Mathias Tumwebaze, Lillian Ajuna, Aggrey Gwaita, John Jubilee, Andrew Ahimbisibwe, A. A. Halage
Introduction: The Novel Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV2 virus was first identified and reported in 2019 by the people’s Republic of China in Wuhan and declared a pandemic disease in march 2020. Since then, the disease has continued to spread to the rest of the communities in the world and Kabarole district in Uganda has not been spared. The need to promote effective COVID-19 Response Interventions through a capacity-building project of health workforce in Kabarole and Uganda in general was ostensible. The effective COVID-19 interventions strengthened among Virika Hospital Health workforce were, enhanced risk communication by health workers and Community engagements through Social mobilisation. In this paper, we share how a capacity building project for health workforce at Virika Hospital, Kabarole district Uganda, contributed to the reduction of community COVID-19 transmission and death as a result of increased levels of awareness of the risk by Health workers and community. Methods: This was a hospital-based project initiated by the Hospital nursing officer and the administration soliciting technical support from Kabarole District Surveillance Health office. It targeted hospital technical and support staff. At community, the Village Health Team and Village chairpersons were targeted and drawn from 5 randomly selected parishes. Risk communication practice was done using five FM Radio stations and King TV station in Fort Portal City. Results: A health workforce capacity of 60 staff was built, 92% technical and 8% support staff. Skills in Risk communication were acquired by the health workforce through Radio presentations that followed 3 workshop sessions at the hospital. Sessions on infection prevention and control were dominated by demonstrations and return demonstrations on hand hygiene and use of PPEs in COVID-19 prevention. Through dialogue meetings with the VHTs and community leaders, the community was empowered on early detection and reporting of COVID-19 Alert simulations. Despite the enhanced health workforce capacity however, inadequate PPEs was noted as a limiting factor amidst good workforce risk response competencies built. Conclusion: The enhanced health workforce capacity with effective Response interventions like risk communication, Infection Prevention and Control and community engagement, contributed to reduction in community Covid-19 transmission In Kabarole District. This could ensure a long term and sustained response capacity to any other emerging infections in the district.
{"title":"Promotion of Effective COVID-19 Response Interventions among Health Workforce in Virika Hospital, Kabarole District-Uganda","authors":"Mathias Tumwebaze, Lillian Ajuna, Aggrey Gwaita, John Jubilee, Andrew Ahimbisibwe, A. A. Halage","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1123","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The Novel Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV2 virus was first identified and reported in 2019 by the people’s Republic of China in Wuhan and declared a pandemic disease in march 2020. Since then, the disease has continued to spread to the rest of the communities in the world and Kabarole district in Uganda has not been spared. The need to promote effective COVID-19 Response Interventions through a capacity-building project of health workforce in Kabarole and Uganda in general was ostensible. The effective COVID-19 interventions strengthened among Virika Hospital Health workforce were, enhanced risk communication by health workers and Community engagements through Social mobilisation. In this paper, we share how a capacity building project for health workforce at Virika Hospital, Kabarole district Uganda, contributed to the reduction of community COVID-19 transmission and death as a result of increased levels of awareness of the risk by Health workers and community. Methods: This was a hospital-based project initiated by the Hospital nursing officer and the administration soliciting technical support from Kabarole District Surveillance Health office. It targeted hospital technical and support staff. At community, the Village Health Team and Village chairpersons were targeted and drawn from 5 randomly selected parishes. Risk communication practice was done using five FM Radio stations and King TV station in Fort Portal City. Results: A health workforce capacity of 60 staff was built, 92% technical and 8% support staff. Skills in Risk communication were acquired by the health workforce through Radio presentations that followed 3 workshop sessions at the hospital. Sessions on infection prevention and control were dominated by demonstrations and return demonstrations on hand hygiene and use of PPEs in COVID-19 prevention. Through dialogue meetings with the VHTs and community leaders, the community was empowered on early detection and reporting of COVID-19 Alert simulations. Despite the enhanced health workforce capacity however, inadequate PPEs was noted as a limiting factor amidst good workforce risk response competencies built. Conclusion: The enhanced health workforce capacity with effective Response interventions like risk communication, Infection Prevention and Control and community engagement, contributed to reduction in community Covid-19 transmission In Kabarole District. This could ensure a long term and sustained response capacity to any other emerging infections in the district.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42952128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Enwuru, Oluwatoyin O. Awoderu, E. E., C. C, E. Afocha, Lawal G Raman, Peter L. Gogwan, U. Igbasi, R. Audu
Background: Health experts promote the use of alcohol based hand rubs to contain the spread of microbes. The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has brought a worsening public health challenge that re-enacted the importance of hand hygiene globally. Objective: This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of locally made alcohol-based hand rubes sourced from grocery shops within Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. Methods: We conducted a laboratory based in vitro experiment, using 20 randomly sourced hand sanitizers against standard Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and three locally characterized Multi-drug-Resistant bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus (NIMR/NTCC/GP056), Klebsiella pneumonia (NIMR/NTCC/GN065) and Proteus stutzin - (NIMR/NTCC/ GN029). Reference standard, 60 % isopropanol was used as positive control. Test suspension method as per European standard PrEN12054 was employed. The Colony Forming Unit/mL (CFU/mL) at base line and after each contact time (15, 30 & 45 seconds) with samples was recorded. The Logarithmic reduction factor (RF) and percent reduction were computed and expressed using descriptive statistics. Results: Out of the 20 solutions tested (10 sprays and 10 gels), 11 (55%) had standard efficacy of 5-Log10 reduction factor (6.7- 6.8) recommended at 15 seconds exposure time on the 4 bacteria. Out of such 7 (64%) were spray solution (L1, L3, L5, L10, L11, L12 & L16), while 4 (36%) were gel solutions (L9, L15, L18 & L20). Another 2 (10%) had relative time based efficacy at between 30 to 45 seconds exposure (L2 spray and L14 gel). Seven (35%) (L7 & L17 spray; L4, L6, L8, L13 & L19 gel solutions) failed the test. Escherichia coli and Proteus stutzin were more susceptible to the samples tested and produced higher RF. Conclusion: About 45 % of the hand sanitizers had poor efficacy and this is quite high, especially in this era of pandemic. This report underscores the need for production policy review by the regulatory body. It is imperative to enforce quality management regime, particularly, internal and external production quality control. Periodic batch efficacy validation is necessary to ensure precision. Poor quality products must be actionable. We recommend this experiment be scaled up to national level and to cover major microbial pathogens.
{"title":"Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of Randomly Selected Alcohol Based Hand Sanitizers Sourced from Grocery Shops within Lagos Metropolis on Some Local Bacterial Strains in COVID-19 Era","authors":"C. Enwuru, Oluwatoyin O. Awoderu, E. E., C. C, E. Afocha, Lawal G Raman, Peter L. Gogwan, U. Igbasi, R. Audu","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1122","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Health experts promote the use of alcohol based hand rubs to contain the spread of microbes. The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has brought a worsening public health challenge that re-enacted the importance of hand hygiene globally. Objective: This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of locally made alcohol-based hand rubes sourced from grocery shops within Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. Methods: We conducted a laboratory based in vitro experiment, using 20 randomly sourced hand sanitizers against standard Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and three locally characterized Multi-drug-Resistant bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus (NIMR/NTCC/GP056), Klebsiella pneumonia (NIMR/NTCC/GN065) and Proteus stutzin - (NIMR/NTCC/ GN029). Reference standard, 60 % isopropanol was used as positive control. Test suspension method as per European standard PrEN12054 was employed. The Colony Forming Unit/mL (CFU/mL) at base line and after each contact time (15, 30 & 45 seconds) with samples was recorded. The Logarithmic reduction factor (RF) and percent reduction were computed and expressed using descriptive statistics. Results: Out of the 20 solutions tested (10 sprays and 10 gels), 11 (55%) had standard efficacy of 5-Log10 reduction factor (6.7- 6.8) recommended at 15 seconds exposure time on the 4 bacteria. Out of such 7 (64%) were spray solution (L1, L3, L5, L10, L11, L12 & L16), while 4 (36%) were gel solutions (L9, L15, L18 & L20). Another 2 (10%) had relative time based efficacy at between 30 to 45 seconds exposure (L2 spray and L14 gel). Seven (35%) (L7 & L17 spray; L4, L6, L8, L13 & L19 gel solutions) failed the test. Escherichia coli and Proteus stutzin were more susceptible to the samples tested and produced higher RF. Conclusion: About 45 % of the hand sanitizers had poor efficacy and this is quite high, especially in this era of pandemic. This report underscores the need for production policy review by the regulatory body. It is imperative to enforce quality management regime, particularly, internal and external production quality control. Periodic batch efficacy validation is necessary to ensure precision. Poor quality products must be actionable. We recommend this experiment be scaled up to national level and to cover major microbial pathogens.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48575852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review aims to asses the actual data from recent literature dealing with the novel Coronavirus (nCoV) isolated in the automn of 2019. The nCoV has emerged in China namely in the city Wuhan (Hubei province), while the classical Coronavirus (cCoV) identified 18 years ago, came from a different region (province Guangdong). Extensive progression of nCoV represents a considerable danger for public health. The relatively great number of papers devoted to given topics in the last year (2020), also points at its importance. Despite of their non-selective acquisition, the collected data became useful for better understanding of virus replication, at description of virion structure as well as by interpretation of Coronavirus properties. Finally, the typical clinical signs of nCoV disease are briefly highlighted, not excluding the less closely related pathological states. At last but not least, relevant epidemiological data are presented when tracing the routes of nCoV spread in human population, with special regards to the region of Middle Europe.
{"title":"The Novel Coronavirus (nCoV)","authors":"Július RajÄáni","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1120","url":null,"abstract":"This review aims to asses the actual data from recent literature dealing with the novel Coronavirus (nCoV) isolated in the automn of 2019. The nCoV has emerged in China namely in the city Wuhan (Hubei province), while the classical Coronavirus (cCoV) identified 18 years ago, came from a different region (province Guangdong). Extensive progression of nCoV represents a considerable danger for public health. The relatively great number of papers devoted to given topics in the last year (2020), also points at its importance. Despite of their non-selective acquisition, the collected data became useful for better understanding of virus replication, at description of virion structure as well as by interpretation of Coronavirus properties. Finally, the typical clinical signs of nCoV disease are briefly highlighted, not excluding the less closely related pathological states. At last but not least, relevant epidemiological data are presented when tracing the routes of nCoV spread in human population, with special regards to the region of Middle Europe.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48956275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hokororo J, Eliakimu E, Ngowi R, German C, Bahegwa R, Msigwa Y, Kazaura K, S. D., Komba A
Introduction: The Ministry of Health of Tanzania has been implementing activities to improve infection prevention and control (IPC) practices since 2004. Activities included development of guidelines and standards, procurement of equipment and supplies, training of health workers, and supportive supervision to enhance compliance to standards. Since 2010, a team of experienced National IPC Assessors has been visiting health facilities in Tanzania Mainland to supervise and assess compliance to Standards. This paper, aimed to determine level of compliance to IPC standards using data from 2010 to 2017. Methods: National assessors carried out assessments using IPC Standards tools for Hospitals and Health Centers, through observation, simulations, records and documents review, and interviews. Data was entered in Excel Sheet and analyzed to get facility score in percentage as well as average score of all assessed facilities. Secondary data analysis from 2010 to 2017 has been done to determine compliance to the standards. Results: The baseline IPC standards compliance in all assessed facilities was 32% in 2010, improved to 53% in 2014, and dropped to 34% in 2017. Discussion: The increase in average scores between 2010 and 2014 was contributed by improved implementation of action plans, coupled with IPC advocacy and follow-ups done by partners and the Ministry. Inadequate trainings in some of the assessed facilities contributed to the decrease in compliance in 2017. Conclusion: Compliance to IPC standards in health facilities between 2010 and 2017 is below expected level, and differ by levels of health care delivery. Continued training and follow-up are recommended.
{"title":"Report of Trend for Compliance of Infection Prevention and Control Standards in Tanzania from 2010 to 2017 in Tanzania Mainland","authors":"Hokororo J, Eliakimu E, Ngowi R, German C, Bahegwa R, Msigwa Y, Kazaura K, S. D., Komba A","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1118","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The Ministry of Health of Tanzania has been implementing activities to improve infection prevention and control (IPC) practices since 2004. Activities included development of guidelines and standards, procurement of equipment and supplies, training of health workers, and supportive supervision to enhance compliance to standards. Since 2010, a team of experienced National IPC Assessors has been visiting health facilities in Tanzania Mainland to supervise and assess compliance to Standards. This paper, aimed to determine level of compliance to IPC standards using data from 2010 to 2017. Methods: National assessors carried out assessments using IPC Standards tools for Hospitals and Health Centers, through observation, simulations, records and documents review, and interviews. Data was entered in Excel Sheet and analyzed to get facility score in percentage as well as average score of all assessed facilities. Secondary data analysis from 2010 to 2017 has been done to determine compliance to the standards. Results: The baseline IPC standards compliance in all assessed facilities was 32% in 2010, improved to 53% in 2014, and dropped to 34% in 2017. Discussion: The increase in average scores between 2010 and 2014 was contributed by improved implementation of action plans, coupled with IPC advocacy and follow-ups done by partners and the Ministry. Inadequate trainings in some of the assessed facilities contributed to the decrease in compliance in 2017. Conclusion: Compliance to IPC standards in health facilities between 2010 and 2017 is below expected level, and differ by levels of health care delivery. Continued training and follow-up are recommended.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48121602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. L. Hendrick, T. Gaël, Arung Kalau Willy, M. Françoise
Introduction: Data-t-on nosocomial infections in burns are rare then and yet they constitute therapeutic emergencies. The objective of this work was to determine the incidence, clinical and therapeutic aspects and the associated complications of nosocomial infections in people with burns from Sendwe HGR in the DRC. Methods: We carried out a longitudinal descriptive study during the period from January 1 to December 31, 2019. Our study population consisted of all patients hospitalized in the burns department of the HGR Sendwe during the study period. Results: The incidence of nosocomial infections in burns was 22.6%; the depth of the most important burn was the second superficial degree at 87.09%, the extent of the most important burn was between 0 and 10% i.e. a frequency of 38.76%, the site of the burn the more frequent was made of the association of upper limbs, lower limbs and head at 12.9%; the time to onset of nosocomial infections in burns was between the third day and the fifth day at 35.71%; electrolyte resuscitation fluid in burns was the combination of ringer lactate and physiological saline at 83.87%, the antibiotic most used in burns was the combination of metronidazole and cefotaxime at 67.74 %. Conclusion: The incidence of nosocomial infections in burns was high; essential hygiene measures, sterilization and disinfection measures for the equipment used should be maximized in order to further prevent these scourges.
{"title":"Incidence of Nosocomial Infections in Burns in The Surgery Department of The Reference Hospital Jason Sendwe in Dr Congo","authors":"M. L. Hendrick, T. Gaël, Arung Kalau Willy, M. Françoise","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1121","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Data-t-on nosocomial infections in burns are rare then and yet they constitute therapeutic emergencies. The objective of this work was to determine the incidence, clinical and therapeutic aspects and the associated complications of nosocomial infections in people with burns from Sendwe HGR in the DRC. Methods: We carried out a longitudinal descriptive study during the period from January 1 to December 31, 2019. Our study population consisted of all patients hospitalized in the burns department of the HGR Sendwe during the study period. Results: The incidence of nosocomial infections in burns was 22.6%; the depth of the most important burn was the second superficial degree at 87.09%, the extent of the most important burn was between 0 and 10% i.e. a frequency of 38.76%, the site of the burn the more frequent was made of the association of upper limbs, lower limbs and head at 12.9%; the time to onset of nosocomial infections in burns was between the third day and the fifth day at 35.71%; electrolyte resuscitation fluid in burns was the combination of ringer lactate and physiological saline at 83.87%, the antibiotic most used in burns was the combination of metronidazole and cefotaxime at 67.74 %. Conclusion: The incidence of nosocomial infections in burns was high; essential hygiene measures, sterilization and disinfection measures for the equipment used should be maximized in order to further prevent these scourges.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42479780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, caused >26 million cases in the United States and >437,000 deaths as of Jan 30, 2020. Worldwide by that date, there had been 102 million cases of infections, and deaths had climbed to 2.21 million. Mutated variants of SARS-CoV-2 that have emerged from the United Kingdom, Brazil, and South Africa are associated with higher transmission rates and associated deaths. Therefore, novel therapeutic and prophylactic methods against SARS-CoV-2 are in urgent need. While some antiviral drugs, such as Remdesivir, provide relief to certain patient populations, other existing antiviral drugs or combinations of FDA approved pharmaceuticals have yet to show clinical efficacy against COVID-19. Compounds that possess strong and broad antiviral properties with different mechanisms of action against respiratory viruses may provide novel approaches to combat SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, especially if the compounds are classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). A large body of evidence indicates a promising potential for the use of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and its derivatives as effective agents against infections from a wide range of pathogenic viruses. However, EGCG or its derivatives have not been tested directly against SARS-CoV-2. The current study was designed to evaluate the potential antiviral activity of EGCG against SARS-CoV-2 infection in primate epithelial cells. Methods applied in the study include cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and virus yield reduction (VYR) assays using Vero 76 (green monkey epithelial cells) and Caco-2 (human epithelial cells) cell lines, respectively. The results demonstrated that EGCG at 0.27 μg/ml (0.59 μM) inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero 76 cells by 50% (i.e., EC50=0.27 μg/ml). EGCG also inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in Caco-2 cells with EC90=28 μg/ml (61 μM). These results, to the best of our knowledge, are the first observations on the antiviral activities of EGCG against SARS-CoV-2, and suggest that EGCG and its derivatives could be used to combat COVID-19 and other respiratory viral infection-induced illness, pending in vivo and clinical studies.
{"title":"Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Primate Epithelial Cells: (A Short Communication).","authors":"B. Hurst, D. Dickinson, S. Hsu","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1116","url":null,"abstract":"SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, caused >26 million cases in the United States and >437,000 deaths as of Jan 30, 2020. Worldwide by that date, there had been 102 million cases of infections, and deaths had climbed to 2.21 million. Mutated variants of SARS-CoV-2 that have emerged from the United Kingdom, Brazil, and South Africa are associated with higher transmission rates and associated deaths. Therefore, novel therapeutic and prophylactic methods against SARS-CoV-2 are in urgent need. While some antiviral drugs, such as Remdesivir, provide relief to certain patient populations, other existing antiviral drugs or combinations of FDA approved pharmaceuticals have yet to show clinical efficacy against COVID-19. Compounds that possess strong and broad antiviral properties with different mechanisms of action against respiratory viruses may provide novel approaches to combat SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, especially if the compounds are classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). A large body of evidence indicates a promising potential for the use of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and its derivatives as effective agents against infections from a wide range of pathogenic viruses. However, EGCG or its derivatives have not been tested directly against SARS-CoV-2. The current study was designed to evaluate the potential antiviral activity of EGCG against SARS-CoV-2 infection in primate epithelial cells. Methods applied in the study include cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and virus yield reduction (VYR) assays using Vero 76 (green monkey epithelial cells) and Caco-2 (human epithelial cells) cell lines, respectively. The results demonstrated that EGCG at 0.27 μg/ml (0.59 μM) inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero 76 cells by 50% (i.e., EC50=0.27 μg/ml). EGCG also inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in Caco-2 cells with EC90=28 μg/ml (61 μM). These results, to the best of our knowledge, are the first observations on the antiviral activities of EGCG against SARS-CoV-2, and suggest that EGCG and its derivatives could be used to combat COVID-19 and other respiratory viral infection-induced illness, pending in vivo and clinical studies.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":"5 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45203498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Rokhaya, Niang Ndeye Codou, WadeThomas Marcel Mbar, Sow Aminata, K. Roughyatou, S. Abdoulaye, B. Abdoulaye
Introduction: Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) are frequent and lead to serious consequences and in terms of morbidity and mortality, with an increase in the length of hospitalization and health costs. Developing countries are the most affected. The aim of our study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and bacteriological aspects of SSIs in general surgery at the RH of Thies. Methods: This is a prospective study over a period of seven months (7 months) from September 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019 at the level of the general surgery department of the Regional Hospital of Thies. Bacteriological studies were carried out at the level of the Bacteriology unit of the National Public Health Laboratory of Senegal. Results: The incidence of SSIs in our study was 9.9%. The SSIs rate was 15.3% among resident surgeons, 10% among junior surgeons, 6.8% among senior ones. The surgical intervention was classified as Altemeier stage 1 in 3.4% of cases (n = 1), stage 2 in 27.6% of cases (n = 8), stage 3 in 24.1% of cases (n = 7) and stage 4 in 44.8% of cases (n = 13). Twenty-two of the isolated stems (73.3% of cases) were multidrug-resistant bacilli. The extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) phenotype was found in 22 isolates and 1 stem of K. pneumoniae was resistant to all antibiotics. Conclusion: SSIs constitute a challenge because of their high frequency and the high resistance of germs to common antibiotics. Currently, the main mode of resistance of bacteria in SSIs is the secretion of ESBL. This phenomenon seems to be major in our regions where it is urgent to review the therapeutic protocols in practice in the services.
{"title":"Surgical Site Infections in General Surgery at the Regional Hospital of Thies (Senegal): Epidemiological, Bacteriological Aspects and Risk Factors","authors":"D. Rokhaya, Niang Ndeye Codou, WadeThomas Marcel Mbar, Sow Aminata, K. Roughyatou, S. Abdoulaye, B. Abdoulaye","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1117","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) are frequent and lead to serious consequences and in terms of morbidity and mortality, with an increase in the length of hospitalization and health costs. Developing countries are the most affected. The aim of our study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and bacteriological aspects of SSIs in general surgery at the RH of Thies. Methods: This is a prospective study over a period of seven months (7 months) from September 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019 at the level of the general surgery department of the Regional Hospital of Thies. Bacteriological studies were carried out at the level of the Bacteriology unit of the National Public Health Laboratory of Senegal. Results: The incidence of SSIs in our study was 9.9%. The SSIs rate was 15.3% among resident surgeons, 10% among junior surgeons, 6.8% among senior ones. The surgical intervention was classified as Altemeier stage 1 in 3.4% of cases (n = 1), stage 2 in 27.6% of cases (n = 8), stage 3 in 24.1% of cases (n = 7) and stage 4 in 44.8% of cases (n = 13). Twenty-two of the isolated stems (73.3% of cases) were multidrug-resistant bacilli. The extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) phenotype was found in 22 isolates and 1 stem of K. pneumoniae was resistant to all antibiotics. Conclusion: SSIs constitute a challenge because of their high frequency and the high resistance of germs to common antibiotics. Currently, the main mode of resistance of bacteria in SSIs is the secretion of ESBL. This phenomenon seems to be major in our regions where it is urgent to review the therapeutic protocols in practice in the services.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43186548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Nakamoto, Sadahiro Kawamoto, Y. Kawamura, N. Tahara, T. Fujii, H. Hashiyada
Objective: The cause of the prevalence increase in community-acquired pneumonia is unclear. The environmental bio contamination of residential spaces was investigated. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 146 pneumonia patients admitted between January 2019 and December 2019 was performed. Age, living status, smoking status, and nursing care status were assessed. Bio contamination in residential spaces and the bactericidal effects of tobacco, incense-stick smoke and electrolyzed saline (ES) were examined using Koch’s method. Results: The patients were quite old (mean age: 80.9 ± 12.6 y.o.). Living in a private residence, where smoking tobacco, pesticide and incense-stick use might be allowed, carried a low risk of pneumonia (OR: 0.026, 95% CI: 0.003–0.190). Current smokers had a low risk of pneumonia (OR: 0.348, 95%CI: 0.143–0.844). Patients that did not require nursing care had a low risk of pneumonia (OR: 0.004, 95%CI: 0.001–0.026). Significantly more colony-forming units (CFU) were detected in communal spaces than in private spaces (5.85 ± 1.41 vs 0.30 ± 0.24 CFU/5 min). Significantly more CFU were detected in places where smoking was restricted than in spaces where smoking was allowed (5.90 ± 1.49 vs 1.24 ± 0.79 CFU/5 min). However, the examined residential spaces were generally clean. The number of CFU in vocalized droplets was very high (thousands). Both tobacco and incensestick smoke had bactericidal effects on droplet-borne bio contamination; i.e., they reduced the number of CFU by >90%, as did ES solution, which also suppressed oropharyngeal bio contamination. Conclusions: Smokeless residential environment might be responsible to the prevalence increase of communityacquired pneumonia. ES might contribute to preventing pneumonia epidemics.
目的:社区获得性肺炎患病率上升的原因尚不清楚。对居住空间的环境生物污染进行了调查。患者和方法:对2019年1月至2019年12月收治的146例肺炎患者进行回顾性分析。评估年龄、生活状况、吸烟状况及护理状况。采用科赫法对居住空间的生物污染以及烟草、香薰烟和电解盐水的杀菌效果进行了研究。结果:患者年龄较大，平均年龄80.9±12.6岁。居住在允许吸烟、使用杀虫剂和香烛的私人住宅中，肺炎的风险较低(OR: 0.026, 95% CI: 0.003-0.190)。目前吸烟者患肺炎的风险较低(OR: 0.348, 95%CI: 0.143-0.844)。不需要护理的患者发生肺炎的风险较低(OR: 0.004, 95%CI: 0.001-0.026)。在公共空间检测到的菌落形成单位(CFU)明显高于私人空间(5.85±1.41 vs 0.30±0.24 CFU/5 min)。限制吸烟场所的CFU检出率明显高于允许吸烟场所(5.90±1.49 vs 1.24±0.79 CFU/5 min)。然而，被检查的住宅空间总体上是干净的。发声液滴中CFU的数量非常高(数千个)。烟叶和烟香对雾滴传播的生物污染均有杀菌作用;也就是说，它们将CFU的数量减少了90%，ES溶液也是如此，它也抑制了口咽生物污染。结论:无烟居住环境可能是导致社区获得性肺炎患病率上升的主要原因。ES可能有助于预防肺炎流行。
{"title":"Background Analysis of Community Acquired Pneumonia: Environmental Bio contamination in Residential Spaces","authors":"K. Nakamoto, Sadahiro Kawamoto, Y. Kawamura, N. Tahara, T. Fujii, H. Hashiyada","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1114","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The cause of the prevalence increase in community-acquired pneumonia is unclear. The environmental bio contamination of residential spaces was investigated. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 146 pneumonia patients admitted between January 2019 and December 2019 was performed. Age, living status, smoking status, and nursing care status were assessed. Bio contamination in residential spaces and the bactericidal effects of tobacco, incense-stick smoke and electrolyzed saline (ES) were examined using Koch’s method. Results: The patients were quite old (mean age: 80.9 ± 12.6 y.o.). Living in a private residence, where smoking tobacco, pesticide and incense-stick use might be allowed, carried a low risk of pneumonia (OR: 0.026, 95% CI: 0.003–0.190). Current smokers had a low risk of pneumonia (OR: 0.348, 95%CI: 0.143–0.844). Patients that did not require nursing care had a low risk of pneumonia (OR: 0.004, 95%CI: 0.001–0.026). Significantly more colony-forming units (CFU) were detected in communal spaces than in private spaces (5.85 ± 1.41 vs 0.30 ± 0.24 CFU/5 min). Significantly more CFU were detected in places where smoking was restricted than in spaces where smoking was allowed (5.90 ± 1.49 vs 1.24 ± 0.79 CFU/5 min). However, the examined residential spaces were generally clean. The number of CFU in vocalized droplets was very high (thousands). Both tobacco and incensestick smoke had bactericidal effects on droplet-borne bio contamination; i.e., they reduced the number of CFU by >90%, as did ES solution, which also suppressed oropharyngeal bio contamination. Conclusions: Smokeless residential environment might be responsible to the prevalence increase of communityacquired pneumonia. ES might contribute to preventing pneumonia epidemics.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44222290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an emerging health problem in hospital setting. The ability of the spores to persist in the environment is a key factor in rates of infection. Clostridium difficile has also been described as one of the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea. It is responsible for an increase in hospital stay with high healthcare and economic repercussions. Objectives: This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Clostridium difficile isolated from surfaces within hospital environment in Yola Adamawa State Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 surface samples were collected from different wards of two hospitals (Specialist Hospital Yola (SHY) and Federal Medical Centre Yola (FMCY)) using moistened swabs. Clostridium difficile isolates were obtained by enriching and culturing samples in cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose broth (CCFB) and cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar (CCFA) respectively. Susceptibility test (MIC determination) was done by well diffusion technique on Mueller Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sodium taurocholate. Results: A total of 18 (12%) Clostridium difficile were recovered from the two hospitals sampled. FMC had a prevalence rate of 13.3% with table top, toilet, window and bed sheets as sites implicated while SHY had a prevalence rate of 10.7% with bed sheet, bed railing and window as implicated sites. The antibiotic susceptibility test reveals that Clostridium difficile isolates obtained were resistant to the antibiotics tested which includes Ciprofloxacin (MIC >64 µg/ml), Erythromycin (MIC >64 µg/ml), Metronidazole (MIC 64 µg/ml), Tetracycline (MIC > 128 µg/ml) and Clindamycin (MIC > 64 µg/ml). Conclusions: The study depicts that multidrug resistant Clostridium difficile is prevalent in hospital environments within Yola Adamawa State Nigeria. The need for the sensitization of healthcare workers to improve understanding of Clostridium difficile transmission, treatment, management and prevention is of paramount importance.
{"title":"Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in Hospital Environment within Yola Adamawa State Nigeria","authors":"DO J.H., Kachalla N.A, J. M.I","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1112","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an emerging health problem in hospital setting. The ability of the spores to persist in the environment is a key factor in rates of infection. Clostridium difficile has also been described as one of the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea. It is responsible for an increase in hospital stay with high healthcare and economic repercussions. Objectives: This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Clostridium difficile isolated from surfaces within hospital environment in Yola Adamawa State Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 surface samples were collected from different wards of two hospitals (Specialist Hospital Yola (SHY) and Federal Medical Centre Yola (FMCY)) using moistened swabs. Clostridium difficile isolates were obtained by enriching and culturing samples in cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose broth (CCFB) and cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar (CCFA) respectively. Susceptibility test (MIC determination) was done by well diffusion technique on Mueller Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sodium taurocholate. Results: A total of 18 (12%) Clostridium difficile were recovered from the two hospitals sampled. FMC had a prevalence rate of 13.3% with table top, toilet, window and bed sheets as sites implicated while SHY had a prevalence rate of 10.7% with bed sheet, bed railing and window as implicated sites. The antibiotic susceptibility test reveals that Clostridium difficile isolates obtained were resistant to the antibiotics tested which includes Ciprofloxacin (MIC >64 µg/ml), Erythromycin (MIC >64 µg/ml), Metronidazole (MIC 64 µg/ml), Tetracycline (MIC > 128 µg/ml) and Clindamycin (MIC > 64 µg/ml). Conclusions: The study depicts that multidrug resistant Clostridium difficile is prevalent in hospital environments within Yola Adamawa State Nigeria. The need for the sensitization of healthcare workers to improve understanding of Clostridium difficile transmission, treatment, management and prevention is of paramount importance.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44980487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Brooks, Salinas Jorge L., Heinemann John, Hartley Patrick
Objectives: To determine the percentage of exposed healthcare workers who converted to COVID-19 after exposure to an individual with COVID-19, and to describe the venue of exposure and time to conversion among healthcare workers at an academic health system. Methods: 1,749 healthcare workers who self-reported a significant COVID-19 exposure from June 10, 2020 to November 30, 2020 were quarantined or could be allowed to work while wearing a mask, and tested at least once by day 14 from time of exposure. Exposure was defined as being within six feet from a person with COVID-19 for more than 15 minutes without a face covering. Venues of exposure were categorized by either household, community, or workplace. Results: 290 (17%) of 1,749 converted to COVID-19 in a median of 4.1 days (range: 1–13). The median days to conversion by venue of exposure were four for household, and community, and five for workplace. Between September 1, 2020 to November 30, 2020, the percentage of healthcare workers who converted to COVID-19 by venue of exposure was 26% (N=159), 18% (N=75), and 10% (N=14) for household, community and workplace exposure, respectively. Conclusion: The conversion rate to COVID-19 among healthcare workers after an exposure was relatively low, but was higher in household exposures and lowest in the workplace.
{"title":"Conversion Rates to COVID-19 Infection Among Exposed Healthcare Workers","authors":"J. Brooks, Salinas Jorge L., Heinemann John, Hartley Patrick","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1115","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To determine the percentage of exposed healthcare workers who converted to COVID-19 after exposure to an individual with COVID-19, and to describe the venue of exposure and time to conversion among healthcare workers at an academic health system. Methods: 1,749 healthcare workers who self-reported a significant COVID-19 exposure from June 10, 2020 to November 30, 2020 were quarantined or could be allowed to work while wearing a mask, and tested at least once by day 14 from time of exposure. Exposure was defined as being within six feet from a person with COVID-19 for more than 15 minutes without a face covering. Venues of exposure were categorized by either household, community, or workplace. Results: 290 (17%) of 1,749 converted to COVID-19 in a median of 4.1 days (range: 1–13). The median days to conversion by venue of exposure were four for household, and community, and five for workplace. Between September 1, 2020 to November 30, 2020, the percentage of healthcare workers who converted to COVID-19 by venue of exposure was 26% (N=159), 18% (N=75), and 10% (N=14) for household, community and workplace exposure, respectively. Conclusion: The conversion rate to COVID-19 among healthcare workers after an exposure was relatively low, but was higher in household exposures and lowest in the workplace.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45978075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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