Soil protein is an important indicator of soil health and for soil health assessments is usually determined using autoclaved citrate extraction (ACE) followed by protein quantification using the Bradford or bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. Here we investigated an alternative extraction process using microwave-assisted citrate extraction (MaCE). We show that protein yield increases as the extraction time increases, but that yields comparable to those obtained using the standard ACE method can be obtained with an extraction time as short as 15 min. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of microwave-assisted extraction being used to determine this soil protein pool.
{"title":"Microwave-assisted citrate extraction (MaCE) as an alternative to autoclave citrate extraction (ACE) of a soil protein fraction","authors":"Qianyi Wu, K. Congreves, R. Farrell","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Soil protein is an important indicator of soil health and for soil health assessments is usually determined using autoclaved citrate extraction (ACE) followed by protein quantification using the Bradford or bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. Here we investigated an alternative extraction process using microwave-assisted citrate extraction (MaCE). We show that protein yield increases as the extraction time increases, but that yields comparable to those obtained using the standard ACE method can be obtained with an extraction time as short as 15 min. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of microwave-assisted extraction being used to determine this soil protein pool.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46773564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dani Degenhardt, A. Van Dongen, Stefan G. Schreiber, A. Bekele
This three-year meso-scale greenhouse study used 55-gallon columns to evaluate the survival and growth of boreal upland and wetland communities on thickened tailings (TT) with 0 cm, 10 cm, and 30 cm peat-mineral mix (PMM) reclamation cap. While survival was high in all treatments, the PMM cap treatments showed significant improvement in overall plant growth, cover, and above-ground biomass compared to the uncapped treatment, with the 30 cm PMM cap outperforming the 10 cm PMM. The plant growth response was similar between the two communities and the top performing species, in terms of survival and growth, in capped TT were Cornus sericea,Populus tremuloides, Salix bebbiana, and Scirpus microcarpus.
这项为期3年的中尺度温室研究使用55加仑柱来评估北方旱地和湿地群落在浓密尾砂(0 cm、10 cm和30 cm)上的生存和生长情况。虽然所有处理的存活率都很高,但与未封顶处理相比,PMM封顶处理在整体植物生长、覆盖度和地上生物量方面都有显著改善,其中30 cm PMM封顶的表现优于10 cm PMM。两个群落间的植物生长响应相似,在封顶条件下生长和生存表现最好的树种为山茱萸(Cornus sericea)、白杨树(Populus tremuloides)、黄柳(Salix bebbiana)和小菖蒲(Scirpus microcarpus)。
{"title":"Growth and survival of native upland and wetland species in shallow capped thickened tailings: A meso-scale greenhouse study","authors":"Dani Degenhardt, A. Van Dongen, Stefan G. Schreiber, A. Bekele","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0113","url":null,"abstract":"This three-year meso-scale greenhouse study used 55-gallon columns to evaluate the survival and growth of boreal upland and wetland communities on thickened tailings (TT) with 0 cm, 10 cm, and 30 cm peat-mineral mix (PMM) reclamation cap. While survival was high in all treatments, the PMM cap treatments showed significant improvement in overall plant growth, cover, and above-ground biomass compared to the uncapped treatment, with the 30 cm PMM cap outperforming the 10 cm PMM. The plant growth response was similar between the two communities and the top performing species, in terms of survival and growth, in capped TT were Cornus sericea,Populus tremuloides, Salix bebbiana, and Scirpus microcarpus.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41594523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diversification of conventional cereal-based cropping systems with pulse crops may aid producers to grow crops in an appropriate sequence and frequency with environmental, social and economic benefits. This study examined the effects of including three pulse crops with different rooting depths (shallow- and deep-rooted) in wheat-based crop rotations on soil aggregate size distribution under semi-arid and rain-fed conditions. A 4-year cycle rotational study was established in Brooks, AB using five selected treatments: continuous wheat, wheat alternately grown with lentil, field pea, or chickpea, or lentil and chickpea alternately grown with wheat. Soils were collected from 0-5 cm-depth and dry sieved to produce eight aggregate size classes, <0.053 mm, 0.053-0.125 mm, 0.125-0.149 mm, 0.149-0.05 mm, 0.05-1.0 mm, 1.0-2.0 mm, 2.0-6.35 mm and >6.35 mm. The continuous wheat treatment improved the macro-aggregates (>6.35 mm) development, whereas the rotations with pulse-wheat crops increased the micro- and meso-aggregates (0.50-1.0 mm and 0.15-0.5 mm) development. Soils sampled at 0-15 cm-depth were used for soil organic matter and microbial analysis. The pulse-wheat rotations collectively had more light fraction organic matter (LFOM) than the continuous wheat, and chickpea alternated with wheat had the highest amount of LFOM in both years. All treatments had similar soil microbial biomass and microbial community composition. Our study underscores the contribution of pulse crops in cereal-based cropping systems in the formation of small aggregates.
{"title":"Influence of Pulse-Wheat Crop Rotations on Aggregate Size Distribution Dynamics in the Brown Soil Zone in Southern Alberta, Canada","authors":"P. Gallage, M. Bandara, J. Knight","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Diversification of conventional cereal-based cropping systems with pulse crops may aid producers to grow crops in an appropriate sequence and frequency with environmental, social and economic benefits. This study examined the effects of including three pulse crops with different rooting depths (shallow- and deep-rooted) in wheat-based crop rotations on soil aggregate size distribution under semi-arid and rain-fed conditions. A 4-year cycle rotational study was established in Brooks, AB using five selected treatments: continuous wheat, wheat alternately grown with lentil, field pea, or chickpea, or lentil and chickpea alternately grown with wheat. Soils were collected from 0-5 cm-depth and dry sieved to produce eight aggregate size classes, <0.053 mm, 0.053-0.125 mm, 0.125-0.149 mm, 0.149-0.05 mm, 0.05-1.0 mm, 1.0-2.0 mm, 2.0-6.35 mm and >6.35 mm. The continuous wheat treatment improved the macro-aggregates (>6.35 mm) development, whereas the rotations with pulse-wheat crops increased the micro- and meso-aggregates (0.50-1.0 mm and 0.15-0.5 mm) development. Soils sampled at 0-15 cm-depth were used for soil organic matter and microbial analysis. The pulse-wheat rotations collectively had more light fraction organic matter (LFOM) than the continuous wheat, and chickpea alternated with wheat had the highest amount of LFOM in both years. All treatments had similar soil microbial biomass and microbial community composition. Our study underscores the contribution of pulse crops in cereal-based cropping systems in the formation of small aggregates.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48773156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dani Degenhardt, A. Van Dongen, J. Hudson, N. Utting, Stefan G. Schreiber
This three-year meso-scale greenhouse study used 55-gallon columns to evaluate the survival and growth of boreal wetland communities planted on centrifuge (CF) tailings and co-mixed (CM) tailings capped with different reclamation cover soil capping designs. The CF tailings were capped with a shallow layer (10 and 30 cm) of peat reclamation material (PRM) and the CM tailings were capped with a shallow layer (5 cm) of PRM above (15 or 35 cm) of reclamation subsoil (till). After three years, plant survival and growth on CF tailings showed significant improvement with a 10 cm PRM cap compared to the uncapped tailings, and plants growing on a 30 cm PRM cap outperformed those on the 10 cm PRM cap. Plant growth on CM tailings was significantly improved with a soil cover containing 5 cm PRM and at least 15 cm till. Among the seven native wetland species included in this study, the top performing species survival and above-ground biomass were Salix bebbiana, Scirpus microcarpus and Carex aquatilis.
本中尺度温室研究采用55加仑色谱柱对不同复盖土壤封顶设计的离心(CF)尾矿和共混(CM)尾矿上种植的北方湿地群落的生存和生长进行了评价。CF尾砂覆以10 cm和30 cm的浅泥炭复垦材料(PRM), cm尾砂覆以15 cm或35 cm的浅泥炭复垦底土(till)上5 cm的PRM。3年后,施用10 cm PRM盖层的CF尾矿上植物的生长和存活情况明显优于未施用PRM盖层,施用30 cm PRM盖层的植物生长情况优于施用10 cm PRM盖层。施用5 cm PRM盖层和至少15 cm耕层的cm尾矿上植物生长情况明显改善。在本研究的7种本土湿地物种中,柳(Salix bebbiana)、山菖蒲(Scirpus microcarpus)和水菖蒲(Carex aquatilis)的物种存活率和地上生物量表现最好。
{"title":"Growth and survival of native wetland species in shallow capped centrifuged tailings and co-mixed tailings: A meso-scale greenhouse study","authors":"Dani Degenhardt, A. Van Dongen, J. Hudson, N. Utting, Stefan G. Schreiber","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0129","url":null,"abstract":"This three-year meso-scale greenhouse study used 55-gallon columns to evaluate the survival and growth of boreal wetland communities planted on centrifuge (CF) tailings and co-mixed (CM) tailings capped with different reclamation cover soil capping designs. The CF tailings were capped with a shallow layer (10 and 30 cm) of peat reclamation material (PRM) and the CM tailings were capped with a shallow layer (5 cm) of PRM above (15 or 35 cm) of reclamation subsoil (till). After three years, plant survival and growth on CF tailings showed significant improvement with a 10 cm PRM cap compared to the uncapped tailings, and plants growing on a 30 cm PRM cap outperformed those on the 10 cm PRM cap. Plant growth on CM tailings was significantly improved with a soil cover containing 5 cm PRM and at least 15 cm till. Among the seven native wetland species included in this study, the top performing species survival and above-ground biomass were Salix bebbiana, Scirpus microcarpus and Carex aquatilis.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46914011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuanpei Gao, Kira A. Borden, Shannon Brown, C. Wagner-Riddle
Cropland soil is a major driver of global nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. In cold climates, non-growing season (NGS) emissions can be significant due to high fluxes during freeze-thaw (FT) cycles. Cover crops can alter key soil conditions that govern N2O-producing microbial processes, with multiple potential pathways to either increase or decrease N2O production during FT cycles. Cultivating cover crops in the fall to terminate may further disrupt these processes and the overall impact of cover crops on N2O emissions. Yet, few studies have touched on how termination practices of cover crops impact FT emissions over the NGS. Using the flux gradient method to continuously measure N2O emissions from a conventional corn-soybean rotation, we investigated the effects of summer-established cover crops (perennial ryegrass and crimson clover) (with cover crops: +CC; without cover crops: -CC) when terminated by fall cultivation (with fall cultivation: +FC; without fall cultivation: -FC) over a six-month NGS that was characterized by several freezing and thawing periods. Crimson clover cover crop was completely winter killed, while the ryegrass survived on the +CC-FC field. Total NGS (Nov-April) emissions varied nearly 2.5-fold among treatments from 395.1 (-CC-FC) to 978.1 (+CC+FC) g N2O-N ha-1. Compared to the control treatment (-CC-FC), fall cultivation alone (-CC+FC) and cover crops alone (+CC-FC) increased total NGS N2O emissions and fall cultivation with cover crops (+CC+FC) increased N2O fluxes even more. Careful CC species selection and management are important to avoid elevated NGS emissions.
农田土壤是全球一氧化二氮(N2O)排放的主要驱动因素。在寒冷气候下,由于冻融循环期间的高通量,非生长期(NGS)排放可能非常显著。覆盖作物可以改变控制N2O产生微生物过程的关键土壤条件,在FT周期中有多种潜在途径增加或减少N2O的产生。在秋季种植覆盖作物可能会进一步破坏这些过程和覆盖作物对N2O排放的总体影响。然而,很少有研究涉及终止覆盖作物的做法如何影响NGS上的FT排放。利用通量梯度法连续测量常规玉米-大豆轮作N2O排放,研究了夏季建立覆盖作物(多年生黑麦草和深红色三叶草)(覆盖作物:+CC;无覆盖作物:-CC),因秋季种植而终止(有秋季种植:+FC;没有秋季栽培:-FC)在六个月的NGS中,其特征是几个冻结和解冻期。深红色三叶草覆盖作物完全冬季死亡,而黑麦草在+CC-FC田间存活。NGS总排放量(11 - 4月)在395.1 (-CC-FC)和978.1 (+CC+FC) g N2O-N ha-1之间变化了近2.5倍。与对照处理(-CC-FC)相比,单独秋耕(-CC+FC)和单独覆盖作物(+CC-FC)增加了NGS N2O总排放量,覆盖作物(+CC+FC)的秋耕增加了N2O通量。谨慎的CC物种选择和管理对于避免NGS排放的增加至关重要。
{"title":"Non-growing season soil nitrous oxide emissions as influenced by cover crops and fall tillage termination","authors":"Yuanpei Gao, Kira A. Borden, Shannon Brown, C. Wagner-Riddle","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Cropland soil is a major driver of global nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. In cold climates, non-growing season (NGS) emissions can be significant due to high fluxes during freeze-thaw (FT) cycles. Cover crops can alter key soil conditions that govern N2O-producing microbial processes, with multiple potential pathways to either increase or decrease N2O production during FT cycles. Cultivating cover crops in the fall to terminate may further disrupt these processes and the overall impact of cover crops on N2O emissions. Yet, few studies have touched on how termination practices of cover crops impact FT emissions over the NGS. Using the flux gradient method to continuously measure N2O emissions from a conventional corn-soybean rotation, we investigated the effects of summer-established cover crops (perennial ryegrass and crimson clover) (with cover crops: +CC; without cover crops: -CC) when terminated by fall cultivation (with fall cultivation: +FC; without fall cultivation: -FC) over a six-month NGS that was characterized by several freezing and thawing periods. Crimson clover cover crop was completely winter killed, while the ryegrass survived on the +CC-FC field. Total NGS (Nov-April) emissions varied nearly 2.5-fold among treatments from 395.1 (-CC-FC) to 978.1 (+CC+FC) g N2O-N ha-1. Compared to the control treatment (-CC-FC), fall cultivation alone (-CC+FC) and cover crops alone (+CC-FC) increased total NGS N2O emissions and fall cultivation with cover crops (+CC+FC) increased N2O fluxes even more. Careful CC species selection and management are important to avoid elevated NGS emissions.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45483613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Baron, Campbell Dick, R. Lemke, K. Greer, E. Mapfumo
Short duration, intensive grazing management with high stocking rates may result in sufficient turn-over of nitrogen (N) to compensate for production-limiting soil-N deficiencies for grass pasture. In central Alberta a 0.5 ha block was seeded to ‘Fleet’ meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann) in August, 2002. Within this block, six fenced (9 x 30 m) treatments were established in three replicates. They were: 1. ungrazed–clip removal; 2. grazed – alone; 3 grazed– fertilizer; 4. grazed – fertilizer-compost; 5. grazed - hog manure; 6. grazed – alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) -grass. Measurements were conducted over a 4-year period between 2003 and 2006 and grazing occurred at identical times as vegetative mass permitted. Biomass was harvested before and after grazing for calculation of dry matter (DM) yield and biomass consumed. Subsamples were used for determination of N concentration and in vitro digestibility. Mean herbage N-yield for grazed treatments was 131% of ungrazed and greatest for grazed-fertilizer and grazed-fertilizer plus compost. Grazed paddocks with no added N produced similar DM yield to those with added N. Estimated nitrogen fixation contributed an annual average of 82 kg ha-1 to herbage-N yield from the alfalfa-grass paddocks. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage grown after termination of the grazed pastures produced 72% more herbage DM from grazed paddocks than ungrazed, but no significant (P. < 0.05) differences occurred among amendments.
短时间、高放养率的集约放牧管理可能会导致足够的氮(N)转化,以弥补草牧场的生产限制性土壤氮缺乏。2002年8月,在阿尔伯塔省中部,一块0.5公顷的地块被播种到“Fleet”草地雀麦(Bromus riparius Rehmann)上。在该区块内,在三个重复中建立了六个围栏(9 x 30m)处理。它们是:1。未分级–夹子移除;2.独自放牧;3放牧-肥料;4.放牧-肥料堆肥;5.猪粪;6.放牧的苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)-草。在2003年至2006年的4年时间里进行了测量,放牧发生在植被质量允许的同一时间。在放牧前后收获生物量,以计算干物质(DM)产量和消耗的生物量。子样品用于测定氮浓度和体外消化率。放牧处理的平均牧草氮产量为未分级的131%,其中放牧肥料和放牧肥料加堆肥的平均牧草产量最高。不添加氮的放牧围场产生的DM产量与添加氮的相似。估计的固氮每年平均为苜蓿草围场的牧草氮产量贡献82 kg ha-1。放牧牧场终止后生长的大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)青贮饲料从放牧围场中产生的牧草DM比未放牧的多72%,但改良剂之间没有显著差异(P<0.05)。
{"title":"Grazing and fertilizer, compost or manure application effects on a meadow bromegrass pasture on a thick black chernozem I. Productivity and sustainability","authors":"V. Baron, Campbell Dick, R. Lemke, K. Greer, E. Mapfumo","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0041","url":null,"abstract":"Short duration, intensive grazing management with high stocking rates may result in sufficient turn-over of nitrogen (N) to compensate for production-limiting soil-N deficiencies for grass pasture. In central Alberta a 0.5 ha block was seeded to ‘Fleet’ meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann) in August, 2002. Within this block, six fenced (9 x 30 m) treatments were established in three replicates. They were: 1. ungrazed–clip removal; 2. grazed – alone; 3 grazed– fertilizer; 4. grazed – fertilizer-compost; 5. grazed - hog manure; 6. grazed – alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) -grass. Measurements were conducted over a 4-year period between 2003 and 2006 and grazing occurred at identical times as vegetative mass permitted. Biomass was harvested before and after grazing for calculation of dry matter (DM) yield and biomass consumed. Subsamples were used for determination of N concentration and in vitro digestibility. Mean herbage N-yield for grazed treatments was 131% of ungrazed and greatest for grazed-fertilizer and grazed-fertilizer plus compost. Grazed paddocks with no added N produced similar DM yield to those with added N. Estimated nitrogen fixation contributed an annual average of 82 kg ha-1 to herbage-N yield from the alfalfa-grass paddocks. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage grown after termination of the grazed pastures produced 72% more herbage DM from grazed paddocks than ungrazed, but no significant (P. < 0.05) differences occurred among amendments.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46042016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. S. Soto, I. Amarakoon, N. Casson, D. Kumaragamage, H. Wilson
The fate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in Prairie agroecosystems during snowmelt is not well understood. This study aims to provide the first estimates of concentrations and loads of SMX in snowmelt in a field with a history of manure application. The mean concentration of SMX throughout the snowmelt period was 0.0345 ± 0.066 µg/L. The SMX cumulative load was 3.81 ± 3.4 µg/L with a range of 1.03 – 12.8 µg/L. Both the concentration and load were not influenced by the method of manure application (i.e., surface applied versus sub-surface applied).
{"title":"The fate of dissolved sulfamethoxazole during spring-thaw snowmelt in a field with a history of manure application","authors":"H. S. Soto, I. Amarakoon, N. Casson, D. Kumaragamage, H. Wilson","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0006","url":null,"abstract":"The fate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in Prairie agroecosystems during snowmelt is not well understood. This study aims to provide the first estimates of concentrations and loads of SMX in snowmelt in a field with a history of manure application. The mean concentration of SMX throughout the snowmelt period was 0.0345 ± 0.066 µg/L. The SMX cumulative load was 3.81 ± 3.4 µg/L with a range of 1.03 – 12.8 µg/L. Both the concentration and load were not influenced by the method of manure application (i.e., surface applied versus sub-surface applied).","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47521116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emmanuel Badewa, Chun C. Yeung, J. Whalen, M. Oelbermann
Biobased residues derived from organic urban waste materials can be processed to produce soil amendments that enhance soil fertility and carbon sequestration. However, the extent of carbon sequestration by biobased residues depends on the interaction between their physicochemical properties, climate, and agroecosystem management practices. Our objective was to predict how different biobased residues (compost, anaerobic digestate or biosolids), compared to nitrogen fertilizer, affect soil organic carbon stocks under continuous cropping and crop rotation in Ontario, Canada, using the Century model. The Century model was calibrated and validated with data, from a three-year field study located in Elora, Ontario, Canada, that was used to predict long-term changes in soil organic carbon. Our results showed that after 150 years, soil amended with compost and biosolids increased soil organic carbon stocks significantly (p<0.05) compared to anaerobic digestate and nitrogen fertilizer. Soil organic carbon stocks were 1 to 27% greater with crop rotation compared to continuous cropping. Model performance indicated a strong correlation between measured and simulated soil organic carbon stocks (R2 = 0.26 to 0.82; RMSD = 432 to 727 g m-2). Our findings suggested that compost had the greatest soil carbon sequestration potential of the tested soil amendments, and this difference was due to the quantity and quality of carbon input.
{"title":"Compost and biosolids increase long-term soil organic carbon stocks","authors":"Emmanuel Badewa, Chun C. Yeung, J. Whalen, M. Oelbermann","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0104","url":null,"abstract":"Biobased residues derived from organic urban waste materials can be processed to produce soil amendments that enhance soil fertility and carbon sequestration. However, the extent of carbon sequestration by biobased residues depends on the interaction between their physicochemical properties, climate, and agroecosystem management practices. Our objective was to predict how different biobased residues (compost, anaerobic digestate or biosolids), compared to nitrogen fertilizer, affect soil organic carbon stocks under continuous cropping and crop rotation in Ontario, Canada, using the Century model. The Century model was calibrated and validated with data, from a three-year field study located in Elora, Ontario, Canada, that was used to predict long-term changes in soil organic carbon. Our results showed that after 150 years, soil amended with compost and biosolids increased soil organic carbon stocks significantly (p<0.05) compared to anaerobic digestate and nitrogen fertilizer. Soil organic carbon stocks were 1 to 27% greater with crop rotation compared to continuous cropping. Model performance indicated a strong correlation between measured and simulated soil organic carbon stocks (R2 = 0.26 to 0.82; RMSD = 432 to 727 g m-2). Our findings suggested that compost had the greatest soil carbon sequestration potential of the tested soil amendments, and this difference was due to the quantity and quality of carbon input.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47174940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commonly used soil water retention, θ(h), and moisture capacity, C(h), functions implicitly assume that: i) the θ(h) data curve is sigmoid-shaped with an inflection; and ii) the C(h) data curve has a value of zero at soil saturation. Desorption measurements on intact soils indicate, however, that the θ(h) data curve is frequently convex-monotonic in shape with no inflection, and C(h) at saturation is often a finite negative value rather than zero. As these model-data mismatches may cause substantial error in simulation or prediction of near-saturated soil hydraulic properties and water flow, a new “Extended Schnute” θ(h)-C(h) function was proposed that can provide θ(h) curve shapes and saturated C(h) values which are consistent with θ(h) and C(h) measurements. The new function and/or its nested Schnute sub-model provided high-quality and physically realistic fits to desorption data collected from intact cores of coarse sand, loamy sand, loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, clay and organic clay soils; and it out-performed or equalled the three-parameter van Genuchten θ(h)-C(h) function for every data-set. The new function also provided accurate and physically realistic representations of θ(h) and C(h) data from structured soils containing macropores and strongly graded pore size distributions. It was concluded that the Extended Schnute model is capable of providing accurate and physically realistic representations for a wide range of θ(h) and C(h) data, and it was further recommended that this model be considered over other models when measurements indicate that θ(h) is convex-monotonic in shape and/or C(h) is not zero at soil saturation.
{"title":"Development of an Extended Schnute Model for more Physically Realistic Representations of Soil Water Retention and Moisture Capacity Curves","authors":"W. D. Reynolds, C. Drury, P. Handyside","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Commonly used soil water retention, θ(h), and moisture capacity, C(h), functions implicitly assume that: i) the θ(h) data curve is sigmoid-shaped with an inflection; and ii) the C(h) data curve has a value of zero at soil saturation. Desorption measurements on intact soils indicate, however, that the θ(h) data curve is frequently convex-monotonic in shape with no inflection, and C(h) at saturation is often a finite negative value rather than zero. As these model-data mismatches may cause substantial error in simulation or prediction of near-saturated soil hydraulic properties and water flow, a new “Extended Schnute” θ(h)-C(h) function was proposed that can provide θ(h) curve shapes and saturated C(h) values which are consistent with θ(h) and C(h) measurements. The new function and/or its nested Schnute sub-model provided high-quality and physically realistic fits to desorption data collected from intact cores of coarse sand, loamy sand, loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, clay and organic clay soils; and it out-performed or equalled the three-parameter van Genuchten θ(h)-C(h) function for every data-set. The new function also provided accurate and physically realistic representations of θ(h) and C(h) data from structured soils containing macropores and strongly graded pore size distributions. It was concluded that the Extended Schnute model is capable of providing accurate and physically realistic representations for a wide range of θ(h) and C(h) data, and it was further recommended that this model be considered over other models when measurements indicate that θ(h) is convex-monotonic in shape and/or C(h) is not zero at soil saturation.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45435517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The undulating topography of Prairie Pothole Region of North America creates spatial and temporal variability in soil moisture and nutrient levels, affecting microbial community processes and GHG emissions. By identifying differences in soil bacterial and archaeal community composition and the abundance of nitrogen cycling genes in permanent cover vs. annual crop land over two growing seasons (2017 and 2018), we were able to assess the effects of topography and land use on the functional capacity of the soil microbiome. Permanent grassland cover was associated with higher bacterial diversity in upland positions and lower diversity in low lying depressions. Bacterial community composition was also significantly different between cultivated and permanent cover at all points along the topographic slope, with the largest effects seen in the footslope and backslope positions. Compared to permanent cover, soil from annual cropland had consistently more abundant nitrifiers, including Nitrospira in the toeslope and backslope, and Nitrososphaeraceae in the shoulder and knoll samples while soils from permanent cover had a greater abundance of several Alphaproteobacteria from Rhodospirillales and Hyphomicrobiaceae across multiple upland positions. Upland soils from annual cropland also had consistently higher abundance of both bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizing (amoA) genes and a higher ratio of nirK:nirS genes compared to those from permanent cover. These differences in microbial community composition were associated with higher N2O and CO2 emissions in upland soils in annual cropland, however there were no differences in GHG emissions between the two systems in low lying positions.
{"title":"Land use in the Prairie Pothole Region influences the soil bacterial community composition and relative abundance of nitrogen cycling genes.","authors":"J. Town, Min Yu, R. Lemke, B. Helgason","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0121","url":null,"abstract":"The undulating topography of Prairie Pothole Region of North America creates spatial and temporal variability in soil moisture and nutrient levels, affecting microbial community processes and GHG emissions. By identifying differences in soil bacterial and archaeal community composition and the abundance of nitrogen cycling genes in permanent cover vs. annual crop land over two growing seasons (2017 and 2018), we were able to assess the effects of topography and land use on the functional capacity of the soil microbiome. Permanent grassland cover was associated with higher bacterial diversity in upland positions and lower diversity in low lying depressions. Bacterial community composition was also significantly different between cultivated and permanent cover at all points along the topographic slope, with the largest effects seen in the footslope and backslope positions. Compared to permanent cover, soil from annual cropland had consistently more abundant nitrifiers, including Nitrospira in the toeslope and backslope, and Nitrososphaeraceae in the shoulder and knoll samples while soils from permanent cover had a greater abundance of several Alphaproteobacteria from Rhodospirillales and Hyphomicrobiaceae across multiple upland positions. Upland soils from annual cropland also had consistently higher abundance of both bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizing (amoA) genes and a higher ratio of nirK:nirS genes compared to those from permanent cover. These differences in microbial community composition were associated with higher N2O and CO2 emissions in upland soils in annual cropland, however there were no differences in GHG emissions between the two systems in low lying positions.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42431894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}