Ando M, Kubo H, Mok WJ, Itoh I, Imaizumi K, Tanaka T, et al. Changes in the freshness of freshwater Japanese icefish (Salangichthys microdon) during chilled and super-chilled storage. JSFA Rep. 2024;4(12):406–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsf2.223
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The identification of pollen is important in the field of beekeeping for the determination of the botanical origin of bee products and investigations of bee diet. Until now, it has been performed by melissopalynology, the microscopic examination of pollen grains. However, this technique has some limitations, such as the necessity of experienced analysts and identification restricted to the family level for some pollen types. Although many techniques have been proposed as alternatives or complements to melissopalynology and omics techniques have been explored to gather information on the botanical origin of honey, no study has yet been conducted on a large set of pollen types.
The study dataset consisted of 34 different pollen types of pellets collected by honeybees in Switzerland and analyzed in multiple biological replications, leading to 150 observations. The pollen samples were analyzed after tryptic digestion using a non-targeted mass spectrometry-based method. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) was employed to identify pollen, and melissopalynology was used as a reference method for the identification. We built an OPLS-DA prediction model for the 34 pollen types. The model clearly identified new samples in their membership group (Acer sp., n = 10) and a new pollen type at the species-specific level for Quercus sp. Less predictable results were achieved for Composita H and pollen collected directly from the plant.
The use of a non-targeted mass spectrometry-based method and chemometrics resulted in a promising tool for pollen identification as a replacement/supplement method to traditional melissopalynology.
New circular economy policies for producing high-value ingredients and co-products, rich in bioactive phytochemicals, have boosted valorising agro-food residues, as sources of powerful functional compounds. In this context, (poly)phenols of winemaking by-products have been associated with anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress (OS) prevention. Nevertheless, this application needs stabilisation of such materials by fine-tuning processing conditions, in a fashion compatible with the industrial capacities, to minimise the impact on the phytochemical profile. To fill these gaps, the present study uncovered the capacity of high (poly)phenol ingredients from winery by-products (obtained by an oven a dehydration system), to modulate inflammatory and OS markers and mediators associated with intestinal inflammation.
The results confirmed minimal changes in the winery residues' (poly)phenolic burden. The ingredients obtained provided (poly)phenolic pools that reduced the secretion of inflammatory markers, namely nitrates/nitrites, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α by up to 66.8%, 20.1%, 95.4% and 78.3%, respectively. Even more, they also prevented ROS increase, preserving the molecular machinery of cells against OS (glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in a significant manner. The correlation analyses allowed identifying proanthocyanidin dimer (B-type) digallate, galloyl hexoside, ferulic acid hexoside, cyanidin 3-O-p-coumaroylglucoside, as the main anti-inflammatory compounds; and galloyl hexoside, ferulic acid hexoside, kaempferol glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-p-coumaroylglucoside, as the most powerful antioxidant molecules.
These results support the interest in winery by-products processed according to industrial procedures as sources of compounds with anti-inflammatory and OS prevention traits.
Ocimum basiicum L. essential oil (OBEO) is an herbal essential oil that inhibits microbial activity during food preservation. However, preservation of aquatic products is susceptible to environmental factors. The efficacy of different impregnation techniques was evaluated. In this study, we investigated the application of OBEO in the cold storage process of snakehead fish fillets.
In terms of microbiological and ammonia content, the best freshness of snakehead fillets was observed under normal impregnation. On the 18th day, the essential oil impregnated group without ultrasonic and vacuum treatment showed a reduction in trimethylamine content by 5.14 mg/100 g, total volatile base nitrogen by 16.32 mg N/100 g, K value by 50.82%, and H2S content by 134.73 mmol/g, as compared to the control group. Similarly, the indexes such as the pH value, free amino acid (FAA) value and ammonia content reflected the bacteriostatic properties of OBEO and the degree of spoilage of snakeheads. In a word, the results showed that although the homogeneity of the emulsion was improved after ultrasonic treatment, it tends to destabilize the snakehead fillets.
Therefore, this study demonstrated that snakehead fillets exhibited better preservation under normal or vacuum conditions in combination with OBEO impregnation.
Furocoumarins are a class of substances, which naturally occur in plants and may be present in certain foods. Roughly two dozen structurally different but related substances (congeners) have been described in plants to various degrees of depth. At sufficiently high concentrations furocoumarins pose a risk to consumers' health because of their phototoxic and photogenotoxic effects. Past studies on furocoumarin content in food usually focused on a limited number of congeners or specific food types. More information on occurrence in a broad range of foods was needed.
In order to improve occurrence data, the content of 23 furocoumarin congeners in 82 food samples, known to contain furocoumarins, is presented in full. A method was developed using liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Samples ranging from soft drinks to vegetables were extracted with a methanol/water mixture. Chromatography and transitions in the MS/MS detection were optimised and all parameters are given. The furocoumarin content quantified ranged from 29 μg/kg in ginger to 98 mg/kg in lime juice. A table showing all the results of each congener in each food sample is presented. As more congeners were covered in this study than in the past, previous risk assessments were revisited, in order to determine if the risk for consumers has changed.
The new occurrence data determined with the newly developed method makes a valuable contribution to the available data of furocoumarins in foods. The deducible exposure data enables a review of existing risk assessments on furocoumarins. Despite the higher number of analysed furocoumarins in this study compared to other studies, the total content for each food type was only slightly different to previously published data. Therefore, conclusions of previous risk assessments were found to be still valid: Normal dietary exposure should not lead to phototoxic effects in consumers. However, due to photogenotoxic properties of certain furocoumarins, their exposure should be reduced as much as possible and some foods should be consumed in moderation.
Obesity is increasing seriously worldwide. Inhibiting pancreatic lipase (PL) is an important way to prevent obesity. Baicalein, a dietary flavone, shows various physiological activities and has anti-obesity potential. Therefore, the inhibitory activity of baicalein on PL was investigated in present study.
Baicalein exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on PL with IC50 value of 68 μg/mL. Inhibition kinetics indicated that baicalein was a mixed-type inhibitor of PL. Fluorescence titration showed that baicalein could induce fluorescence quenching of PL. The binding constant (logKa) and number of binding sites were calculated as 5.40 and 1.11, respectively. In addition, synchronous fluorescence analysis revealed that the quenching ratio of baicalein to tryptophan was greater than that of tyrosine. Circular dichroism (CD) spectrum showed that the binding of baicalein affected the secondary structure of the enzyme protein. Through molecular docking analysis, it confirmed that baicalein could interact with amino acid residues in lipase, thus reducing the enzyme catalytic activity. In vivo studies showed that oral administration of baicalein with a does of 50 mg/kg bwt significantly reduced fat absorption and increased its fecal excretion in rats.
Baicalein showed inhibitory activity on PL in both in vitro and in vivo studies. It may be a safe and effective dietary supplement for obesity prevention.
Byproducts of broccoli floret production, stems and leaves meal (BSLM), could be fed to older layers, likely increasing production and egg quality. However, BSLM contains glucosinolates, possibly unpalatable and harmful to layers at high concentrations.
A corn-soy control diet (n = 55) and an experimental diet (n = 55) containing 15 g kg−1 BSLM and 2.37 g kg−1 excess protein compared with the control were fed to non-molted 94- to 100-week-old layers, genetically bred for high livability and production. Significance was assessed at p ≤ 0.05. Egg production was lower (p < 0.01) for the control compared with the experimental diet. For weeks 4–6, the experimental diet produced a lower (p ≤ 0.05) ADFI and FCR compared with itself and the control at weeks 0–2. FCR was lower (p ≤ 0.05) for the experimental diet. ADFI, egg weight, Haugh unit, and shell beak force were statistically similar. Yolks from the experimental diet had greater xanthophyll content (p ≤ 0.001) and color (p ≤ 0.01) but not greater ascorbic acid. Zeaxanthin in eggs from the experimental diet was temporally reduced.
Variations of N in BSLM or other byproducts collected over large acreage should be considered when formulating diets. A follow-up study across layer age and breeds should ascertain the effect of quantities of various dietary constituent (protein, BSLM, and fiber alone and in combinations) on production and carotenoids in eggs at 2-week intervals. Studies involving heating methods and consumption of BSLM eggs and subsequent uptake of xanthophylls and carotenes by humans may help determine the value of these eggs for human health. Assessment of physiological conditions for layers fed broccoli at 15.00 g kg−1 in the diet will ensure lack of harmful effects for younger and older layers.
The Japanese icefish (Salangichthys microdon) is a valuable food resource in Japan; however, its freshness rapidly diminishes during transport and cold storage. In this study, the freshness change during chilled (5°C) and super-chilled (−1 and −2°C) of S. microdon samples collected from Kasumigaura lake in October and December was assessed by observing their surface structure and determining their drip loss, K values, and free amino acid content.
The results revealed that more wrinkles formed on the surface of S. microdon samples with increasing storage time. More drip loss occurred in fall than in winter. Higher K values and increased degradation of muscle proteins were observed in winter. Moreover, their free amino acid content increased with storage time at all temperatures.
This study suggested that seasonal differences and storage temperature should be considered in selecting the appropriate fishing, handling, and storage methods to maintain the freshness and quality of S. microdon.
Dates are highly perishable fruits, and maintaining their quality during storage is essential for both commercial viability and consumer satisfaction. One effective strategy for preserving their nutritional and functional properties is through drying, which reduces moisture content and inhibits microbial growth while concentrating essential nutrients. This study compared the impact of three drying methods (sun drying, hot air oven drying, and cabinet drying) on the chemical, functional, and microbial properties of date flour. The flesh of two date varieties, Amber and Sukkari, was processed by washing, drying at 65°C, milling, and sieving to obtain fine flour, which was then subjected to analysis.
The results revealed that fat (5.35 ± 0.07%), protein (10.50 ± 0.00%), and crude fiber (8.57 ± 0.59%) contents were higher in hot-air oven-dried amber date fruit. Moisture (12.94 ± 0.63%), ash (2.37 ± 0.03%), and vitamin C (0.024 ± 0.00 mg/100 g) contents were reported to be higher in sun-dried Sukkari date due to the slower drying process and exposure to lower drying temperatures during sun drying, which allows for minimal thermal degradation of heat-sensitive compounds like vitamin C. Oven-dried Amber date powder displayed greater water absorption (1.10 mL/g) and solubility (66.60%). In terms of microbial analysis, both hot air oven-dried Amber and Sukkari dates had the lowest total viable count (1.19 × 105 and 9.45 × 104 CFU/mL, respectively).
Hot air oven drying is a suitable method for drying date fruit as it results in the highest retention of protein, fiber, and ash content while also maintaining low moisture levels, reducing microbial growth, and improving shelf life.
Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease characterized by decreased bone density. In this study, we evaluated the anti-osteoporotic effect of maltobionic acid (MB), one of the components of honey, and calcium maltobionate (MBCa) on bone density and metabolism using a mouse model of osteoporosis. The underlying mechanisms of MB and MBCa action were also investigated.
Ovariectomized (OVX) mice were fed diet containing MB or MBCa for 80 days, and femoral bone mineral content and mineral density (BMD) were evaluated. As expected, OVX reduced BMD; however, the administration of MB and MBCa significantly prevented this decrease. Furthermore, MB and MBCa treatment significantly reduced the serum levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b), a bone resorption marker, and significantly increased the levels of serum calcitonin, compared to those in the OVX control group. In vitro, the relatively high-dose levels of MB and MBCa inhibited osteoclast differentiation by decreasing the protein expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cell cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), the master transcription factor of osteoclastogenesis.
Our results showed that osteoporotic mice treated with MB and MBCa had improved bone density and bone metabolism compared to the OVX controls. Moreover, it was hypothesized herein that the suppressive effect on osteoclast differentiation slightly contributed to these results concomitantly. These findings suggest that the intake of MB or MBCa may contribute to the maintenance of bone health, including the prevention of primary osteoporosis.
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