Continuous monitoring of water quantities in different soil horizons is necessary to understand the behavior of infiltrated water in the soil. Under certain conditions, using measurements of natural ground gamma radiation can help us estimate soil water content measurements over a 100 m2 surface within a 15 cm depth. A CS725 sensor can provide up to four daily estimates of soil water content by detecting the natural emission of gamma radiation. However, in boreal forest environments, gamma radiation mitigated by the water in the thick humus layers (LFH horizon) can bias in the underlying mineral soil water content measurements. The objective of this research was to evaluate the accuracy of methods that incorporate variables describing the surface humus layer into calculations of the underlying mineral soil water content, by measuring the soil's natural gamma emission with the CS725. Using raw gamma radiation values obtained by CS725 sensors deployed over various boreal soils, we tested two functions. The first one included variables describing the humus layer and the other excluded these variables (manufacturer’s method). The function that included the descriptive humus layer variables showed superior results compared to the function without. The results of this study suggest that the CS725 sensor can adequately estimate mineral soil water content within ± 10% absolute of the reference water content when examined with the following humus variables: humus layer thickness, factioned composition, bulk density, and linear gamma radiation attenuation.
{"title":"Gamma radiation for the estimation of mineral soil water content in a boreal forest","authors":"Mathieu Gélinas, Sylvain Jutras","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0101","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous monitoring of water quantities in different soil horizons is necessary to understand the behavior of infiltrated water in the soil. Under certain conditions, using measurements of natural ground gamma radiation can help us estimate soil water content measurements over a 100 m2 surface within a 15 cm depth. A CS725 sensor can provide up to four daily estimates of soil water content by detecting the natural emission of gamma radiation. However, in boreal forest environments, gamma radiation mitigated by the water in the thick humus layers (LFH horizon) can bias in the underlying mineral soil water content measurements. The objective of this research was to evaluate the accuracy of methods that incorporate variables describing the surface humus layer into calculations of the underlying mineral soil water content, by measuring the soil's natural gamma emission with the CS725. Using raw gamma radiation values obtained by CS725 sensors deployed over various boreal soils, we tested two functions. The first one included variables describing the humus layer and the other excluded these variables (manufacturer’s method). The function that included the descriptive humus layer variables showed superior results compared to the function without. The results of this study suggest that the CS725 sensor can adequately estimate mineral soil water content within ± 10% absolute of the reference water content when examined with the following humus variables: humus layer thickness, factioned composition, bulk density, and linear gamma radiation attenuation.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138962984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extended waterlogging (WL) conditions can alter soil enzyme activities and their role in maintaining healthy soils. We assessed the effects of soil moisture regimes (field capacity (FC) and WL) and phosphorus (P) rates (0, 15, 30, 45 kg available P ha–1) on (i) soil enzymes and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and P (MBP), and (ii) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN). The treatments were tested in a four–month greenhouse experiment using intact soil columns under annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). Waterlogging decreased the activity of β–glucosidase and acid phosphomonoesterase, but increased N–acetyl–β–glucosaminidase in soils. These changes were associated with changes in MBC, DOC, TDN, but not MBP. Anoxic conditions in WL soil promote the activity of anaerobes and contribute to the reduction of Fe oxyhydroxides and the release of DOC, TDN, and P in the soil solution. The activity of the extracellular enzymes decreased in WL with additions of slurry indicating adequate supply of C, N, and P. Our results also showed that both enzyme activities and microbial biomass were restricted in the upper soil layer with limited downward movement along the soil profile. We can conclude that since these enzymes control the hydrolysis of cellulose, phosphomonoester, and chitin, respectively, soil moisture influences the direction and magnitude of C, N, and P in manured and waterlogged soil cultivated with ryegrass.
长期积水（WL）条件会改变土壤酶的活性及其在保持土壤健康方面的作用。我们评估了土壤湿度制度（田间持水量（FC）和 WL）和磷（P）比率（0、15、30、45 千克可用磷公顷-1）对（i）土壤酶和微生物生物量碳（MBC）、氮（MBN）和磷（MBP）以及（ii）溶解有机碳（DOC）和溶解总氮（TDN）的影响。在为期四个月的温室实验中，使用一年生黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum）下的完整土壤柱对处理方法进行了测试。涝害降低了土壤中 β-葡萄糖苷酶和酸性磷单酯酶的活性，但增加了 N-乙酰基-β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性。这些变化与 MBC、DOC、TDN 的变化有关，但与 MBP 无关。WL 土壤中的缺氧条件促进了厌氧菌的活性，有助于土壤溶液中铁氧氢氧化物的还原以及 DOC、TDN 和 P 的释放。加入泥浆后，WL 中细胞外酶的活性降低，这表明 C、N 和 P 的供应充足。我们的研究结果还表明，酶活性和微生物生物量都局限于土壤上层，沿土壤剖面向下移动有限。我们可以得出结论，由于这些酶分别控制纤维素、磷单酯和甲壳素的水解，土壤水分影响着种植黑麦草的肥沃土壤和水涝土壤中 C、N 和 P 的方向和大小。
{"title":"Soil enzyme activities in heavily manured and waterlogged soil cultivated with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)","authors":"Thidarat Rupngam, A. Messiga, Antoine Karam","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0097","url":null,"abstract":"Extended waterlogging (WL) conditions can alter soil enzyme activities and their role in maintaining healthy soils. We assessed the effects of soil moisture regimes (field capacity (FC) and WL) and phosphorus (P) rates (0, 15, 30, 45 kg available P ha–1) on (i) soil enzymes and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and P (MBP), and (ii) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN). The treatments were tested in a four–month greenhouse experiment using intact soil columns under annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). Waterlogging decreased the activity of β–glucosidase and acid phosphomonoesterase, but increased N–acetyl–β–glucosaminidase in soils. These changes were associated with changes in MBC, DOC, TDN, but not MBP. Anoxic conditions in WL soil promote the activity of anaerobes and contribute to the reduction of Fe oxyhydroxides and the release of DOC, TDN, and P in the soil solution. The activity of the extracellular enzymes decreased in WL with additions of slurry indicating adequate supply of C, N, and P. Our results also showed that both enzyme activities and microbial biomass were restricted in the upper soil layer with limited downward movement along the soil profile. We can conclude that since these enzymes control the hydrolysis of cellulose, phosphomonoester, and chitin, respectively, soil moisture influences the direction and magnitude of C, N, and P in manured and waterlogged soil cultivated with ryegrass.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"36 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiawei Zhang, Yonghao Xie, Mingze Yuan, Ming-Bao Li
Wireless Underground Sensor Network (WUSN) is gradually applied to smart agriculture for soil information collection and monitoring of crop growth environment. WUSN can avoid the inconvenience caused by tillage and other machine operation activities on farmland, and obtains multi-level and multi-dimensional parameters in the underground soil environment, which is crucial for soil moisture monitoring of crops. However, WUSN has no universally applicable transmission protocol standards in the field. Therefore, the research of different soil compositions on the placement of wireless sensor network nodes can provide scientific guidance to obtain soil moisture information of agricultural fields, it is important for the development of precision agriculture. In this paper, a low-power WUSN nodes was designed, based on modified Frisian transmission model and the complex refractive index Fresnel model, we proposed an adaptive optimization model, and also proposed an improved Genetic Algorithm, which is automatically adjust fusion parameter according to soil and distance factors, it made the prediction of signal attenuation under different soil components more accurately. We used the adaptive optimized model for signal prediction, comparing with the modified Friis prediction model and the complex refractive index Fresnel prediction model, the results shown that the proposed adaptive optimization model with automatic parameter is convenient to predict the signal attenuation, the adaptive optimization model made the prediction error stay really low. In order to compare with other sensors in the soil environment, the temperature of the distributed fiber optic temperature sensor was tested, which predicted by the adaptive model. The result shown that the adaptive model is more favorable to the prediction of signal attenuation in WUSN than distributed fiber optic temperature sensors.
{"title":"A Self-adjusting Parametric Model for Attenuation Characteristics of WUSN Signal","authors":"Jiawei Zhang, Yonghao Xie, Mingze Yuan, Ming-Bao Li","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0105","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless Underground Sensor Network (WUSN) is gradually applied to smart agriculture for soil information collection and monitoring of crop growth environment. WUSN can avoid the inconvenience caused by tillage and other machine operation activities on farmland, and obtains multi-level and multi-dimensional parameters in the underground soil environment, which is crucial for soil moisture monitoring of crops. However, WUSN has no universally applicable transmission protocol standards in the field. Therefore, the research of different soil compositions on the placement of wireless sensor network nodes can provide scientific guidance to obtain soil moisture information of agricultural fields, it is important for the development of precision agriculture. In this paper, a low-power WUSN nodes was designed, based on modified Frisian transmission model and the complex refractive index Fresnel model, we proposed an adaptive optimization model, and also proposed an improved Genetic Algorithm, which is automatically adjust fusion parameter according to soil and distance factors, it made the prediction of signal attenuation under different soil components more accurately. We used the adaptive optimized model for signal prediction, comparing with the modified Friis prediction model and the complex refractive index Fresnel prediction model, the results shown that the proposed adaptive optimization model with automatic parameter is convenient to predict the signal attenuation, the adaptive optimization model made the prediction error stay really low. In order to compare with other sensors in the soil environment, the temperature of the distributed fiber optic temperature sensor was tested, which predicted by the adaptive model. The result shown that the adaptive model is more favorable to the prediction of signal attenuation in WUSN than distributed fiber optic temperature sensors.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"6 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bing Huang, Hong Pan, Xiao-Meng Wang, Yong-Ren Li, Tao Zhang, Shi-De Li, Yong-Cheng Jiang, Fan-Zhen Wang
Shellfish culture heavy soils are suitable for the cultivation of marine organisms and are essential for the development of marine fisheries. To study both the interaction between heavy soil particles and that between the soil and soil-engaging components of agricultural machinery in shellfish culture, the simulation parameters in the model were determined. To study the interaction between soil particles in the viscous soil of shellfish culture with moisture content of 26.51% ± 1%. Discrete element method is used to establish the accumulation simulation experiment; the contact parameters between soil particles were calibrated. The response surface optimization technique was used to create the accumulation angle regression model. To study the interaction between the soil and soil-engaging components, the static friction coefficient between the heavy soil and soil-engaging components was determined by static friction experiment. The contact parameters between the soil and soil-engaging components were calibrated by the slope simulation experiment; the rolling distance regression model was established by response surface optimization methodology. The findings demonstrate that the optimized soil model can simulate the actual soil, and reflect the interaction between the heavy soil particles, soil, and the soil-engaging components of agricultural machinery, which not only provides a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of soil-engaging components of agricultural machinery in heavy soil, but also provides a new way for the research and development of agricultural machinery in a complex environment.
{"title":"Parameter calibration of discrete element simulation for the interaction between heavy soil and soil-engaging components in shellfish culture","authors":"Bing Huang, Hong Pan, Xiao-Meng Wang, Yong-Ren Li, Tao Zhang, Shi-De Li, Yong-Cheng Jiang, Fan-Zhen Wang","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0045","url":null,"abstract":"Shellfish culture heavy soils are suitable for the cultivation of marine organisms and are essential for the development of marine fisheries. To study both the interaction between heavy soil particles and that between the soil and soil-engaging components of agricultural machinery in shellfish culture, the simulation parameters in the model were determined. To study the interaction between soil particles in the viscous soil of shellfish culture with moisture content of 26.51% ± 1%. Discrete element method is used to establish the accumulation simulation experiment; the contact parameters between soil particles were calibrated. The response surface optimization technique was used to create the accumulation angle regression model. To study the interaction between the soil and soil-engaging components, the static friction coefficient between the heavy soil and soil-engaging components was determined by static friction experiment. The contact parameters between the soil and soil-engaging components were calibrated by the slope simulation experiment; the rolling distance regression model was established by response surface optimization methodology. The findings demonstrate that the optimized soil model can simulate the actual soil, and reflect the interaction between the heavy soil particles, soil, and the soil-engaging components of agricultural machinery, which not only provides a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of soil-engaging components of agricultural machinery in heavy soil, but also provides a new way for the research and development of agricultural machinery in a complex environment.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"6 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138584346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Indraratne, I. Amarakoon, D. Kumaragamage, Ahmed A. Lasisi, Doug Goltz, Nora J. Casson
Soil amendment effects on the mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) have been hardly investigated under snowmelt flooding conditions. This research quantifies and compares the loadings of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) to snowmelt from unamended, alum-, gypsum-, and Epsom salt-amended soils from a manured and a non-manured agricultural field. In the fall of 2020, amendments were surface applied at a rate of 2.5 Mg ha-1 to field plots with four replicates. Runoff boxes were installed at the plots’ edge to collect winter snow. In the spring of 2021, the snowmelt in each box was pumped out, and volume was recorded until all snow in the boxes had melted. Concentrations of PTE and other cations and pH were measured in a subsample of the snowmelt. The snowmelt from the manured field had higher Ni, Se, and V loads than from the non-manured field. There were no significant differences in snowmelt PTE loads between the amended soils and the unamended controls at each field. Although not statistically significant, the Epsom salt-amended treatment resulted in a 75% reduction in Se loading and a 44% reduction in V loading, while the gypsum-amended treatment showed a 38% reduction in Ni loading compared to the unamended treatment in the manured soil. Overall, our findings from a single season using both manured and non-manured fields suggest that alum, gypsum, and Epsom salt additions did not significantly alter the mobility of the studied PTEs during the spring snowmelt period.
{"title":"Loss of potentially toxic elements to snowmelt runoff from soils amended with alum, gypsum, and Epsom salt.","authors":"S. Indraratne, I. Amarakoon, D. Kumaragamage, Ahmed A. Lasisi, Doug Goltz, Nora J. Casson","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0073","url":null,"abstract":"Soil amendment effects on the mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) have been hardly investigated under snowmelt flooding conditions. This research quantifies and compares the loadings of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) to snowmelt from unamended, alum-, gypsum-, and Epsom salt-amended soils from a manured and a non-manured agricultural field. In the fall of 2020, amendments were surface applied at a rate of 2.5 Mg ha-1 to field plots with four replicates. Runoff boxes were installed at the plots’ edge to collect winter snow. In the spring of 2021, the snowmelt in each box was pumped out, and volume was recorded until all snow in the boxes had melted. Concentrations of PTE and other cations and pH were measured in a subsample of the snowmelt. The snowmelt from the manured field had higher Ni, Se, and V loads than from the non-manured field. There were no significant differences in snowmelt PTE loads between the amended soils and the unamended controls at each field. Although not statistically significant, the Epsom salt-amended treatment resulted in a 75% reduction in Se loading and a 44% reduction in V loading, while the gypsum-amended treatment showed a 38% reduction in Ni loading compared to the unamended treatment in the manured soil. Overall, our findings from a single season using both manured and non-manured fields suggest that alum, gypsum, and Epsom salt additions did not significantly alter the mobility of the studied PTEs during the spring snowmelt period.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"24 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Pelster, Jean-Pascal Matteau, Richard E Farrell, Guillermo Hernandez-Ramirez
Minimizing tillage has been promoted as an agricultural practice that may mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through carbon sequestration. However, there is some ambiguity regarding the effect of minimum tillage (MT) on emissions of other greenhouse gases, in particular soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. To determine how effective MT could be in helping Canada mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, we used a meta-analysis to compare growing season N2O emissions from MT versus conventional tillage (CT). Overall, MT had 12% lower N2O emissions compared to CT (P = 0.03). However, there was high variability due to soil texture and growing season precipitation, with MT tending to emit more N2O than CT in climates where growing season precipitation exceeded 600 mm; particularly for soils with sand content less than 60%. Therefore, unless long-term tillage trials, which are urgently needed in eastern Canada, show a reduction in N2O emissions over time, MT should be used as a greenhouse gas mitigation measure only in dry climates or on sandy soils.
{"title":"Tillage effects on growing season nitrous oxide emissions in Canadian cropland soils","authors":"D. Pelster, Jean-Pascal Matteau, Richard E Farrell, Guillermo Hernandez-Ramirez","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0075","url":null,"abstract":"Minimizing tillage has been promoted as an agricultural practice that may mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through carbon sequestration. However, there is some ambiguity regarding the effect of minimum tillage (MT) on emissions of other greenhouse gases, in particular soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. To determine how effective MT could be in helping Canada mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, we used a meta-analysis to compare growing season N2O emissions from MT versus conventional tillage (CT). Overall, MT had 12% lower N2O emissions compared to CT (P = 0.03). However, there was high variability due to soil texture and growing season precipitation, with MT tending to emit more N2O than CT in climates where growing season precipitation exceeded 600 mm; particularly for soils with sand content less than 60%. Therefore, unless long-term tillage trials, which are urgently needed in eastern Canada, show a reduction in N2O emissions over time, MT should be used as a greenhouse gas mitigation measure only in dry climates or on sandy soils.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"27 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138602757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil compaction after initial soil tillage for crop establishment has been a major problem in crop fields because of its deleterious effects on soil functioning and crop performance. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the degree of compaction, soil air capacity, near-surface optimum ratios and water retention characteristics in a sandy loam, Dystrophic Paleudalf initially under different tillage methods for sugarcane crop but without tillage for two seasons in southern Brazil. Initial soil tillage systems consisted of NT: no-tillage; NTC: compacted no-tillage; CT: conventional tillage; and Ch: chiseling of no-tillage. Disturbed and undisturbed soil was sampled from 0 - 10, 10 - 20, 20 - 40 and 40 - 60 cm layers to determine degree of compaction, air capacity, near-surface optimum ratios, soil water retention characteristics, and soil physical quality index S. At initial, NT treatment had the significantly (p < 0.05) lowest degree of compaction (87%), highest soil air capacity (0.104 cm3 cm-3), air capacity/total porosity ratio (0.261) and better water retention characteristics in the surface layer. Over time, Ch had improved the structure of the subsurface soil layers with lowest degree of compaction (≈ 88%) and highest air capacity (≈ 0.140 cm3 cm-3) while the measured indices were poor in NTC. Irrespective of tillage, the surface layer showed resilience during the years without soil disturbance with low degree of compaction, increased water retention and air capacity. No-tillage could be a good soil management option for sugarcane production while mechanical chiseling is advocated for ameliorating compacted soils.
{"title":"Degree of compaction, aeration, and soil water retention indices of a sugarcane field without soil disturbance after initial tillage","authors":"G. O. Awe, E. Fontanela, J. M. Reichert","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0066","url":null,"abstract":"Soil compaction after initial soil tillage for crop establishment has been a major problem in crop fields because of its deleterious effects on soil functioning and crop performance. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the degree of compaction, soil air capacity, near-surface optimum ratios and water retention characteristics in a sandy loam, Dystrophic Paleudalf initially under different tillage methods for sugarcane crop but without tillage for two seasons in southern Brazil. Initial soil tillage systems consisted of NT: no-tillage; NTC: compacted no-tillage; CT: conventional tillage; and Ch: chiseling of no-tillage. Disturbed and undisturbed soil was sampled from 0 - 10, 10 - 20, 20 - 40 and 40 - 60 cm layers to determine degree of compaction, air capacity, near-surface optimum ratios, soil water retention characteristics, and soil physical quality index S. At initial, NT treatment had the significantly (p < 0.05) lowest degree of compaction (87%), highest soil air capacity (0.104 cm3 cm-3), air capacity/total porosity ratio (0.261) and better water retention characteristics in the surface layer. Over time, Ch had improved the structure of the subsurface soil layers with lowest degree of compaction (≈ 88%) and highest air capacity (≈ 0.140 cm3 cm-3) while the measured indices were poor in NTC. Irrespective of tillage, the surface layer showed resilience during the years without soil disturbance with low degree of compaction, increased water retention and air capacity. No-tillage could be a good soil management option for sugarcane production while mechanical chiseling is advocated for ameliorating compacted soils.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139241821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bo Huijuan, Minggang Xu, Dongsheng Jin, Zhang Qiang
The impact of different fertilizer types with equal nitrogen levels on maize root morphology and soil available nutrient is needed, especially in coal mine reclamation areas. After 9-year fertilization, the maize root biomass, length, and surface area of the organic–inorganic fertilization (OF) treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments. The contents of available phosphorus and available potassium were 18.46 and 176 mg·kg−1, respectively, under OF treatment, which were significantly higher than those under other treatments. Our findings indicate that the fertilizing effect of OF treatment is effective for soil reclamation in mining areas.
{"title":"Responses of maize root morphology and soil available nutrient to fertilizer types in a coal mine reclamation area","authors":"Bo Huijuan, Minggang Xu, Dongsheng Jin, Zhang Qiang","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0054","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of different fertilizer types with equal nitrogen levels on maize root morphology and soil available nutrient is needed, especially in coal mine reclamation areas. After 9-year fertilization, the maize root biomass, length, and surface area of the organic–inorganic fertilization (OF) treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments. The contents of available phosphorus and available potassium were 18.46 and 176 mg·kg−1, respectively, under OF treatment, which were significantly higher than those under other treatments. Our findings indicate that the fertilizing effect of OF treatment is effective for soil reclamation in mining areas.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139253311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magdalena Rogalsky, Kevin Tiessen, Donald N. Flaten, Yvonne Lawley, Mario Tenuta, John Heard
A two-year crop rotation study in southern Manitoba assessed the effects of starter fertilizer on grain corn (Zea mays L.) production when corn followed canola (Brassica napus L.) versus soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Treatments included a control (no starter) and two rates of phosphorus (P) (30 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) as monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 11-52-0) or MicroEssentials® SZ (MESZn, 12-40-0-10-1) side-banded at planting. The preceding crop did not have any influence on mycorrhizal colonization of corn roots at V4 corn growth stage. However, side-banded fertilizer increased early-season biomass by as much as 111% compared to the unfertilized control, with the largest increases occurring where corn followed canola. Phosphorus concentration and uptake in early-season biomass increased as the P rate increased. Zinc (Zn) concentrations in early-season biomass were greatest for the unfertilized control and MESZn treatments, while Zn uptake was significantly greater with the application of starter fertilizer compared to the unfertilized control. Starter P advanced silking date by 2 to 7 days relative to the unfertilized control. At maturity, starter P reduced grain moisture by 21 to 27 g kg-1 in corn, only after canola. The high rate of MAP increased grain yield by an average of 770 kg ha-1 compared to the unfertilized control, regardless of the preceding crop. The negative influence of the preceding canola crop on early-season growth and mid-season development of corn can be managed with starter fertilization, to provide adequate P and Zn to the corn crop and maintain successful production in Manitoba.
在马尼托巴南部进行了一项为期两年的轮作研究，评估了玉米轮作油菜轮作玉米轮作大豆轮作甘氨酸轮作大豆轮作玉米轮作的发酵剂对玉米产量的影响。处理包括对照(无发菜)和两种磷(30和60 kg P2O5 ha-1)，在种植时磷酸一铵(MAP, 11-52-0)或MicroEssentials®SZ (MESZn, 12-40-0-10-1)侧带状施用。在V4玉米生育期，前茬作物对玉米根系菌根定植没有影响。然而，与未施肥的对照相比，侧带状肥料使早季生物量增加了111%，其中玉米和油菜的增幅最大。随着施磷率的增加，早季生物量的磷浓度和吸收量增加。未施肥对照和MESZn处理的早季生物量锌含量最高，发酵肥处理的锌吸收量显著高于未施肥对照。发酵剂P比未施肥对照提前2 ~ 7天出丝。成熟时，发菜磷使玉米籽粒水分减少21 ~ 27 g kg-1，仅次于油菜。无论前茬作物如何，与未施肥的对照相比，MAP的高施用量平均增加了770公斤每公顷的粮食产量。在马尼托巴省，前茬油菜籽作物对玉米季前生长和季中发育的负面影响可以通过启动施肥来管理，为玉米作物提供充足的磷和锌，保持成功的生产。
{"title":"Response to side-banded phosphorus and zinc fertilizer for corn grown after canola or soybean in southern Manitoba","authors":"Magdalena Rogalsky, Kevin Tiessen, Donald N. Flaten, Yvonne Lawley, Mario Tenuta, John Heard","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0051","url":null,"abstract":"A two-year crop rotation study in southern Manitoba assessed the effects of starter fertilizer on grain corn (Zea mays L.) production when corn followed canola (Brassica napus L.) versus soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Treatments included a control (no starter) and two rates of phosphorus (P) (30 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) as monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 11-52-0) or MicroEssentials® SZ (MESZn, 12-40-0-10-1) side-banded at planting. The preceding crop did not have any influence on mycorrhizal colonization of corn roots at V4 corn growth stage. However, side-banded fertilizer increased early-season biomass by as much as 111% compared to the unfertilized control, with the largest increases occurring where corn followed canola. Phosphorus concentration and uptake in early-season biomass increased as the P rate increased. Zinc (Zn) concentrations in early-season biomass were greatest for the unfertilized control and MESZn treatments, while Zn uptake was significantly greater with the application of starter fertilizer compared to the unfertilized control. Starter P advanced silking date by 2 to 7 days relative to the unfertilized control. At maturity, starter P reduced grain moisture by 21 to 27 g kg-1 in corn, only after canola. The high rate of MAP increased grain yield by an average of 770 kg ha-1 compared to the unfertilized control, regardless of the preceding crop. The negative influence of the preceding canola crop on early-season growth and mid-season development of corn can be managed with starter fertilization, to provide adequate P and Zn to the corn crop and maintain successful production in Manitoba.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"1 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crop yields directly affect carbon inputs into soils. Tillage management can influence crop performance, and should be considered when quantifying soil organic carbon change (SOC), and thus net greenhouse gas emissions from croplands for national inventory reporting. We conducted a meta-analysis of the effects of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) on crop yields for multiple crop species, soil types and climatic regions of Canada. Yield response to NT varied between Western and Eastern Canada. Regardless of crop type, experiment duration, soil texture and residue management, experiments in Eastern Canada showed an average of 6% lower yields (p ≤ 0.005) under NT compared to CT. In Western Canada, crop type had an important effect on yields between NT and CT with wheat, canola and legumes exhibiting 10% (p ≤ 0.001), 7% (p ≤ 0.05) and 9% (p ≤ 0.05) higher yields on average under NT compared to CT, respectively. In Western Canada higher yields would be reflected in a similar scale of higher carbon inputs to NT systems. A recent meta-analysis of the effects of tillage management on SOC in Canada showed an 8% higher storage of SOC under NT systems, compared to CT, a difference limited to Western Canadian soils. Incorporating the effect of tillage on carbon inputs will lead to improvements in the accuracy of the effects of tillage management on SOC change in Canadian cropland. The activity data can be improved by applying weightings to the yield data by site specific assessment of tillage practices across Canada
{"title":"Crop yields under no-till in Canada: Implications for soil organic carbon change
","authors":"Bert VandenBygaart, B. Chang Liang","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0061","url":null,"abstract":"Crop yields directly affect carbon inputs into soils. Tillage management can influence crop performance, and should be considered when quantifying soil organic carbon change (SOC), and thus net greenhouse gas emissions from croplands for national inventory reporting. We conducted a meta-analysis of the effects of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) on crop yields for multiple crop species, soil types and climatic regions of Canada. Yield response to NT varied between Western and Eastern Canada. Regardless of crop type, experiment duration, soil texture and residue management, experiments in Eastern Canada showed an average of 6% lower yields (p ≤ 0.005) under NT compared to CT. In Western Canada, crop type had an important effect on yields between NT and CT with wheat, canola and legumes exhibiting 10% (p ≤ 0.001), 7% (p ≤ 0.05) and 9% (p ≤ 0.05) higher yields on average under NT compared to CT, respectively. In Western Canada higher yields would be reflected in a similar scale of higher carbon inputs to NT systems. A recent meta-analysis of the effects of tillage management on SOC in Canada showed an 8% higher storage of SOC under NT systems, compared to CT, a difference limited to Western Canadian soils. Incorporating the effect of tillage on carbon inputs will lead to improvements in the accuracy of the effects of tillage management on SOC change in Canadian cropland. The activity data can be improved by applying weightings to the yield data by site specific assessment of tillage practices across Canada","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"6 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135266692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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