K. Nakamoto, Kazuya Yoshida, M. Takeshige, T. Fujii, H. Hashiyada, H. Maruta
Introduction: Acute empyema without bronchofistulae is now a well controllable disease by intrapleural irrigation with electrolyzed saline (ES), current ultimate disinfectant for biological tissues. ES irrigation was applied to postoperative empyema of esophagectomy, resulting hospital discharge without any surgical options. A 67 year old male with esophageal cancer had acute empyema in the right side, caused by anastomotic leaks, on postoperative day 7 after esophagectomy with neck lymphnode dissection reconstructed with gastric conduit through retrosternal route. He had catheter drainage with 2000 ml/day of ES irrigation for 20 days immediately after diagnosis of empyma. Pathogens were promptly eliminated, and empyema space was spontaneously closed. He had second empyema caused by gastric conduit rupture at the stapled line after 38 days of the cure in the first empyema. The patient had second ES irrigation under catheter indwell, and recovered for three weeks according to the spontaneous closure of the conduit leaks, and finally discharged our hospital after dilation of anastomotic stricture and swallowing rehabilitation. Conclusions: ES irrigation promptly controlled postoperative empyema of esophagectomy without surgical options for residual deadspace. Research Article Citation: Kembu Nakamoto, Kazuya Yoshida, Motohiro Takeshige, et al. Should Empyema Space Be Surgically Closed?: A Case Report of Pleural Irrigation with Electrolyzed Saline for Postoperative Empyema. Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 2(2): 1-3.
{"title":"Should Empyema Space Be Surgically Closed?: A Case Report of Pleural Irrigation with Electrolyzed Saline for Postoperative Empyema","authors":"K. Nakamoto, Kazuya Yoshida, M. Takeshige, T. Fujii, H. Hashiyada, H. Maruta","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1028","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Acute empyema without bronchofistulae is now a well controllable disease by intrapleural irrigation with electrolyzed saline (ES), current ultimate disinfectant for biological tissues. ES irrigation was applied to postoperative empyema of esophagectomy, resulting hospital discharge without any surgical options. A 67 year old male with esophageal cancer had acute empyema in the right side, caused by anastomotic leaks, on postoperative day 7 after esophagectomy with neck lymphnode dissection reconstructed with gastric conduit through retrosternal route. He had catheter drainage with 2000 ml/day of ES irrigation for 20 days immediately after diagnosis of empyma. Pathogens were promptly eliminated, and empyema space was spontaneously closed. He had second empyema caused by gastric conduit rupture at the stapled line after 38 days of the cure in the first empyema. The patient had second ES irrigation under catheter indwell, and recovered for three weeks according to the spontaneous closure of the conduit leaks, and finally discharged our hospital after dilation of anastomotic stricture and swallowing rehabilitation. Conclusions: ES irrigation promptly controlled postoperative empyema of esophagectomy without surgical options for residual deadspace. Research Article Citation: Kembu Nakamoto, Kazuya Yoshida, Motohiro Takeshige, et al. Should Empyema Space Be Surgically Closed?: A Case Report of Pleural Irrigation with Electrolyzed Saline for Postoperative Empyema. Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 2(2): 1-3.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47848928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Widjaja Nicole, D. Douglas, Shao Xueling, H. Stephen
Background: Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis. Alcohol sanitization is ineffective, and currently used alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not recommended by the CDC for norovirus in healthcare settings. This study evaluated virucidal activity and surface persistence of a novel alcohol-based hand sanitizer formulation, ProtecTeaV, containing lipophilic epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG-p) against a human norovirus surrogate. Methods: Virucidal capacity against feline calicivirus (FCV) was tested using a standard 50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose (TCID50) suspension assay. Persistence of residual virucidal activity after application on a clean surface was determined through 12 hours. Controls included the formulation without EGCG-p, popular alcoholbased sanitizers, and antibacterial liquid hand soap (LHS). Statistical analysis employed one-way ANOVA (alpha=0.05). Results: Suspension assays demonstrated that the ProtecTeaV formulation effectively reduced FCV viral infectivity >log10 4 (10,000 fold). Surface applied residue activity remained strong (reduction of infectivity by > log10 3) through 12 hours. In comparison, LHS did not show virucidal activity without washing with water, and other controls failed to reduce infectivity by more than log10 3 (1,000 fold). Conclusion: This non-toxic hand sanitizer/surface disinfectant demonstrated effective and prolonged virucidal activities against a norovirus surrogate. Therefore, the EGCG-p formulation is potentially a novel and effective approach to curtail norovirus outbreaks. Research Article Citation: Widjaja Nicole, Dickinson Douglas, Shao Xueling, et al. Persistent Virucidal Activity in an Alcohol-Based Sanitizer Formulation (ProtecTeaV) for Potential Use against Norovirus. Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 2(2): 1-8.
{"title":"Persistent Virucidal Activity in an Alcohol-Based Sanitizer Formulation (ProtecTeaV) for Potential Use against Norovirus","authors":"Widjaja Nicole, D. Douglas, Shao Xueling, H. Stephen","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1029","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis. Alcohol sanitization is ineffective, and currently used alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not recommended by the CDC for norovirus in healthcare settings. This study evaluated virucidal activity and surface persistence of a novel alcohol-based hand sanitizer formulation, ProtecTeaV, containing lipophilic epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG-p) against a human norovirus surrogate. Methods: Virucidal capacity against feline calicivirus (FCV) was tested using a standard 50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose (TCID50) suspension assay. Persistence of residual virucidal activity after application on a clean surface was determined through 12 hours. Controls included the formulation without EGCG-p, popular alcoholbased sanitizers, and antibacterial liquid hand soap (LHS). Statistical analysis employed one-way ANOVA (alpha=0.05). Results: Suspension assays demonstrated that the ProtecTeaV formulation effectively reduced FCV viral infectivity >log10 4 (10,000 fold). Surface applied residue activity remained strong (reduction of infectivity by > log10 3) through 12 hours. In comparison, LHS did not show virucidal activity without washing with water, and other controls failed to reduce infectivity by more than log10 3 (1,000 fold). Conclusion: This non-toxic hand sanitizer/surface disinfectant demonstrated effective and prolonged virucidal activities against a norovirus surrogate. Therefore, the EGCG-p formulation is potentially a novel and effective approach to curtail norovirus outbreaks. Research Article Citation: Widjaja Nicole, Dickinson Douglas, Shao Xueling, et al. Persistent Virucidal Activity in an Alcohol-Based Sanitizer Formulation (ProtecTeaV) for Potential Use against Norovirus. Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 2(2): 1-8.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45524350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Statement of the Problem: As we know osteomyelitis is a bone infection which can reach a bone by traveling through the bloodstream or spreading from nearby tissue. It can also begin in the bone itself if an injury exposes it to germs. Once considered an incurable condition, osteomyelitis can sometimes be successfully treated today by surgery to remove parts of the bone that have died and then with strong antibiotics [3]. Purpose of the Study: To show why the treatment of osteomyelitis is so difficult and in most cases incurable. However, to improve chances of cure, we need to look at the patient in his entirety, and associate other theories that can be found within other traditions, and not only focus on the infected area. Methods: Example of this it is the methodology used in two case reports presented, of which the first shows an infection resulting from knee fracture surgery done after a motorcycle accident that had been treated by the use of a large spectrum of antibiotics without any improvement. The second case was another hospital osteomyelitis after a post-prosthesis infection in the knee which had been treated profusely with antibiotics with no improvement. Findings: Both cases were treated successfully taking out all the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic drugs, and then treated by changing diet, balancing the Yin, Yang, Qi, Blood energy and removing Heat retention following the theories of Oriental Medicine. In these two cases, the condition that was maintaining the symptoms of infection was exactly the aggressive use of antibiotics. Conclusion: Osteomyelitis treatment showed in this study, demonstrated to us that we need to see the patient and not only the disease, to treat adequately the symptoms presented by the patient, and both cases were successfully treated without the use of antibiotics. Research Article Citation: Huang W.L. Can Hospital Osteomyelitis Be Treated Without the Use of Antibiotics? Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 2(2): 1-6.
{"title":"Can Hospital Osteomyelitis Be Treated Without the Use of Antibiotics?","authors":"Huang W.L","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1030","url":null,"abstract":"Statement of the Problem: As we know osteomyelitis is a bone infection which can reach a bone by traveling through the bloodstream or spreading from nearby tissue. It can also begin in the bone itself if an injury exposes it to germs. Once considered an incurable condition, osteomyelitis can sometimes be successfully treated today by surgery to remove parts of the bone that have died and then with strong antibiotics [3]. Purpose of the Study: To show why the treatment of osteomyelitis is so difficult and in most cases incurable. However, to improve chances of cure, we need to look at the patient in his entirety, and associate other theories that can be found within other traditions, and not only focus on the infected area. Methods: Example of this it is the methodology used in two case reports presented, of which the first shows an infection resulting from knee fracture surgery done after a motorcycle accident that had been treated by the use of a large spectrum of antibiotics without any improvement. The second case was another hospital osteomyelitis after a post-prosthesis infection in the knee which had been treated profusely with antibiotics with no improvement. Findings: Both cases were treated successfully taking out all the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic drugs, and then treated by changing diet, balancing the Yin, Yang, Qi, Blood energy and removing Heat retention following the theories of Oriental Medicine. In these two cases, the condition that was maintaining the symptoms of infection was exactly the aggressive use of antibiotics. Conclusion: Osteomyelitis treatment showed in this study, demonstrated to us that we need to see the patient and not only the disease, to treat adequately the symptoms presented by the patient, and both cases were successfully treated without the use of antibiotics. Research Article Citation: Huang W.L. Can Hospital Osteomyelitis Be Treated Without the Use of Antibiotics? Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 2(2): 1-6.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45637120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Worldwide, viral hepatitis is the commonest cause of hepatitis dysfunction in pregnancy. During pregnancy, viral hepatitis is associated with high risk of maternal complications and has become a leading cause of foetal death. Aim: This review was done to assess the status of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral infection among pregnant women in some Nigerian major cities. Methodology: The information used for this review was from published works in Nigeria and elsewhere. The information was extracted over the period of two years from November 2015 to October 2017. Results: In Nigeria, the prevalence of hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viral infection is on the increase and the nation has been classified among the group of countries endemic for the infection with about 18 million of the populace infected. The prevalence of hepatitis B viral infection among pregnant women in many parts of the country has been reported; with Port Harcourt having the prevalence of (4.9%), Yenagoa (5.3%), Benin (12.5%) Jos (10.3%, 15.1% and 23.9%), Ibadan (21.3%) and Kano (7.3%). AntiHCV antibody prevalence among pregnant women has also been reported in various parts of Nigeria; with Benin having the prevalence of (3.6%), Yenagoa (0.5%), Osogbo (9.2%), Enugu (14.9%), Jos (5.2%), Kaduna (11.9%), and Zaria (18.2%). In Nigeria, the transmission of hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viral infections occur mainly during childhood as a result of maternal-neonatal transmission and by other risk factors like blood transfusion, sexual promiscuity, history of sharing of toothbrush, sharp objects such as razor blades, nail cutters and scissors and instruments for pedicure and manicure. Other modes of the viral infection common in the country include high risk groups such as health care workers, poor socioeconomic status. Thus, all the risk factors implicated elsewhere in the spread of the viral infections in the general population also play role in Nigeria. Conclusion: The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) among pregnant women in Nigeria is endemic. Therefore, there is the need to institute public health measures such as routine screening of all pregnant women’s blood and blood products for hepatitis, personal and environmental sanitation, and the discouragement of unsupervised injections to reduce disease burden and transmission in the population. Research Article Citation: Itelima JU, Pandukur SG, Eluma M. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viral Infections among Pregnant Women in Some Nigerian Major Cities: A Review. Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 2(2): 1-6.
{"title":"Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viral Infections among Pregnant Women in Some Nigerian Major Cities: A Review","authors":"Itelima Ju, Pandukur Sg, Eluma M","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1032","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Worldwide, viral hepatitis is the commonest cause of hepatitis dysfunction in pregnancy. During pregnancy, viral hepatitis is associated with high risk of maternal complications and has become a leading cause of foetal death. Aim: This review was done to assess the status of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral infection among pregnant women in some Nigerian major cities. Methodology: The information used for this review was from published works in Nigeria and elsewhere. The information was extracted over the period of two years from November 2015 to October 2017. Results: In Nigeria, the prevalence of hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viral infection is on the increase and the nation has been classified among the group of countries endemic for the infection with about 18 million of the populace infected. The prevalence of hepatitis B viral infection among pregnant women in many parts of the country has been reported; with Port Harcourt having the prevalence of (4.9%), Yenagoa (5.3%), Benin (12.5%) Jos (10.3%, 15.1% and 23.9%), Ibadan (21.3%) and Kano (7.3%). AntiHCV antibody prevalence among pregnant women has also been reported in various parts of Nigeria; with Benin having the prevalence of (3.6%), Yenagoa (0.5%), Osogbo (9.2%), Enugu (14.9%), Jos (5.2%), Kaduna (11.9%), and Zaria (18.2%). In Nigeria, the transmission of hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viral infections occur mainly during childhood as a result of maternal-neonatal transmission and by other risk factors like blood transfusion, sexual promiscuity, history of sharing of toothbrush, sharp objects such as razor blades, nail cutters and scissors and instruments for pedicure and manicure. Other modes of the viral infection common in the country include high risk groups such as health care workers, poor socioeconomic status. Thus, all the risk factors implicated elsewhere in the spread of the viral infections in the general population also play role in Nigeria. Conclusion: The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) among pregnant women in Nigeria is endemic. Therefore, there is the need to institute public health measures such as routine screening of all pregnant women’s blood and blood products for hepatitis, personal and environmental sanitation, and the discouragement of unsupervised injections to reduce disease burden and transmission in the population. Research Article Citation: Itelima JU, Pandukur SG, Eluma M. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viral Infections among Pregnant Women in Some Nigerian Major Cities: A Review. Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 2(2): 1-6.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47102956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Margaret C Attah, A. Ani, Dangana I Attah, M. S. Mora
Taraba State has the second highest prevalence HIV infection in Nigeria, of 10.5% (NACA, 2015). Increased HIV viral load indicates increase in infectivity and weaker immune system by decrease in CD4 counts. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) helps to reduce the risk of transmission and infectivity of the virus and also helps to improve the health and life expectancy of the patient. This study evaluated the baseline viral load and CD4 values of newly enrolled HIV positive patients; also at three and six months for both those that commenced ART (ARV challenged patients) and those who did not commence ART(ARV naïve patients) and compared these values at three and six months after commencement of ART or not. A prospective longitudinal observational cohort study design was adopted at the Federal Medical Centre, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria. Newly enrolled HIV positive adult patients 18years and above were recruited. Data was obtained from each patient by administration of questionnaires. Intravenous blood samples were collected during clinical visits; processed and analyzed for current HIV Viral load and CD4 counts using the COBAS Ampliprep/TaqmanMechine (Polymerase Chine Reaction) and the Cyflow Counter respectively. Data was analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 18.0. A total of 171 HIV drug naïve adult patients were recruited into this study. The ratio of female (70.2%) to male patients (29.8%) was 2.3:1. Baseline assessment of the 171 enrollees showed 74 patients with CD4 count ≥ 500cells/μl and 97 patients with CD4 count <500cells/μl; females having higher CD4 count than males; p= 0.008. CD4 count and viral load of the 171 ARV naïve patients showed significance at baseline assessment (p<0.0001); then showed no significance at three months assessment for both ARV challenged and ARV naïve groups. There was significance for CD4 and viral load at six months, for both ARV challenged, p = 0. 019 and ARV naïve, p = 0.007groups respectively. Nineteen (19.6%) ARV challenged patients had an improved CD4 count from<500cells/μl at baseline assessment to ≥ 500cells/μl six months on therapy and 40 (41.2%) patients achieved viral suppression of<1000 copies /ml over the period, due to effective use of HAART. Also, 30 (30.9%) ARV challenged patients had CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/μl and 57 (58.7%) had viral load >1000 copies/ml after being on HARRT therapy for six months. This study confirms the importance of CD4 and viral load in monitoring disease progression or regression in HIV infected patients. Research Article Citation: Margaret C Attah, Agatha Ani, Dangana I Attah, et al. Comparison of Viral Load and CD4+ Values of ARV Naïve and ARV Challenged HIV Patients in Taraba State Nigeria. Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 2(2): 1-10.
塔拉巴州是尼日利亚艾滋病毒感染率第二高的州，为10.5%（NACA，2015年）。HIV病毒载量增加表明传染性增加，CD4计数减少表明免疫系统较弱。抗逆转录病毒疗法（ART）有助于降低病毒的传播风险和传染性，也有助于改善患者的健康和预期寿命。这项研究评估了新登记的HIV阳性患者的基线病毒载量和CD4值；开始接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的患者（抗逆转录病毒感染患者）和未开始接受抗抗逆转录病毒疗法的患者（单纯抗逆转录病毒患者）在三个月和六个月时也进行了比较，并在开始接受抗转录病毒治疗后三个月或六个月比较了这些值。尼日利亚塔拉巴州贾林戈联邦医疗中心采用前瞻性纵向观察队列研究设计。招募新登记的18岁及以上HIV阳性成年患者。通过问卷调查获得每位患者的数据。在临床就诊期间采集静脉血样；分别使用COBAS Amplifrep/TaqmanMechine（聚合酶-中国反应）和Cyflow计数器对当前HIV病毒载量和CD4计数进行处理和分析。数据采用SPSS统计软件18.0版进行分析。本研究共招募了171名HIV药物幼稚的成年患者。女性（70.2%）与男性（29.8%）的比例为2.3:1。171名入选者的基线评估显示，接受HARRT治疗6个月后，74名CD4计数≥500个细胞/μl的患者和97名CD4数为1000个拷贝/ml的患者。这项研究证实了CD4和病毒载量在监测HIV感染患者疾病进展或消退中的重要性。研究文章引用：Margaret C Attah，Agatha Ani，Dangana I Attah等。尼日利亚塔拉巴州抗逆转录病毒治疗和抗逆转录病毒挑战HIV患者的病毒载量和CD4+值比较。微生物感染疾病。2018年；2（2）:1-10。
{"title":"Comparison of Viral Load and CD4+ Values of ARV Naïve and ARV Challenged HIV Patients in Taraba State Nigeria","authors":"Margaret C Attah, A. Ani, Dangana I Attah, M. S. Mora","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1034","url":null,"abstract":"Taraba State has the second highest prevalence HIV infection in Nigeria, of 10.5% (NACA, 2015). Increased HIV viral load indicates increase in infectivity and weaker immune system by decrease in CD4 counts. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) helps to reduce the risk of transmission and infectivity of the virus and also helps to improve the health and life expectancy of the patient. This study evaluated the baseline viral load and CD4 values of newly enrolled HIV positive patients; also at three and six months for both those that commenced ART (ARV challenged patients) and those who did not commence ART(ARV naïve patients) and compared these values at three and six months after commencement of ART or not. A prospective longitudinal observational cohort study design was adopted at the Federal Medical Centre, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria. Newly enrolled HIV positive adult patients 18years and above were recruited. Data was obtained from each patient by administration of questionnaires. Intravenous blood samples were collected during clinical visits; processed and analyzed for current HIV Viral load and CD4 counts using the COBAS Ampliprep/TaqmanMechine (Polymerase Chine Reaction) and the Cyflow Counter respectively. Data was analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 18.0. A total of 171 HIV drug naïve adult patients were recruited into this study. The ratio of female (70.2%) to male patients (29.8%) was 2.3:1. Baseline assessment of the 171 enrollees showed 74 patients with CD4 count ≥ 500cells/μl and 97 patients with CD4 count <500cells/μl; females having higher CD4 count than males; p= 0.008. CD4 count and viral load of the 171 ARV naïve patients showed significance at baseline assessment (p<0.0001); then showed no significance at three months assessment for both ARV challenged and ARV naïve groups. There was significance for CD4 and viral load at six months, for both ARV challenged, p = 0. 019 and ARV naïve, p = 0.007groups respectively. Nineteen (19.6%) ARV challenged patients had an improved CD4 count from<500cells/μl at baseline assessment to ≥ 500cells/μl six months on therapy and 40 (41.2%) patients achieved viral suppression of<1000 copies /ml over the period, due to effective use of HAART. Also, 30 (30.9%) ARV challenged patients had CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/μl and 57 (58.7%) had viral load >1000 copies/ml after being on HARRT therapy for six months. This study confirms the importance of CD4 and viral load in monitoring disease progression or regression in HIV infected patients. Research Article Citation: Margaret C Attah, Agatha Ani, Dangana I Attah, et al. Comparison of Viral Load and CD4+ Values of ARV Naïve and ARV Challenged HIV Patients in Taraba State Nigeria. Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 2(2): 1-10.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48070627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: This study was done to find out the prevalence of cardiac involvement in dengue fever in patients presented to our hospital and to find out the correlation of cardiac manifestations to warning signs and severe dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. (DHF/DSS). Methods: The one year descriptive study was undertaken at Shanti Infectious diseases clinic and Metro Hospital and Research Institute in Vadodara (Gujarat state) India. Two hundred patients aged 14 years or more with positive dengue serology were interviewed and examined. E.C.G was done for all patients and selected patients underwent Echocardiography evaluation. The data was analyzed using statistical significance test. Results: In present study 116 (58%) had warning signs and remaining 84 (42%) patients were not having warning signs. 46 patients had one warning sign and remaining 70 patients had more than 1 warning signs. 71 (35.5%) patients were having severe dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Most common warning sign was abdominal pain (52%) and persistent vomiting (45%) while hepatomegaly was the least common warning sign. The minimum pulse rate was 34 beats/minute. The most common cardiac abnormalities noted in ECG were rhythm abnormalities of which the commonest was sinus bradycardia found in 66 (33%) patients and 45 (22.5%) patients with AV block,19 cases (9.5%) with ventricular ectopic and 22 (11%) were having sinus tachycardia. Echocardiography was in selective cases showed ECG abnormality, the mean ejection fraction was 47.05 (3.8%). In 71 patients with dengue shock syndrome the mean ejection fraction was 39.63%, 57 (28.5%) patients had myocarditis with ejection fraction below 35% and global hypokinesia. Echocardiography was repeated in these 71 patients after treatment and 3 weeks of follow up and ejection fraction was 50%& global hypokinesia was also improved and ECG changes reverted to normal after 3 weeks follow up. Thus acute reversible cardiac insult was observed in dengue shock syndrome in 71 (35.5%) patients and it could be responsible for hypotension/ shock seen in these cases. Further studies are required to establish pathogenic mechanism of cardiac dysfunction in dengue shock syndrome. There was statistically significant correlation between cardiac manifestations and all warning sign except persistent vomiting. 71 (35.5%) patients with dengue shock syndrome were having mucosal bleed, fluid accumulation, respiratory distress, bradycardia with hypotension was found to have significant correlation with cardiac manifestations. Cardiac manifestation in the form of myocarditis was observed in 57 (28.5%) patients with positive correlation with severity of dengue fever defined as by W.H.O criteria. Conclusions: The most common cardiac manifestation noted wee transient rhythm abnormalities of which sinus bradycardia was seen in 66 (33%) patients, 45 (22.5%) patients had AV block and 71 Patients (35.5%) were having Dengue hemorrhagic fever/ dengue shock syndrome of
{"title":"A Study of Cardiac Involvement in 200 Cases of Dengue Fever","authors":"N. K. Chopra","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1027","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study was done to find out the prevalence of cardiac involvement in dengue fever in patients presented to our hospital and to find out the correlation of cardiac manifestations to warning signs and severe dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. (DHF/DSS). Methods: The one year descriptive study was undertaken at Shanti Infectious diseases clinic and Metro Hospital and Research Institute in Vadodara (Gujarat state) India. Two hundred patients aged 14 years or more with positive dengue serology were interviewed and examined. E.C.G was done for all patients and selected patients underwent Echocardiography evaluation. The data was analyzed using statistical significance test. Results: In present study 116 (58%) had warning signs and remaining 84 (42%) patients were not having warning signs. 46 patients had one warning sign and remaining 70 patients had more than 1 warning signs. 71 (35.5%) patients were having severe dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Most common warning sign was abdominal pain (52%) and persistent vomiting (45%) while hepatomegaly was the least common warning sign. The minimum pulse rate was 34 beats/minute. The most common cardiac abnormalities noted in ECG were rhythm abnormalities of which the commonest was sinus bradycardia found in 66 (33%) patients and 45 (22.5%) patients with AV block,19 cases (9.5%) with ventricular ectopic and 22 (11%) were having sinus tachycardia. Echocardiography was in selective cases showed ECG abnormality, the mean ejection fraction was 47.05 (3.8%). In 71 patients with dengue shock syndrome the mean ejection fraction was 39.63%, 57 (28.5%) patients had myocarditis with ejection fraction below 35% and global hypokinesia. Echocardiography was repeated in these 71 patients after treatment and 3 weeks of follow up and ejection fraction was 50%& global hypokinesia was also improved and ECG changes reverted to normal after 3 weeks follow up. Thus acute reversible cardiac insult was observed in dengue shock syndrome in 71 (35.5%) patients and it could be responsible for hypotension/ shock seen in these cases. Further studies are required to establish pathogenic mechanism of cardiac dysfunction in dengue shock syndrome. There was statistically significant correlation between cardiac manifestations and all warning sign except persistent vomiting. 71 (35.5%) patients with dengue shock syndrome were having mucosal bleed, fluid accumulation, respiratory distress, bradycardia with hypotension was found to have significant correlation with cardiac manifestations. Cardiac manifestation in the form of myocarditis was observed in 57 (28.5%) patients with positive correlation with severity of dengue fever defined as by W.H.O criteria. Conclusions: The most common cardiac manifestation noted wee transient rhythm abnormalities of which sinus bradycardia was seen in 66 (33%) patients, 45 (22.5%) patients had AV block and 71 Patients (35.5%) were having Dengue hemorrhagic fever/ dengue shock syndrome of ","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49451359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Categorization of the States The different states in India has been categorised based on some criteria; • High Prevalent States Prevalence among antenatal women > 1% • Moderate Prevalent States Prevalence in antenatal women < 1% and prevalence in STD Clinic attenders and other HRG >5% • Low Prevalent States Prevalence in antenatal women < 1% and prevalence in STD Clinic attenders and other HRG< 5%
{"title":"The Current Scenario of HIV/AIDS in India","authors":"S. Datta, Oishi Lahiri","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1033","url":null,"abstract":"Categorization of the States The different states in India has been categorised based on some criteria; • High Prevalent States Prevalence among antenatal women > 1% • Moderate Prevalent States Prevalence in antenatal women < 1% and prevalence in STD Clinic attenders and other HRG >5% • Low Prevalent States Prevalence in antenatal women < 1% and prevalence in STD Clinic attenders and other HRG< 5%","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47085700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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