission, such action has had substantial impact on economies across the globe with a global recession to be expected. Disease prevention measures implemented to curtail the pandemic is heavily reliant on effective biocide control measures with the EPA listing suitable viricidal disinfectants for use. The unprecedented demand for PPE has led to supply shortages with efforts to establish suitable sterilisation methods for re-purposing PPE materials. As variants of concern emerge globally, concern has arisen relating to the efficacy of current vaccination programmes to protect against each new strain displaying increased transmissibility. This review discusses the epidemiology of COVID-19 highlighting viral virulence factors promoting pathogenicity and current control measures therapeutic and non-therapeutic in use as best practice preventative measures.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48348254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Br, A. Doukaga, E. M, Bendett P, Mvoumbo G, K. f., K. L.
Human African trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease about to be eliminated as a public health problem. It afflicts rural populations, particularly adults engaged in hunting and fishing activities in endemic homes. Left untreated, the disease is 100% fatal in an array of dormant cachexia. Vertical transmission from mother to child is rare but proven. We report a case of Human African Trypanosomiasis in an 11-year-old girl who has never been to an endemic area and who has no other risk exposure factor apart from the fact she was born from mother who was affected by the disease and treated for 10 years during pregnancy. The diagnosis was made after the analysis of the LCS notifying 144 elements with the presence of numerous trypanosomes. The patient was classified into the second period and treated with NECT for 10 days.
{"title":"Congenital Trypanosomiasis in an 11-Year-Old Girl at the Brazzaville University Hospital","authors":"O. Br, A. Doukaga, E. M, Bendett P, Mvoumbo G, K. f., K. L.","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1136","url":null,"abstract":"Human African trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease about to be eliminated as a public health problem. It afflicts rural populations, particularly adults engaged in hunting and fishing activities in endemic homes. Left untreated, the disease is 100% fatal in an array of dormant cachexia. Vertical transmission from mother to child is rare but proven. We report a case of Human African Trypanosomiasis in an 11-year-old girl who has never been to an endemic area and who has no other risk exposure factor apart from the fact she was born from mother who was affected by the disease and treated for 10 years during pregnancy. The diagnosis was made after the analysis of the LCS notifying 144 elements with the presence of numerous trypanosomes. The patient was classified into the second period and treated with NECT for 10 days.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46354125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Vijayan, R. Gadodia, S. A. Hassan, A. Choudhry, M. Diaz
Background: COVID-19, a pandemic that started in December 2019 from the city of Wuhan in China. BCG (Mycobacterium Bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) is a live attenuated vaccine used for tuberculosis (TB) that. The BCG vaccine became a part of the ‘National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTCP)’ in India in 1962. The BCG vaccine is given to all children in India, preferably within the first year after birth. However, as per CDC recommendations in the US, BCG is only considered for very select cases, for e.g. children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposure to adults with TB disease. It induces epigenetic and metabolic alterations at promoter sites of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1,IL-6 and TNF that improve the innate immune response to the subsequent infections by trained immunity. This may be useful in management of COVID-19. Method: We conducted a literature review searching databases like Cochrane, PubMed, Google scholars, CINAHL, LILACS, UpToDate, Scopus, EMBASE, WOS, and Science Direct. We used the following keywords: COVID 19, SARSCoV2 and BCG vaccines. We included case reports, case series and cohort (retrospective and prospective). Results: The global trend suggested an inverse association between BCG vaccination policy and COVID-19 mortality. Countries with current BCG vaccination had lower deaths and was negatively associated with COVID-19 deaths per million Patients with BCG vaccination were more likely to experience myalgia and less likely to require hospital admission. BCG is known to elicit non-specific immune effects through the induction of the innate immune responses and the enhanced production of IL-1β and help combat COVID-19 like respiratory infections. Conclusion: If the BCG vaccine is proven to provide non-specific protection to bridge the gap before a diseasespecific vaccine is developed, this would be an important tool in the response to COVID-19 and future pandemics.
{"title":"A Systematic Review of BCG and tie-in to coronavirus disease: A Point of Contention for Global Health?","authors":"R. Vijayan, R. Gadodia, S. A. Hassan, A. Choudhry, M. Diaz","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1132","url":null,"abstract":"Background: COVID-19, a pandemic that started in December 2019 from the city of Wuhan in China. BCG (Mycobacterium Bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) is a live attenuated vaccine used for tuberculosis (TB) that. The BCG vaccine became a part of the ‘National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTCP)’ in India in 1962. The BCG vaccine is given to all children in India, preferably within the first year after birth. However, as per CDC recommendations in the US, BCG is only considered for very select cases, for e.g. children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposure to adults with TB disease. It induces epigenetic and metabolic alterations at promoter sites of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1,IL-6 and TNF that improve the innate immune response to the subsequent infections by trained immunity. This may be useful in management of COVID-19. Method: We conducted a literature review searching databases like Cochrane, PubMed, Google scholars, CINAHL, LILACS, UpToDate, Scopus, EMBASE, WOS, and Science Direct. We used the following keywords: COVID 19, SARSCoV2 and BCG vaccines. We included case reports, case series and cohort (retrospective and prospective). Results: The global trend suggested an inverse association between BCG vaccination policy and COVID-19 mortality. Countries with current BCG vaccination had lower deaths and was negatively associated with COVID-19 deaths per million Patients with BCG vaccination were more likely to experience myalgia and less likely to require hospital admission. BCG is known to elicit non-specific immune effects through the induction of the innate immune responses and the enhanced production of IL-1β and help combat COVID-19 like respiratory infections. Conclusion: If the BCG vaccine is proven to provide non-specific protection to bridge the gap before a diseasespecific vaccine is developed, this would be an important tool in the response to COVID-19 and future pandemics.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45219697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Br, Bintsene-Mpika Gickelle, B. Pe, Adoua Doukaga T, E. M, Voubo Mavoungou Yfg, Kinga Fred, I. C
Objective: The prevalence of HIV infection in people aged is of significant importance. We determined the prevalence of HIV infection with patients aged over 50 at the Brazzaville University Hospital and look for its associated factors. Patients and Method: Cases of HIV infection in patients over 50 years admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit of Brazzaville University Hospital were examined under cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study. This survey concerns the period going from January 1, 2019 to June 30, 2021. Results: There were one hundred and ninety-four patients (8.2% of admissions). Their mean age was 57.40 ± 6.4 years [50-93], they were mostly female (n = 113; 58.2%). The most dominant population was the age group between 50-59 years (n = 136; 70.1%). They were single people (n = 80; 41.2%), without profession (n = 87; 44.8%), with a primary education level (n = 81; 41.8%), hypertensive (n = 27; 13.9%), diabetics (n = 15; 7.7%). HIV infection was discovered during hospitalization (n = 111; 57.2%), for deterioration of the general condition (n = 72; 37.1%), long-term fever (n = 56; 28.9%), chronic cough (n = 40; 20.6%). The patients were at WHO stage 3 (n = 133; 68.6%). The mean CD4 were 188.5 ± 11.7 / mm3 [19-433]. In 172 cases (88.7%), the patients had two sexual partners and did not use a condom (n = 189; 97.4%). The main opportunistic infections were tuberculosis (n = 74; 18.1%) and cerebral toxoplasmosis (n = 48; 24.7%). ART was made with the combination of TDF + FTC + EFV (n = 79; 40.7%). The observation was poor in 33% (n = 64) and unfavourable outcome in 47.4% (n = 92). These were IRIS (n = 5; 2.6%) and death (n = 85; 43.8%), due to anaemic shock (n = 17; 20%), septic shock (n = 8; 9.4%). Marital status (P = 0.04), WHO stage (p = 0.02), and non-compliance treatment (p = 0.0001) could have the link with the death patients. Conclusion: HIV infection in people over 50 years is relatively common at Brazzaville University Hospital, especially among single women. The lethality remains high, unrelated to an opportunistic infection but rather with the notion of non-compliance with treatment and the advanced stage of HIV infection according to the WHO classification. This shows the interest in raising awareness among this population for early detection and the treatment of HIV.
{"title":"HIV Infection in Patients Aged Over 50 in the Infectious Diseases Unit at Brazzaville University Hospital: Prevalence and Associated Factors","authors":"O. Br, Bintsene-Mpika Gickelle, B. Pe, Adoua Doukaga T, E. M, Voubo Mavoungou Yfg, Kinga Fred, I. C","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1134","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The prevalence of HIV infection in people aged is of significant importance. We determined the prevalence of HIV infection with patients aged over 50 at the Brazzaville University Hospital and look for its associated factors. Patients and Method: Cases of HIV infection in patients over 50 years admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit of Brazzaville University Hospital were examined under cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study. This survey concerns the period going from January 1, 2019 to June 30, 2021. Results: There were one hundred and ninety-four patients (8.2% of admissions). Their mean age was 57.40 ± 6.4 years [50-93], they were mostly female (n = 113; 58.2%). The most dominant population was the age group between 50-59 years (n = 136; 70.1%). They were single people (n = 80; 41.2%), without profession (n = 87; 44.8%), with a primary education level (n = 81; 41.8%), hypertensive (n = 27; 13.9%), diabetics (n = 15; 7.7%). HIV infection was discovered during hospitalization (n = 111; 57.2%), for deterioration of the general condition (n = 72; 37.1%), long-term fever (n = 56; 28.9%), chronic cough (n = 40; 20.6%). The patients were at WHO stage 3 (n = 133; 68.6%). The mean CD4 were 188.5 ± 11.7 / mm3 [19-433]. In 172 cases (88.7%), the patients had two sexual partners and did not use a condom (n = 189; 97.4%). The main opportunistic infections were tuberculosis (n = 74; 18.1%) and cerebral toxoplasmosis (n = 48; 24.7%). ART was made with the combination of TDF + FTC + EFV (n = 79; 40.7%). The observation was poor in 33% (n = 64) and unfavourable outcome in 47.4% (n = 92). These were IRIS (n = 5; 2.6%) and death (n = 85; 43.8%), due to anaemic shock (n = 17; 20%), septic shock (n = 8; 9.4%). Marital status (P = 0.04), WHO stage (p = 0.02), and non-compliance treatment (p = 0.0001) could have the link with the death patients. Conclusion: HIV infection in people over 50 years is relatively common at Brazzaville University Hospital, especially among single women. The lethality remains high, unrelated to an opportunistic infection but rather with the notion of non-compliance with treatment and the advanced stage of HIV infection according to the WHO classification. This shows the interest in raising awareness among this population for early detection and the treatment of HIV.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45468616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. L. Iyamba, S. Agasa, Lukonga Hatibu, Cyprien Mbundu Lukukula, Gabriel Mongulu Monatu, Grégoire Mbusa Vihembo, Joseph Welo Unya, Benjamin Kodondi Ngbandani, Junior Disashi Tshimpangila, Takaisi-Kikuni Nb
Investigation reports or data on the profiles of microorganisms causing infections, as well as on their respective antibiotic resistance patterns are lacking in the health care institutions present in Kisangani Region. In this purpose, the present retrospective study was carried out, in order to determine the frequency of relevant pathogens and their resistance patterns to commonly used antibiotics in the Laboratoire de Santé Publique (Public Health Laboratory) of Kisangani. Settings and Design: Retrospective study for a period of 5 years, from January 2013 to December 2017, in the Laboratoire de Santé Publique of Kisangani. Materials and Methods: The culture and sensitivity data of the pathogens from different clinical samples were collected from the records of Laboratoire de Santé Publique of Kisangani for study period. Samples were cultured on blood agar and MacConkey media and incubated at 37°C overnight, and organisms were identified by standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was carried out by Kirby?Bauer disk diffusion method, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: From a total of 1530 strains of pathogenic bacteria isolated from patient samples, 823 (53.8%) of them were Staphylococcus aureus, 240 (15.7%) Enterobacter sp., 218 (14.2%) Escherichia coli, 113 (7.4%), 44 (3%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 34 (2.2%) Streptococcus pyogenes, 30 (2%,0) Proteus mirabilis, 13 (0.8%) Salmonella Typhi, 8 (0.51%) Enterococcus faecalis, 4 (0.2%) Neisseria gonorrhea, and 3 (0.19%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae. The majority of these bacteria pathogens displayed very high multidrug-resistance, particularly to ampicillin and amoxicillin (? 80 %) and to other tested antibiotics. These observations necessitate improving of a rational antibiotic use and call for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, in order to reduce the spread of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria involved in common infections.
{"title":"Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Strains Isolated in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo: A Retrospective Study","authors":"J. L. Iyamba, S. Agasa, Lukonga Hatibu, Cyprien Mbundu Lukukula, Gabriel Mongulu Monatu, Grégoire Mbusa Vihembo, Joseph Welo Unya, Benjamin Kodondi Ngbandani, Junior Disashi Tshimpangila, Takaisi-Kikuni Nb","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1133","url":null,"abstract":"Investigation reports or data on the profiles of microorganisms causing infections, as well as on their respective antibiotic resistance patterns are lacking in the health care institutions present in Kisangani Region. In this purpose, the present retrospective study was carried out, in order to determine the frequency of relevant pathogens and their resistance patterns to commonly used antibiotics in the Laboratoire de Santé Publique (Public Health Laboratory) of Kisangani. Settings and Design: Retrospective study for a period of 5 years, from January 2013 to December 2017, in the Laboratoire de Santé Publique of Kisangani. Materials and Methods: The culture and sensitivity data of the pathogens from different clinical samples were collected from the records of Laboratoire de Santé Publique of Kisangani for study period. Samples were cultured on blood agar and MacConkey media and incubated at 37°C overnight, and organisms were identified by standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was carried out by Kirby?Bauer disk diffusion method, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: From a total of 1530 strains of pathogenic bacteria isolated from patient samples, 823 (53.8%) of them were Staphylococcus aureus, 240 (15.7%) Enterobacter sp., 218 (14.2%) Escherichia coli, 113 (7.4%), 44 (3%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 34 (2.2%) Streptococcus pyogenes, 30 (2%,0) Proteus mirabilis, 13 (0.8%) Salmonella Typhi, 8 (0.51%) Enterococcus faecalis, 4 (0.2%) Neisseria gonorrhea, and 3 (0.19%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae. The majority of these bacteria pathogens displayed very high multidrug-resistance, particularly to ampicillin and amoxicillin (? 80 %) and to other tested antibiotics. These observations necessitate improving of a rational antibiotic use and call for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, in order to reduce the spread of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria involved in common infections.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49155893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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