Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/2773-2398.386228
Juan Fang, Binbin Tan, Wei Zhang, Le Xie, Guo-Yuan Yang
Neurological damage after stroke and spinal cord injury often results in walking impairments. The theory of interlimb neural coupling implies that synchronized arm swing should be included during gait training to improve rehabilitation outcomes. We previously developed an automatic rotational orthosis for walking with arm swing (aROWAS), which produced coordinated interlimb movement when running in passive mode. The current case-series study had three aims: to develop impedance control algorithms for generating flexible movement in the aROWAS system, to validate its technical feasibility, and to investigate interlimb muscle activity when using it. A force-free controller was developed to compensate for gravity and friction, and an impedance controller was developed to produce a flexible movement pattern. Experiments were performed on three able-bodied volunteers to evaluate the feasibility of the flexible aROWAS system and muscle activity in their upper and lower limbs was recorded. In force-free mode, the leg rig was static but easily moved by small external forces, and the subjects reported very little resistance when attempting to walk synchronously in the aROWAS system. In impedance mode, the leg rig performed the pre-defined gait pattern, but the joint trajectories were adaptable to external forces. All participants produced earlier hip extension and greater knee flexion during active walking than during passive walking. Furthermore, the arm and lower limb muscles simultaneously produced higher electromyography activity. The control algorithms enabled the aROWAS system to produce walking-like coordinated joint performance in the upper and lower limbs, and also allowed for some degree of adjustment in response to voluntary input from the users. Stronger interlimb muscle activity was produced when participants walked actively in the system. This aROWAS system has the technical potential to serve as an effective tool for investigating interlimb neural coupling and as a novel testbed for walking rehabilitation with synchronized arm swing.
{"title":"Impedance control and test of an automatic rotational orthosis for walking with arm swing","authors":"Juan Fang, Binbin Tan, Wei Zhang, Le Xie, Guo-Yuan Yang","doi":"10.4103/2773-2398.386228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2773-2398.386228","url":null,"abstract":"Neurological damage after stroke and spinal cord injury often results in walking impairments. The theory of interlimb neural coupling implies that synchronized arm swing should be included during gait training to improve rehabilitation outcomes. We previously developed an automatic rotational orthosis for walking with arm swing (aROWAS), which produced coordinated interlimb movement when running in passive mode. The current case-series study had three aims: to develop impedance control algorithms for generating flexible movement in the aROWAS system, to validate its technical feasibility, and to investigate interlimb muscle activity when using it. A force-free controller was developed to compensate for gravity and friction, and an impedance controller was developed to produce a flexible movement pattern. Experiments were performed on three able-bodied volunteers to evaluate the feasibility of the flexible aROWAS system and muscle activity in their upper and lower limbs was recorded. In force-free mode, the leg rig was static but easily moved by small external forces, and the subjects reported very little resistance when attempting to walk synchronously in the aROWAS system. In impedance mode, the leg rig performed the pre-defined gait pattern, but the joint trajectories were adaptable to external forces. All participants produced earlier hip extension and greater knee flexion during active walking than during passive walking. Furthermore, the arm and lower limb muscles simultaneously produced higher electromyography activity. The control algorithms enabled the aROWAS system to produce walking-like coordinated joint performance in the upper and lower limbs, and also allowed for some degree of adjustment in response to voluntary input from the users. Stronger interlimb muscle activity was produced when participants walked actively in the system. This aROWAS system has the technical potential to serve as an effective tool for investigating interlimb neural coupling and as a novel testbed for walking rehabilitation with synchronized arm swing.","PeriodicalId":93737,"journal":{"name":"Brain network and modulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135649333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-12DOI: 10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.91-99
Stivani Ayuning Suwarlan, Yoke Lai Lee, I. Said
Urban sprawl has caused an impact on urban development, causing land use changes, loss of income and cultural values, environmental degradation, and high monetary costs. Urban sprawl needs to be carried out efficiently and inclusively to ensure sustainable land use and management including cities in Indonesia. Since 1980s, urban sprawl in Indonesia is high due to limited land which causes the expansion of development on the expanse of agricultural areas and coastal settlements. This paper presents a critical review of the parameters of urban sprawl in agricultural cities including Bandung, Batu, Pekanbaru and coastal cities including Surabaya, Gresik, and Madura using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The parameters are gathered from a review of articles related to urban sprawl in agricultural and coastal cities in Indonesia. The result of this comparative studies showed two key important variables that caused urban sprawl in Indonesia: population growth, and land limitation to encompass agricultural and coastal cities. Furthermore, there are four priority parameters out of eight, namely immigrant population ratio-transnational, birth ratio, population growth rate, and land occupation ratio causing urban sprawl in agricultural and coastal cities. In sum, the findings of this study suggest the importance of applying urban sprawl parameters in analyzing urban development as it is useful for evaluating and monitoring the rapid urban development in Indonesia.
{"title":"A REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL AND COASTAL CITIES IN INDONESIA IN FINDING URBAN SPRAWL PRIORITY PARAMETERS","authors":"Stivani Ayuning Suwarlan, Yoke Lai Lee, I. Said","doi":"10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.91-99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.91-99","url":null,"abstract":"Urban sprawl has caused an impact on urban development, causing land use changes, loss of income and cultural values, environmental degradation, and high monetary costs. Urban sprawl needs to be carried out efficiently and inclusively to ensure sustainable land use and management including cities in Indonesia. Since 1980s, urban sprawl in Indonesia is high due to limited land which causes the expansion of development on the expanse of agricultural areas and coastal settlements. This paper presents a critical review of the parameters of urban sprawl in agricultural cities including Bandung, Batu, Pekanbaru and coastal cities including Surabaya, Gresik, and Madura using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The parameters are gathered from a review of articles related to urban sprawl in agricultural and coastal cities in Indonesia. The result of this comparative studies showed two key important variables that caused urban sprawl in Indonesia: population growth, and land limitation to encompass agricultural and coastal cities. Furthermore, there are four priority parameters out of eight, namely immigrant population ratio-transnational, birth ratio, population growth rate, and land occupation ratio causing urban sprawl in agricultural and coastal cities. In sum, the findings of this study suggest the importance of applying urban sprawl parameters in analyzing urban development as it is useful for evaluating and monitoring the rapid urban development in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":93737,"journal":{"name":"Brain network and modulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89914417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-27DOI: 10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.80-90
Zuhrotul Mawaddatil Ula, Arina Hayati, S. Cahyadini
Human activities and behavior are reciprocally related to the dwelling environment. As the specific expression of culture, how human activities are carried out is related to how they understand and use the affordances of their environment. One of the primary domestic activities closely related to the culture is dining. Culture influences the dining habits of a community and plays a significant role in the form of dwelling architecture.This study explores how dining activities are carried out in urban housing in Indonesia and their relationship to the dwellings’ architectural forms. Taking Surabaya as a case study, this phenomenon was studied using a combine-strategy through questionnaires and in-depth semi-structured interviews. The participants are the young generation living in their parent’s dwellings with landed housing typology, with and without separate dining rooms. Household members and the dwelling size are not limited to examine how dining activities are conducted in each circumstance.The results show that Indonesian dining culture still influences dining activities in the dwelling. However, dining activities have begun to shift from social to personal activities. The development of a practical lifestyle in recent times has also caused dining activities to be carried out as a complement to other activities. Finally, these phenomena affect the settings and affordance attributes that accommodate dining activities in the dwelling, which understanding can be applied in designing residential architecture.
{"title":"THE AFFORDANCES FOR DINING ACTIVITIES: YOUNG GENERATIONS' EXPERIENCE IN DWELLING ENVIRONMENT","authors":"Zuhrotul Mawaddatil Ula, Arina Hayati, S. Cahyadini","doi":"10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.80-90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.80-90","url":null,"abstract":"Human activities and behavior are reciprocally related to the dwelling environment. As the specific expression of culture, how human activities are carried out is related to how they understand and use the affordances of their environment. One of the primary domestic activities closely related to the culture is dining. Culture influences the dining habits of a community and plays a significant role in the form of dwelling architecture.This study explores how dining activities are carried out in urban housing in Indonesia and their relationship to the dwellings’ architectural forms. Taking Surabaya as a case study, this phenomenon was studied using a combine-strategy through questionnaires and in-depth semi-structured interviews. The participants are the young generation living in their parent’s dwellings with landed housing typology, with and without separate dining rooms. Household members and the dwelling size are not limited to examine how dining activities are conducted in each circumstance.The results show that Indonesian dining culture still influences dining activities in the dwelling. However, dining activities have begun to shift from social to personal activities. The development of a practical lifestyle in recent times has also caused dining activities to be carried out as a complement to other activities. Finally, these phenomena affect the settings and affordance attributes that accommodate dining activities in the dwelling, which understanding can be applied in designing residential architecture.","PeriodicalId":93737,"journal":{"name":"Brain network and modulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83600029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-27DOI: 10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.70-79
Ratih Widiastuti
Strategi penggunaan vertical greenery systems pada bangunan diketahui dapat memberikan efek penurunan suhu. Akan tetapi terbatasnya kajian literature yang ada menjadikan kurangnya pemahaman terhadap vertical greenery systems. Tujuan dari critical review ini adalah untuk mengkaji aspek teknis yang terdapat di dalam studi vertical greenery systems. Ditemukan bahwa beberapa aspek utama perlu diperhatikan ketika melakukan studi vertical greenery systems yaitu meliputi pengaruh sistem struktur, kondisi iklim setempat, dan jenis tanaman yang digunakan. Kesimpulan utama yang didapatkan dari critical review ini adalah berdasarkan sistem strukturnya, vertical greenery systems dibagi menjadi green façades dan green walls. Review terhadap pengaruh iklim menunjukkan bahwa studi vertical greenery systems hanya terkonsentrasi di Eropa dan Asia. Diketahui pemilihan jenis tanaman juga harus disesuaikan dengan kondisi iklim setempat. Hal tersebut terkait dengan pengaruh ketebalan lapisan daun dan luas area dedaunan. Studi membuktikan bahwa vertical greenery systems memiliki kontribusi di dalam penurunan konsumsi energi pada bangunan, khususnya untuk pendinginan. Hasil dari critical review juga menemukan bahwa terdapat empat aspek utama yang menjadi kajian pada studi vertical greenery systems yaitu efek pembayangan, pendinginan, insulasi, dan penahan angin. Dimana, kajian terhadap efek pembayangan dan pendinginan adalah yang paling banyak didiskusikan.
{"title":"POTENSI VERTICAL GREENERY SYSTEMS DI DALAM MENDUKUNG PENGHEMATAN ENERGI PADA BANGUNAN","authors":"Ratih Widiastuti","doi":"10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.70-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.70-79","url":null,"abstract":"Strategi penggunaan vertical greenery systems pada bangunan diketahui dapat memberikan efek penurunan suhu. Akan tetapi terbatasnya kajian literature yang ada menjadikan kurangnya pemahaman terhadap vertical greenery systems. Tujuan dari critical review ini adalah untuk mengkaji aspek teknis yang terdapat di dalam studi vertical greenery systems. Ditemukan bahwa beberapa aspek utama perlu diperhatikan ketika melakukan studi vertical greenery systems yaitu meliputi pengaruh sistem struktur, kondisi iklim setempat, dan jenis tanaman yang digunakan. Kesimpulan utama yang didapatkan dari critical review ini adalah berdasarkan sistem strukturnya, vertical greenery systems dibagi menjadi green façades dan green walls. Review terhadap pengaruh iklim menunjukkan bahwa studi vertical greenery systems hanya terkonsentrasi di Eropa dan Asia. Diketahui pemilihan jenis tanaman juga harus disesuaikan dengan kondisi iklim setempat. Hal tersebut terkait dengan pengaruh ketebalan lapisan daun dan luas area dedaunan. Studi membuktikan bahwa vertical greenery systems memiliki kontribusi di dalam penurunan konsumsi energi pada bangunan, khususnya untuk pendinginan. Hasil dari critical review juga menemukan bahwa terdapat empat aspek utama yang menjadi kajian pada studi vertical greenery systems yaitu efek pembayangan, pendinginan, insulasi, dan penahan angin. Dimana, kajian terhadap efek pembayangan dan pendinginan adalah yang paling banyak didiskusikan.","PeriodicalId":93737,"journal":{"name":"Brain network and modulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89123744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.69-69
Mahya Fiddini Kaffah, H. E. Kusuma, Ratna Aminati
{"title":"TIGA FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PREFERENSI TERHADAP KAMAR MANDI PRIBADI DI RUMAH TINGGAL","authors":"Mahya Fiddini Kaffah, H. E. Kusuma, Ratna Aminati","doi":"10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.69-69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.69-69","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93737,"journal":{"name":"Brain network and modulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88569194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/2773-2398.365027
Shuyang Li, Y. Xia, Jing Tian, Chunlei Shan, Heng Zhang, Na Chen, Shupeng Liu
Low-level laser therapy, a noninvasive physical therapy, is applied to a wide range of conditions and has many effects including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-allergic effects. Some reports show that low-level laser therapy improves memory for patients. In this study, we explored the effect of laser stimulation on the prefrontal cortex of Alzheimer’s disease model mice. Ten 4-month-old APP/PS1 double-transgenic Alzheimer’s disease model mice were selected for prefrontal cortex stimulation by an 808-nm laser for 40 minutes every day. The peak intensities of blood Raman spectroscopy at 675, 747, 1124 (P < 0.05), 1223 (P < 0.05), 1305, 1340, 1372, 1540, and 1637 cm-1 were different between the laser stimulation group and the control group. The results indicated that laser stimulation of the mouse prefrontal cortex may induce some changes in blood components, such as porphyrins and glucose. Laser stimulation could play a role in the neurophysiological activity, thereby triggering the changes in blood components that could be detected by Raman spectroscopy.
{"title":"Blood analysis by Raman spectroscopy for laser stimulation on mouse prefrontal cortex","authors":"Shuyang Li, Y. Xia, Jing Tian, Chunlei Shan, Heng Zhang, Na Chen, Shupeng Liu","doi":"10.4103/2773-2398.365027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2773-2398.365027","url":null,"abstract":"Low-level laser therapy, a noninvasive physical therapy, is applied to a wide range of conditions and has many effects including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-allergic effects. Some reports show that low-level laser therapy improves memory for patients. In this study, we explored the effect of laser stimulation on the prefrontal cortex of Alzheimer’s disease model mice. Ten 4-month-old APP/PS1 double-transgenic Alzheimer’s disease model mice were selected for prefrontal cortex stimulation by an 808-nm laser for 40 minutes every day. The peak intensities of blood Raman spectroscopy at 675, 747, 1124 (P < 0.05), 1223 (P < 0.05), 1305, 1340, 1372, 1540, and 1637 cm-1 were different between the laser stimulation group and the control group. The results indicated that laser stimulation of the mouse prefrontal cortex may induce some changes in blood components, such as porphyrins and glucose. Laser stimulation could play a role in the neurophysiological activity, thereby triggering the changes in blood components that could be detected by Raman spectroscopy.","PeriodicalId":93737,"journal":{"name":"Brain network and modulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91029751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Priming coupled with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the management of migraine: a case study","authors":"Sujita Kumar Kar, Prashant Choudhary, Abhilash Boda","doi":"10.4103/2773-2398.365028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2773-2398.365028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93737,"journal":{"name":"Brain network and modulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76594691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/2773-2398.365026
Hao-yu Lu, Ji Yan
Peripheral nerve injury and reconstruction would lead to alteration of neural pathways. This is regarded as rewiring peripheral nerves, which could also be a trigger for the corresponding neural rewiring process in the brain. Brain plasticity subsequent to peripheral nerve reconstruction plays an important role in the functional recovery of limbs, which has attracted increasing concerns. The present study aimed to overview recent progress in neuroregeneration-related brain plasticity. Nerve transfer is a special technique of nerve reconstruction that usually leads to substantial peripheral neural rewiring and cortical reorganization. Nerve transfer-related shifting of motor representation was particularly discussed. We also emphasized rehabilitation strategies based on the current peripheral-central rewiring theory. Specific strategies based on neural plasticity were proposed for corresponding recovery stages.
{"title":"Neural rewiring from peripheral to central: a narrative review","authors":"Hao-yu Lu, Ji Yan","doi":"10.4103/2773-2398.365026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2773-2398.365026","url":null,"abstract":"Peripheral nerve injury and reconstruction would lead to alteration of neural pathways. This is regarded as rewiring peripheral nerves, which could also be a trigger for the corresponding neural rewiring process in the brain. Brain plasticity subsequent to peripheral nerve reconstruction plays an important role in the functional recovery of limbs, which has attracted increasing concerns. The present study aimed to overview recent progress in neuroregeneration-related brain plasticity. Nerve transfer is a special technique of nerve reconstruction that usually leads to substantial peripheral neural rewiring and cortical reorganization. Nerve transfer-related shifting of motor representation was particularly discussed. We also emphasized rehabilitation strategies based on the current peripheral-central rewiring theory. Specific strategies based on neural plasticity were proposed for corresponding recovery stages.","PeriodicalId":93737,"journal":{"name":"Brain network and modulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78010422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/2773-2398.365024
Tanner Ashcraft, Lauren Breazeale, C. Kahathuduwa, Bei Zhang
Apathy is a common sequela to traumatic brain injury affecting multiple aspects of the patient’s rehabilitation, recovery, domestic and social functioning, and quality of life. As a motivational disorder, it is distinct from depression, but shares many similar features. Anatomically, they both involve dysfunction in the ventral and medial prefrontal cortices and the anterior cingulate cortex; however, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex may be more implicated in regulating motivation, while the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex may be more involved in regulating mood. Current treatment for apathy is limited, especially when standard pharmacotherapies for depression have not been shown to improve apathy. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a neuromodulatory therapy effective for refractory depression. The mood modulatory effect was believed related to the anti-correlation between the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Studies have recently shown its safety and successful treatment of apathy in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke, although the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has also been successfully applied in persons with traumatic brain injury for depression, dizziness, central pain, visual neglect, cognitive impairments, and disorders of consciousness. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current understanding of apathy and evidence of the clinical application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to explore the theoretical basis of potential therapeutic benefits of using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for apathy after traumatic brain injury.
{"title":"Potential application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for apathy after traumatic brain injury: a narrative review","authors":"Tanner Ashcraft, Lauren Breazeale, C. Kahathuduwa, Bei Zhang","doi":"10.4103/2773-2398.365024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2773-2398.365024","url":null,"abstract":"Apathy is a common sequela to traumatic brain injury affecting multiple aspects of the patient’s rehabilitation, recovery, domestic and social functioning, and quality of life. As a motivational disorder, it is distinct from depression, but shares many similar features. Anatomically, they both involve dysfunction in the ventral and medial prefrontal cortices and the anterior cingulate cortex; however, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex may be more implicated in regulating motivation, while the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex may be more involved in regulating mood. Current treatment for apathy is limited, especially when standard pharmacotherapies for depression have not been shown to improve apathy. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a neuromodulatory therapy effective for refractory depression. The mood modulatory effect was believed related to the anti-correlation between the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Studies have recently shown its safety and successful treatment of apathy in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke, although the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has also been successfully applied in persons with traumatic brain injury for depression, dizziness, central pain, visual neglect, cognitive impairments, and disorders of consciousness. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current understanding of apathy and evidence of the clinical application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to explore the theoretical basis of potential therapeutic benefits of using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for apathy after traumatic brain injury.","PeriodicalId":93737,"journal":{"name":"Brain network and modulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81564182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/2773-2398.365025
B. Zhu
Unlike man-made electronic devices such as computers, the nervous system never suffers from “overheating” due to its massive neuro-electrical activities. This paper proposes a new hypothesis that neuronal microtubules (neuro-MTs), which are major structural components of axons and dendrites, are vacuum cylindrical nanotubes that can mediate electrical transmission with a unique form of quasi-superconductivity. It is speculated that hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate catalyzed by the a-/ß-tubulin subunits would supply cellular energy to relocate electrons to form the conduction electrons inside neuro-MTs. Owing to the consecutive dipole ring structures of neuro-MTs, the moving speed of the conduction electrons inside neuro-MTs is expected to be very slow, and this feature would enable physiological neuro-electrical transmission with super-high energy efficiency. Further, the dipole ring structures of a neuro-MT would help terminate the electron conduction with high efficiency. The proposed neuro-MT-mediated electrical transmission offers a new mechanistic explanation for the saltatory conduction of action potentials along the axons. Lastly, it is speculated that owing to its unique consecutive dipole sheet structures, the myelin sheath which wraps around large axons and some dendrites, may functionally serve as an effective shield for the electromagnetic fields generated by the conduction electrons inside the axonal neuro-MTs.
{"title":"Role of microtubules in neuro-electrical transmission: a hypothesis","authors":"B. Zhu","doi":"10.4103/2773-2398.365025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2773-2398.365025","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike man-made electronic devices such as computers, the nervous system never suffers from “overheating” due to its massive neuro-electrical activities. This paper proposes a new hypothesis that neuronal microtubules (neuro-MTs), which are major structural components of axons and dendrites, are vacuum cylindrical nanotubes that can mediate electrical transmission with a unique form of quasi-superconductivity. It is speculated that hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate catalyzed by the a-/ß-tubulin subunits would supply cellular energy to relocate electrons to form the conduction electrons inside neuro-MTs. Owing to the consecutive dipole ring structures of neuro-MTs, the moving speed of the conduction electrons inside neuro-MTs is expected to be very slow, and this feature would enable physiological neuro-electrical transmission with super-high energy efficiency. Further, the dipole ring structures of a neuro-MT would help terminate the electron conduction with high efficiency. The proposed neuro-MT-mediated electrical transmission offers a new mechanistic explanation for the saltatory conduction of action potentials along the axons. Lastly, it is speculated that owing to its unique consecutive dipole sheet structures, the myelin sheath which wraps around large axons and some dendrites, may functionally serve as an effective shield for the electromagnetic fields generated by the conduction electrons inside the axonal neuro-MTs.","PeriodicalId":93737,"journal":{"name":"Brain network and modulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81951652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：