No-till (NT) often causes prominent stratification of C and nutrients in the soil profile relative to tilled systems. We hypothesize differences in root distribution within the soil profile between NT and tilled systems could be one factor contributing to stratification. We evaluated how NT affects root length density (RLD), root biomass yield (RBY), and root diameter compared with other tillage systems and factors that may affect root characteristics. We reviewed studies until 23 January 2024 where RLD, RBY, or root diameter were reported under NT and tillage. The data on RLD, RBY, and diameter were tabulated and the weighted log response ratio (MLRR) and confidence intervals computed. Our meta-analysis showed NT increased RLD in the 0-10 cm depth, but reduced RLD at 10-20 cm. It increased RBY and diameter in the 0-20 cm depth and reduced both characteristics at 20-30 cm. Regardless of root characteristic, NT had mixed effects below 30 cm. However, across the soil profile (minimum 50 cm depth), NT had no effect on RLD and RBY. No-till-induced changes in roots can be related to increased compaction at the tillage interface. No-till stratified both RLD and RBY compared with high intensity tillage systems, although there were some conditions where NT stratified only RLD or RBY. No-till did not induce stratification of RLD and RBY in dry regions, mild or hot climates, in medium-textured soils, or compared with intermediate intensity tillage systems. Overall, NT can result in stratification of both RBY and RLD compared with high intensity tillage systems.
{"title":"How Does No-till Affect Soil-Profile Distribution of Roots?","authors":"S. Ruis, Humberto Blanco-Canqui","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0099","url":null,"abstract":"No-till (NT) often causes prominent stratification of C and nutrients in the soil profile relative to tilled systems. We hypothesize differences in root distribution within the soil profile between NT and tilled systems could be one factor contributing to stratification. We evaluated how NT affects root length density (RLD), root biomass yield (RBY), and root diameter compared with other tillage systems and factors that may affect root characteristics. We reviewed studies until 23 January 2024 where RLD, RBY, or root diameter were reported under NT and tillage. The data on RLD, RBY, and diameter were tabulated and the weighted log response ratio (MLRR) and confidence intervals computed. Our meta-analysis showed NT increased RLD in the 0-10 cm depth, but reduced RLD at 10-20 cm. It increased RBY and diameter in the 0-20 cm depth and reduced both characteristics at 20-30 cm. Regardless of root characteristic, NT had mixed effects below 30 cm. However, across the soil profile (minimum 50 cm depth), NT had no effect on RLD and RBY. No-till-induced changes in roots can be related to increased compaction at the tillage interface. No-till stratified both RLD and RBY compared with high intensity tillage systems, although there were some conditions where NT stratified only RLD or RBY. No-till did not induce stratification of RLD and RBY in dry regions, mild or hot climates, in medium-textured soils, or compared with intermediate intensity tillage systems. Overall, NT can result in stratification of both RBY and RLD compared with high intensity tillage systems.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141267191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I offer this perspective as hope that miyo wîcêhtowin (translated as “good relations” in Plains Cree) can be established between the discipline of soil science and Indigenous Peoples in Canada. This perspective reflects on the difficult truths of why the relationship between Indigenous Peoples and soil science is primarily one of exploitation and neglect, but also on how fostering a relationship built on reciprocity poses opportunities for Indigenous knowledge systems and soil science to improve land and soil stewardship. Soil science was borne in this country as an instrument of colonization of the plains, marginalizing First Nations from their lands and livelihoods through agricultural settlement. It is necessary to illuminate this fraught history to understand the contemporary realities of First Nations in the prairies, including the hopeful efforts First Nations are making towards conservation and restoration of prairie landscapes—and revitalization of Indigenous knowledge systems—especially though buffalo rematriation. This sharing is done in the hope that we can collectively work towards reciprocity in the relationship between Indigenous Peoples and soil science as a discipline for improved caretaking of the land.
{"title":"miyo wîcêhtowin “good relations”: reckoning with the relationship between Indigenous Peoples and soil science in Canada","authors":"Melissa M Arcand","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2024-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2024-0023","url":null,"abstract":"I offer this perspective as hope that miyo wîcêhtowin (translated as “good relations” in Plains Cree) can be established between the discipline of soil science and Indigenous Peoples in Canada. This perspective reflects on the difficult truths of why the relationship between Indigenous Peoples and soil science is primarily one of exploitation and neglect, but also on how fostering a relationship built on reciprocity poses opportunities for Indigenous knowledge systems and soil science to improve land and soil stewardship. Soil science was borne in this country as an instrument of colonization of the plains, marginalizing First Nations from their lands and livelihoods through agricultural settlement. It is necessary to illuminate this fraught history to understand the contemporary realities of First Nations in the prairies, including the hopeful efforts First Nations are making towards conservation and restoration of prairie landscapes—and revitalization of Indigenous knowledge systems—especially though buffalo rematriation. This sharing is done in the hope that we can collectively work towards reciprocity in the relationship between Indigenous Peoples and soil science as a discipline for improved caretaking of the land.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141268491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pavement design methods based on principles of unsaturated soil mechanics take into account high soil shear strength due to matric suction resulting in more economical design especially in long roads. In this study, the bearing capacity of two-layer unsaturated sand was investigated using both analytical and experimental methods. At first, using the limit equilibrium method an analytical formula was proposed to determine the bearing capacity of two-layer unsaturated sand in which linear suction profile was considered in soil layers. It should be considered that the constant matric suction distribution assumed by the previous researchers doesn’t show the real profile of matric suction within the soil, sometimes resulting in miscalculated unsaturated bearing capacity. Also, the bearing capacity of two-layer unsaturated poorly graded sand was investigated experimentally in different suctions by a special unsaturated chamber apparatus (UCA) designed for this purpose. The results show more than double increase of unsaturated soil bearing capacity with Sr=25% compared to saturated soil. The formation of failure wedges in all experiments was investigated by image processing. An acceptable agreement was obtained between the theoretical and experimental bearing capacity results.
{"title":"Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of Two-Layered Unsaturated Sand Bearing Capacity","authors":"Hasan Ghasemzadeh, F. Akbari, hossein khayatian","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0087","url":null,"abstract":"Pavement design methods based on principles of unsaturated soil mechanics take into account high soil shear strength due to matric suction resulting in more economical design especially in long roads. In this study, the bearing capacity of two-layer unsaturated sand was investigated using both analytical and experimental methods. At first, using the limit equilibrium method an analytical formula was proposed to determine the bearing capacity of two-layer unsaturated sand in which linear suction profile was considered in soil layers. It should be considered that the constant matric suction distribution assumed by the previous researchers doesn’t show the real profile of matric suction within the soil, sometimes resulting in miscalculated unsaturated bearing capacity. Also, the bearing capacity of two-layer unsaturated poorly graded sand was investigated experimentally in different suctions by a special unsaturated chamber apparatus (UCA) designed for this purpose. The results show more than double increase of unsaturated soil bearing capacity with Sr=25% compared to saturated soil. The formation of failure wedges in all experiments was investigated by image processing. An acceptable agreement was obtained between the theoretical and experimental bearing capacity results.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140983007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mervin St. Luce, Brian C. McConkey, J. Schoenau, Kelsey Brandt, R. Hangs, Hongjie Zhang
Conservation agriculture (CA) is increasingly promoted to build soil organic matter (SOM) based on findings from predominantly small-plot long-term agroecosystem experiments (LTAEs), with minimal on-farm data. Using commercial producer fields (n = 20) in the Brown Chernozemic soil zones of Saskatchewan, Canada, which were sampled before (1996) and after (2018) adopting direct-seeding and continuous cropping (1997), we examined changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (STN) stocks, along with C and N stocks in particulate (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM), and compared them to a LTAE in the same soil zone. After 21 years, SOC and STN stocks (0-30 cm depth) increased by 13% and 21%, respectively, in commercial producer fields, and were more pronounced in finer- than coarser-textured soils. Conversely, there were no significant changes (0-30 cm depth) after 18 years (1998-2016) with CA [continuous wheat (CW-NT) and pulse-wheat under no-tillage (PW-NT)] in the LTAE, except that STN stock for PW-NT decreased by 7.7%. The estimated rate of change to 30 cm depth was similar between the commercial fields and LTAE for SOC (0.28 and 0.16 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, respectively), but not STN (0.04 and -0.03 Mg N ha-1 yr-1, respectively). Changes were more evident in the MAOM than POM fraction in both cases. Although the impact of CA may be similar, as observed for SOC, actual on-farm changes will depend on site-specific factors, and specific CA practice. Therefore, on-farm monitoring studies are needed for more accurate assessments of SOM changes and C sequestration potentials.
{"title":"Impacts of conservation agriculture on soil C and N stocks and organic matter fractions: comparing commercial producer fields with a long-term small-plot experiment in Brown Chernozems of Saskatchewan","authors":"Mervin St. Luce, Brian C. McConkey, J. Schoenau, Kelsey Brandt, R. Hangs, Hongjie Zhang","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0118","url":null,"abstract":"Conservation agriculture (CA) is increasingly promoted to build soil organic matter (SOM) based on findings from predominantly small-plot long-term agroecosystem experiments (LTAEs), with minimal on-farm data. Using commercial producer fields (n = 20) in the Brown Chernozemic soil zones of Saskatchewan, Canada, which were sampled before (1996) and after (2018) adopting direct-seeding and continuous cropping (1997), we examined changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (STN) stocks, along with C and N stocks in particulate (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM), and compared them to a LTAE in the same soil zone. After 21 years, SOC and STN stocks (0-30 cm depth) increased by 13% and 21%, respectively, in commercial producer fields, and were more pronounced in finer- than coarser-textured soils. Conversely, there were no significant changes (0-30 cm depth) after 18 years (1998-2016) with CA [continuous wheat (CW-NT) and pulse-wheat under no-tillage (PW-NT)] in the LTAE, except that STN stock for PW-NT decreased by 7.7%. The estimated rate of change to 30 cm depth was similar between the commercial fields and LTAE for SOC (0.28 and 0.16 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, respectively), but not STN (0.04 and -0.03 Mg N ha-1 yr-1, respectively). Changes were more evident in the MAOM than POM fraction in both cases. Although the impact of CA may be similar, as observed for SOC, actual on-farm changes will depend on site-specific factors, and specific CA practice. Therefore, on-farm monitoring studies are needed for more accurate assessments of SOM changes and C sequestration potentials.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140983544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vaishnavi Varikuti, Poulamee Chakraborty, Suite Xu, Navreet K. Mahal, Sandeep Kumar
Prairie cordgrass (PCG) is a perennial crop which has the potential for biofuel production under marginal lands. The intercropping of a perennial legume, kura clover (KC) with PCG can reduce the use of chemical fertilizer while maintaining the soil hydro-physical conditions. The objective of this study was to compare the soil hydro-physical properties and greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes under PCG intercropped with KC (PCG–KC), and PCG fertilized with graded levels of N (0, 75, 150, and 225 N kg ha−1). During the summer of 2021, soil samples (0–10 cm) were collected. Additionally, gas samples were collected weekly from April through September of the same year. Soil water retention, saturated hydraulic conductivity ( Ksat), thermal conductivity (λ), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total N (TN) concentrations were measured. Soil pore characteristics were measured using X-ray computed tomography. The PCG–KC had 1.42 g kg−1 TN and 24 g kg−1 SOC at 0–10 cm, non-significant to PCG-75, 150, and 225 N. Nonetheless, TN significantly increased in both PCG–KC and other fertilized treatments compared to the control. Intercropping boosted macroporosity (0.024 cm3 cm−3), Ksat (+50%), and lowered λ (−1%), compared to the N fertilized treatments. Soil cumulative CO2 under PCG–KC (1012.67 kg C ha−1) was similar to PCG-75, 150 N, but lower than PCG-225 N (1418.66 kg C ha−1). Overall, this study showed that PCG–KC can be a sustainable option over the use of N fertilizers since they had similar levels of hydro-physical characteristics and had a comparable ability to mitigate GHG emissions.
草原脐草（PCG）是一种多年生作物，具有在贫瘠土地上生产生物燃料的潜力。将多年生豆科植物库拉苜蓿（KC）与 PCG 间作，可减少化肥用量，同时保持土壤水物理条件。本研究的目的是比较 PCG 与 KC（PCG-KC）间作以及 PCG 施用分级氮肥（0、75、150 和 225 N kg ha-1）时的土壤水物理特性和温室气体通量。2021 年夏季，采集了土壤样本（0-10 厘米）。此外，同年 4 月至 9 月期间，每周采集气体样本。测量了土壤保水性、饱和导水性（Ksat）、导热性（λ）、土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）浓度。使用 X 射线计算机断层扫描测量了土壤孔隙特征。PCG-KC 在 0-10 厘米处的 TN 和 SOC 分别为 1.42 克/千克和 24 克/千克，与 PCG-75、150 和 225 N 相比差异不大。与施用氮肥的处理相比，间作提高了大孔隙度（0.024 cm3 cm-3）和 Ksat（+50%），降低了 λ（-1%）。PCG-KC 条件下的土壤累积 CO2（1012.67 kg C ha-1）与 PCG-75 和 150 N 条件下的土壤累积 CO2（1418.66 kg C ha-1）相似，但低于 PCG-225 N 条件下的土壤累积 CO2（1418.66 kg C ha-1）。总之，这项研究表明，与使用氮肥相比，PCG-KC 是一种可持续的选择，因为它们具有相似的水文物理特性，在减少温室气体排放方面的能力也相当。
{"title":"Soil surface greenhouse gas emissions and hydro-physical properties as impacted by prairie cordgrass intercropped with kura clover","authors":"Vaishnavi Varikuti, Poulamee Chakraborty, Suite Xu, Navreet K. Mahal, Sandeep Kumar","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0081","url":null,"abstract":"Prairie cordgrass (PCG) is a perennial crop which has the potential for biofuel production under marginal lands. The intercropping of a perennial legume, kura clover (KC) with PCG can reduce the use of chemical fertilizer while maintaining the soil hydro-physical conditions. The objective of this study was to compare the soil hydro-physical properties and greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes under PCG intercropped with KC (PCG–KC), and PCG fertilized with graded levels of N (0, 75, 150, and 225 N kg ha−1). During the summer of 2021, soil samples (0–10 cm) were collected. Additionally, gas samples were collected weekly from April through September of the same year. Soil water retention, saturated hydraulic conductivity ( Ksat), thermal conductivity (λ), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total N (TN) concentrations were measured. Soil pore characteristics were measured using X-ray computed tomography. The PCG–KC had 1.42 g kg−1 TN and 24 g kg−1 SOC at 0–10 cm, non-significant to PCG-75, 150, and 225 N. Nonetheless, TN significantly increased in both PCG–KC and other fertilized treatments compared to the control. Intercropping boosted macroporosity (0.024 cm3 cm−3), Ksat (+50%), and lowered λ (−1%), compared to the N fertilized treatments. Soil cumulative CO2 under PCG–KC (1012.67 kg C ha−1) was similar to PCG-75, 150 N, but lower than PCG-225 N (1418.66 kg C ha−1). Overall, this study showed that PCG–KC can be a sustainable option over the use of N fertilizers since they had similar levels of hydro-physical characteristics and had a comparable ability to mitigate GHG emissions.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141003113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Farina, C. Piccini, C. Di Bene, Flavio Fornasier, R. Francaviglia, B. Pennelli, S. Vanino, Mario Russo, Marianna Cerasuolo, Antonio Troccoli
Soil and crop management influence soil organic carbon (SOC), chemical composition, and overall soil quality. In a Mediterranean region, a study initiated in 1994 examined the long-term effects of conventional tillage (CT) versus no-tillage (NT) practices. Initially focusing on continuous durum wheat cultivation until 2009, the experiment later introduced a two-year rotation of durum wheat and Vicia faba L. cover crops in half of the CT and NT fields. SOC was monitored from 2008 to 2018, while microbial biomass (as dsDNA), soluble nitrogen (N), and enzyme activities (EAs) were monitored from 2011 to 2014 to evaluate the rotation's impact. Between 2009 and 2018, CT yields were on average 15% higher than NT, especially during high rainfall years. NT significantly increased SOC content in the 0-30 cm soil layer, along with higher levels of soluble N, dsDNA, and EAs at 0-10 cm depth. NT led to a 23% and 10% increase in SOC stock and SOC stock per equivalent soil mass respectively compared to CT. EAs increased by over 50% under NT, indicating enhanced biological activity. The SOC increase due to NT was limited to the top 10 cm, with a decrease at deeper depths (up to 50 cm). Introducing cover crops over four years did not yield significant impacts, suggesting the need for a longer period to observe noticeable effects. Overall, adopting NT practices resulted in higher SOC concentration, enhanced soil biological activity, and improved biogeochemical cycles, emphasizing the positive impact of no-tillage on soil health and sustainability.
{"title":"No tillage and leguminous cover crop improve soil quality in a typical rainfed Mediterranean system","authors":"R. Farina, C. Piccini, C. Di Bene, Flavio Fornasier, R. Francaviglia, B. Pennelli, S. Vanino, Mario Russo, Marianna Cerasuolo, Antonio Troccoli","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0106","url":null,"abstract":"Soil and crop management influence soil organic carbon (SOC), chemical composition, and overall soil quality. In a Mediterranean region, a study initiated in 1994 examined the long-term effects of conventional tillage (CT) versus no-tillage (NT) practices. Initially focusing on continuous durum wheat cultivation until 2009, the experiment later introduced a two-year rotation of durum wheat and Vicia faba L. cover crops in half of the CT and NT fields. SOC was monitored from 2008 to 2018, while microbial biomass (as dsDNA), soluble nitrogen (N), and enzyme activities (EAs) were monitored from 2011 to 2014 to evaluate the rotation's impact. Between 2009 and 2018, CT yields were on average 15% higher than NT, especially during high rainfall years. NT significantly increased SOC content in the 0-30 cm soil layer, along with higher levels of soluble N, dsDNA, and EAs at 0-10 cm depth. NT led to a 23% and 10% increase in SOC stock and SOC stock per equivalent soil mass respectively compared to CT. EAs increased by over 50% under NT, indicating enhanced biological activity. The SOC increase due to NT was limited to the top 10 cm, with a decrease at deeper depths (up to 50 cm). Introducing cover crops over four years did not yield significant impacts, suggesting the need for a longer period to observe noticeable effects. Overall, adopting NT practices resulted in higher SOC concentration, enhanced soil biological activity, and improved biogeochemical cycles, emphasizing the positive impact of no-tillage on soil health and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140709185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Liebig, David Archer, Jonathan J. Halvorson, A. Clemensen, John R. Hendrickson, Donald L. Tanaka
Crop rotations in the northern Great Plains of North America increasingly include corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Use of cover crops, while less extensive, is also increasing given their purported agronomic and environmental benefits. To date, soil responses to the inclusion of corn, soybean, and cover crops in rainfed cropping systems have not been well documented in the region. Therefore, soil properties were evaluated 6 years after establishment of three crop rotations (spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–soybean (SW–S), spring wheat–corn–soybean (SW–C–S), and spring wheat–corn–cover crop (SW–C–cc)) each split by no and minimum tillage on a Dark Brown Chernozem near Mandan, ND, USA. Soil responses to treatments were subtle and exclusive to the 0–7.6 cm depth. Soil pH was lower in SW–S than SW–C–cc (5.28 vs. 5.48; P = 0.05), SO4-S was greater under SW–C–cc than SW–C–S (13.4 vs. 11.6 g S kg−1; P = 0.03), exchangeable K was greater under SW–C–S and SW–C–cc than SW–S (0.83 cmol kg−1 vs. 0.52 cmol kg−1; P = 0.05), and water-stable aggregates were greater in SW–S than SW–C–S (26% vs. 19%; P = 0.08). Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N did not differ among crop rotations or between tillage treatments, while particulate organic matter N was greater under no tillage compared to minimum tillage ( P = 0.08). Between 2012 and 2018, soil pH decreased and SOC increased under SW–C–S. Frequent monitoring of near-surface soil conditions in rotations with soybean every other year is recommended. Furthermore, innovative management practices are needed to enhance soil C and N fractions in rotations with full-season cover crops.
北美北部大平原的轮作作物越来越多地包括玉米（Zea mays L.）和大豆（Glycine max (L.) Merr.）。虽然覆盖作物的使用范围较小，但由于其所谓的农艺和环境效益，其使用也在增加。迄今为止，在该地区的雨水灌溉种植系统中种植玉米、大豆和覆盖作物对土壤的影响还没有很好的记录。因此，在美国北达科他州曼丹附近的暗褐色切尔诺泽姆（Dark Brown Chernozem）上，对三种轮作（春小麦-大豆（SW-S）、春小麦-玉米-大豆（SW-C-S）和春小麦-玉米-覆盖作物（SW-C-cc））建立 6 年后的土壤特性进行了评估。土壤对处理的反应很微妙，且只限于 0-7.6 厘米的深度。土壤 pH 值在 SW-S 中低于 SW-C-cc（5.28 vs. 5.48；P = 0.05），SO4-S 在 SW-C-cc 中高于 SW-C-S（13.4 vs. 11.6 g S kg-1；P = 0.03），SW-C-S 和 SW-C-cc 的可交换钾高于 SW-S（0.83 cmol kg-1 vs. 0.52 cmol kg-1；P = 0.05），SW-S 的水稳团聚体高于 SW-C-S（26% vs. 19%；P = 0.08）。土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮在不同轮作或不同耕作处理之间没有差异，而颗粒有机质氮在免耕条件下比最小耕作条件下多（P = 0.08）。2012 年至 2018 年间，SW-C-S 下土壤 pH 值下降，SOC 增加。建议每隔一年对与大豆轮作的近表层土壤条件进行频繁监测。此外，还需要创新的管理方法来提高全季覆盖作物轮作中的土壤碳和氮组分。
{"title":"Soil responses to inclusion of corn, soybean, and cover crops under rainfed conditions in the northern Great Plains","authors":"M. Liebig, David Archer, Jonathan J. Halvorson, A. Clemensen, John R. Hendrickson, Donald L. Tanaka","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0092","url":null,"abstract":"Crop rotations in the northern Great Plains of North America increasingly include corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Use of cover crops, while less extensive, is also increasing given their purported agronomic and environmental benefits. To date, soil responses to the inclusion of corn, soybean, and cover crops in rainfed cropping systems have not been well documented in the region. Therefore, soil properties were evaluated 6 years after establishment of three crop rotations (spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–soybean (SW–S), spring wheat–corn–soybean (SW–C–S), and spring wheat–corn–cover crop (SW–C–cc)) each split by no and minimum tillage on a Dark Brown Chernozem near Mandan, ND, USA. Soil responses to treatments were subtle and exclusive to the 0–7.6 cm depth. Soil pH was lower in SW–S than SW–C–cc (5.28 vs. 5.48; P = 0.05), SO4-S was greater under SW–C–cc than SW–C–S (13.4 vs. 11.6 g S kg−1; P = 0.03), exchangeable K was greater under SW–C–S and SW–C–cc than SW–S (0.83 cmol kg−1 vs. 0.52 cmol kg−1; P = 0.05), and water-stable aggregates were greater in SW–S than SW–C–S (26% vs. 19%; P = 0.08). Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N did not differ among crop rotations or between tillage treatments, while particulate organic matter N was greater under no tillage compared to minimum tillage ( P = 0.08). Between 2012 and 2018, soil pH decreased and SOC increased under SW–C–S. Frequent monitoring of near-surface soil conditions in rotations with soybean every other year is recommended. Furthermore, innovative management practices are needed to enhance soil C and N fractions in rotations with full-season cover crops.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139858415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Liebig, David Archer, Jonathan J. Halvorson, A. Clemensen, John R. Hendrickson, Donald L. Tanaka
Crop rotations in the northern Great Plains of North America increasingly include corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Use of cover crops, while less extensive, is also increasing given their purported agronomic and environmental benefits. To date, soil responses to the inclusion of corn, soybean, and cover crops in rainfed cropping systems have not been well documented in the region. Therefore, soil properties were evaluated 6 years after establishment of three crop rotations (spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–soybean (SW–S), spring wheat–corn–soybean (SW–C–S), and spring wheat–corn–cover crop (SW–C–cc)) each split by no and minimum tillage on a Dark Brown Chernozem near Mandan, ND, USA. Soil responses to treatments were subtle and exclusive to the 0–7.6 cm depth. Soil pH was lower in SW–S than SW–C–cc (5.28 vs. 5.48; P = 0.05), SO4-S was greater under SW–C–cc than SW–C–S (13.4 vs. 11.6 g S kg−1; P = 0.03), exchangeable K was greater under SW–C–S and SW–C–cc than SW–S (0.83 cmol kg−1 vs. 0.52 cmol kg−1; P = 0.05), and water-stable aggregates were greater in SW–S than SW–C–S (26% vs. 19%; P = 0.08). Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N did not differ among crop rotations or between tillage treatments, while particulate organic matter N was greater under no tillage compared to minimum tillage ( P = 0.08). Between 2012 and 2018, soil pH decreased and SOC increased under SW–C–S. Frequent monitoring of near-surface soil conditions in rotations with soybean every other year is recommended. Furthermore, innovative management practices are needed to enhance soil C and N fractions in rotations with full-season cover crops.
北美北部大平原的轮作作物越来越多地包括玉米（Zea mays L.）和大豆（Glycine max (L.) Merr.）。虽然覆盖作物的使用范围较小，但由于其所谓的农艺和环境效益，其使用也在增加。迄今为止，在该地区的雨水灌溉种植系统中种植玉米、大豆和覆盖作物对土壤的影响还没有很好的记录。因此，在美国北达科他州曼丹附近的暗褐色切尔诺泽姆（Dark Brown Chernozem）上，对三种轮作（春小麦-大豆（SW-S）、春小麦-玉米-大豆（SW-C-S）和春小麦-玉米-覆盖作物（SW-C-cc））建立 6 年后的土壤特性进行了评估。土壤对处理的反应很微妙，且只限于 0-7.6 厘米的深度。土壤 pH 值在 SW-S 中低于 SW-C-cc（5.28 vs. 5.48；P = 0.05），SO4-S 在 SW-C-cc 中高于 SW-C-S（13.4 vs. 11.6 g S kg-1；P = 0.03），SW-C-S 和 SW-C-cc 的可交换钾高于 SW-S（0.83 cmol kg-1 vs. 0.52 cmol kg-1；P = 0.05），SW-S 的水稳团聚体高于 SW-C-S（26% vs. 19%；P = 0.08）。土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮在不同轮作或不同耕作处理之间没有差异，而颗粒有机质氮在免耕条件下比最小耕作条件下多（P = 0.08）。2012 年至 2018 年间，SW-C-S 下土壤 pH 值下降，SOC 增加。建议每隔一年对与大豆轮作的近表层土壤条件进行频繁监测。此外，还需要创新的管理方法来提高全季覆盖作物轮作中的土壤碳和氮组分。
{"title":"Soil responses to inclusion of corn, soybean, and cover crops under rainfed conditions in the northern Great Plains","authors":"M. Liebig, David Archer, Jonathan J. Halvorson, A. Clemensen, John R. Hendrickson, Donald L. Tanaka","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0092","url":null,"abstract":"Crop rotations in the northern Great Plains of North America increasingly include corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Use of cover crops, while less extensive, is also increasing given their purported agronomic and environmental benefits. To date, soil responses to the inclusion of corn, soybean, and cover crops in rainfed cropping systems have not been well documented in the region. Therefore, soil properties were evaluated 6 years after establishment of three crop rotations (spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–soybean (SW–S), spring wheat–corn–soybean (SW–C–S), and spring wheat–corn–cover crop (SW–C–cc)) each split by no and minimum tillage on a Dark Brown Chernozem near Mandan, ND, USA. Soil responses to treatments were subtle and exclusive to the 0–7.6 cm depth. Soil pH was lower in SW–S than SW–C–cc (5.28 vs. 5.48; P = 0.05), SO4-S was greater under SW–C–cc than SW–C–S (13.4 vs. 11.6 g S kg−1; P = 0.03), exchangeable K was greater under SW–C–S and SW–C–cc than SW–S (0.83 cmol kg−1 vs. 0.52 cmol kg−1; P = 0.05), and water-stable aggregates were greater in SW–S than SW–C–S (26% vs. 19%; P = 0.08). Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N did not differ among crop rotations or between tillage treatments, while particulate organic matter N was greater under no tillage compared to minimum tillage ( P = 0.08). Between 2012 and 2018, soil pH decreased and SOC increased under SW–C–S. Frequent monitoring of near-surface soil conditions in rotations with soybean every other year is recommended. Furthermore, innovative management practices are needed to enhance soil C and N fractions in rotations with full-season cover crops.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139798616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alcilane A. Silva, Julian J. de J. Lacerda, Raimundo B. de Araújo-Neto, E. Sagrilo, José F. Lustosa-Filho, Hosana A. F. de Andrade, H. A. de Souza
The savanna (Cerrado) of northeastern Brazil has undergone significant transition in land use to expand agricultural activities. In this region, soils are highly weathered, with phosphorus (P) commonly bound to aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe), creating conditions that demand the supply of P fertilizers to build soil fertility. Conservation systems, such as integrated agroforestry, can increase the inorganic P lability. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil P availability in components of an integrated agroforestry system. Four systems were studied from a 3-year experiment: eucalyptus ( E. urophylla × E. tereticornis) rows (ER), sabiá ( Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) rows (SR), inter-planted maize, and inter-planted soybean in addition to an area of native Cerrado (NC) used as a control. Inter-planted soybean and maize components showed an increase in available P in relation to NC, as a response to a liming-induced increase in soil pH and phosphate fertilization. Eucalyptus and sabiá row components showed an increase in available P in soil because of higher P recycling promoted by forest species and lower P adsorption onto Fe and Al due to the high concentrations of organic matter. Phosphorus forms, following a descending order for all components of the agroforestry system, are P–Al > P–Fe > P–Ca. This information can be used to improve management and soil quality of agricultural production in the Cerrado of the Brazilian northeast region.
{"title":"Integrated agroforestry system affects the dynamics of inorganic phosphorus fractions in the savanna of Brazilian Northeast","authors":"Alcilane A. Silva, Julian J. de J. Lacerda, Raimundo B. de Araújo-Neto, E. Sagrilo, José F. Lustosa-Filho, Hosana A. F. de Andrade, H. A. de Souza","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0026","url":null,"abstract":"The savanna (Cerrado) of northeastern Brazil has undergone significant transition in land use to expand agricultural activities. In this region, soils are highly weathered, with phosphorus (P) commonly bound to aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe), creating conditions that demand the supply of P fertilizers to build soil fertility. Conservation systems, such as integrated agroforestry, can increase the inorganic P lability. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil P availability in components of an integrated agroforestry system. Four systems were studied from a 3-year experiment: eucalyptus ( E. urophylla × E. tereticornis) rows (ER), sabiá ( Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) rows (SR), inter-planted maize, and inter-planted soybean in addition to an area of native Cerrado (NC) used as a control. Inter-planted soybean and maize components showed an increase in available P in relation to NC, as a response to a liming-induced increase in soil pH and phosphate fertilization. Eucalyptus and sabiá row components showed an increase in available P in soil because of higher P recycling promoted by forest species and lower P adsorption onto Fe and Al due to the high concentrations of organic matter. Phosphorus forms, following a descending order for all components of the agroforestry system, are P–Al > P–Fe > P–Ca. This information can be used to improve management and soil quality of agricultural production in the Cerrado of the Brazilian northeast region.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139863390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alcilane A. Silva, Julian J. de J. Lacerda, Raimundo B. de Araújo-Neto, E. Sagrilo, José F. Lustosa-Filho, Hosana A. F. de Andrade, H. A. de Souza
The savanna (Cerrado) of northeastern Brazil has undergone significant transition in land use to expand agricultural activities. In this region, soils are highly weathered, with phosphorus (P) commonly bound to aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe), creating conditions that demand the supply of P fertilizers to build soil fertility. Conservation systems, such as integrated agroforestry, can increase the inorganic P lability. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil P availability in components of an integrated agroforestry system. Four systems were studied from a 3-year experiment: eucalyptus ( E. urophylla × E. tereticornis) rows (ER), sabiá ( Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) rows (SR), inter-planted maize, and inter-planted soybean in addition to an area of native Cerrado (NC) used as a control. Inter-planted soybean and maize components showed an increase in available P in relation to NC, as a response to a liming-induced increase in soil pH and phosphate fertilization. Eucalyptus and sabiá row components showed an increase in available P in soil because of higher P recycling promoted by forest species and lower P adsorption onto Fe and Al due to the high concentrations of organic matter. Phosphorus forms, following a descending order for all components of the agroforestry system, are P–Al > P–Fe > P–Ca. This information can be used to improve management and soil quality of agricultural production in the Cerrado of the Brazilian northeast region.
{"title":"Integrated agroforestry system affects the dynamics of inorganic phosphorus fractions in the savanna of Brazilian Northeast","authors":"Alcilane A. Silva, Julian J. de J. Lacerda, Raimundo B. de Araújo-Neto, E. Sagrilo, José F. Lustosa-Filho, Hosana A. F. de Andrade, H. A. de Souza","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0026","url":null,"abstract":"The savanna (Cerrado) of northeastern Brazil has undergone significant transition in land use to expand agricultural activities. In this region, soils are highly weathered, with phosphorus (P) commonly bound to aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe), creating conditions that demand the supply of P fertilizers to build soil fertility. Conservation systems, such as integrated agroforestry, can increase the inorganic P lability. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil P availability in components of an integrated agroforestry system. Four systems were studied from a 3-year experiment: eucalyptus ( E. urophylla × E. tereticornis) rows (ER), sabiá ( Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) rows (SR), inter-planted maize, and inter-planted soybean in addition to an area of native Cerrado (NC) used as a control. Inter-planted soybean and maize components showed an increase in available P in relation to NC, as a response to a liming-induced increase in soil pH and phosphate fertilization. Eucalyptus and sabiá row components showed an increase in available P in soil because of higher P recycling promoted by forest species and lower P adsorption onto Fe and Al due to the high concentrations of organic matter. Phosphorus forms, following a descending order for all components of the agroforestry system, are P–Al > P–Fe > P–Ca. This information can be used to improve management and soil quality of agricultural production in the Cerrado of the Brazilian northeast region.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139803467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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