Agricultural landscape management and climate seasonality can influence soil structure, hydraulic conductivity, and air permeability within the context of soil water and soil gas mobility. To investigate this, in situ and laboratory-based data were collected from three agricultural landscape positions within a watershed in eastern Ontario, Canada during a growing season. Macropore classification, water infiltration tests, and air permeability measurements were conducted in situ and standard soil characterizations were carried out on soil samples. Hydraulic conductivity of the soil matrix, based on grain size data, indicated that the highest values were consistently measured in the B horizon at each landscape setting. Macropores were found to be more abundant within uncultivated drainage ditch bank soils, compared to the adjacent cropped fields. Macropores in the ditch bank soils were exclusively consisted of circular biopores, while both circular and linear macropores were observed in the cultivated field soils. Air permeability, vertical hydraulic conductivity, and horizontal hydraulic conductivity were also greater in the uncultivated soils, relative to the cultivated soils. Field saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements offered evidence of anisotropy, likely due to the vertical nature of the macropore features. Macropore disposition and extent varied over the growing season, especially in the cultivated field soils where tillage and field trafficking are physically disruptive. Seasonality of macropore development will influence temporal changes in advection-based mass exchange of gas and water in the vadose zone. Modeling of mass exchange in agricultural soils should consider time variability in macroporosity to more realistically characterize infiltration and soil gas emissions.
{"title":"Influence of landscape position and climatic seasonality on soil water and gas conductivity properties in agricultural soils","authors":"I. Widurska, S.K. Frey, D.R. Lapen, D.L. Rudolph","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0107","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural landscape management and climate seasonality can influence soil structure, hydraulic conductivity, and air permeability within the context of soil water and soil gas mobility. To investigate this, in situ and laboratory-based data were collected from three agricultural landscape positions within a watershed in eastern Ontario, Canada during a growing season. Macropore classification, water infiltration tests, and air permeability measurements were conducted in situ and standard soil characterizations were carried out on soil samples. Hydraulic conductivity of the soil matrix, based on grain size data, indicated that the highest values were consistently measured in the B horizon at each landscape setting. Macropores were found to be more abundant within uncultivated drainage ditch bank soils, compared to the adjacent cropped fields. Macropores in the ditch bank soils were exclusively consisted of circular biopores, while both circular and linear macropores were observed in the cultivated field soils. Air permeability, vertical hydraulic conductivity, and horizontal hydraulic conductivity were also greater in the uncultivated soils, relative to the cultivated soils. Field saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements offered evidence of anisotropy, likely due to the vertical nature of the macropore features. Macropore disposition and extent varied over the growing season, especially in the cultivated field soils where tillage and field trafficking are physically disruptive. Seasonality of macropore development will influence temporal changes in advection-based mass exchange of gas and water in the vadose zone. Modeling of mass exchange in agricultural soils should consider time variability in macroporosity to more realistically characterize infiltration and soil gas emissions.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135617334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emmanuel Mapfumo, Vern S Baron, R. L. Lemke, M. Anne Naeth, David S. Chanasyk, A. Campbell Dick
Impacts of annual and perennial pasture management on soil organic carbon (SOC) and equivalent SOC stocks (equal soil mass basis) were investigated in two trials [(CAESA (1994 to 1997) and BMP (2008 to 2012) trials] conducted on the same experimental paddocks at Lacombe, Alberta. The original site was broken from perennial grass in 1992 and the CAESA trial established in 1993. Between 1994 and 1997, half of the paddocks included winter triticale and a mixture of triticale and spring barley; half included smooth and meadow bromegrass; and each paddock was light, medium, or heavily grazed. The BMP trial (2008 to 2012) on the same paddocks included fertilized, direct seeded barley as silage; grazing and haying of unfertilized meadow bromegrass, fertilized meadow bromegrass, and meadow bromegrass and alfalfa mixture; and unfertilized oldgrass that was continuous since 1994. Between trials (1998 to 2007) all paddocks received no fertilizer. In the 0-15 cm depth SOC under oldgrass was constant between 1994 and 2012 and averaged 88 Mg C ha-1. Under barley silage SOC decreased from 89 to 72 Mg C ha-1 by 2012. Between 1994 and 2012 SOC decreased in all treatments re-established on original annual forage (1994 to 1998) but not to the level of barley silage. Light fraction carbon (LFC) was highest under oldgrass and lowest under barley silage. Overall, oldgrass with no fertilizer inputs maintained a constant SOC, although annuals reduced SOC stocks. Re-establishment of perennial grass with grazing may therefore reduce SOC loss whereas haying perennial grass may not.
采用CAESA(1994 ~ 1997)和BMP(2008 ~ 2012)两项试验，研究了一年生和多年生牧草管理对土壤有机碳(SOC)和等效SOC储量(等土壤质量基础)的影响。1992年破除多年生草地原址，1993年建立CAESA试验区。1994年至1997年期间，一半的围场种植了冬季小黑麦和小黑麦与春大麦的混合物;一半包括光滑的和草甸的雀稗;每个围场都是轻度、中度或重度放牧。BMP试验(2008年至2012年)在同一围场进行，包括施肥、直接播种的大麦作为青贮饲料;未施肥的草甸雀麦、施肥的草甸雀麦和草甸雀麦与苜蓿混播的放牧和放牧;还有从1994年开始就连续生长的未施肥的老草。在试验期间(1998年至2007年)，所有围场都没有施肥。1994 ~ 2012年，在0 ~ 15 cm深度，老草土壤有机碳保持不变，平均为88 Mg C ha-1。到2012年，青贮大麦土壤有机碳由89 Mg C ha-1下降到72 Mg C ha-1。1994 ~ 2012年间，在原一年生饲料(1994 ~ 1998)上重新建立的所有处理中，土壤有机碳含量均有所下降，但未达到大麦青贮的水平。轻组分碳(LFC)在老草青贮下最高，大麦青贮下最低。总体而言，未施用化肥的老草土壤有机碳保持不变，尽管一年生土壤有机碳储量减少。因此，复植多年生牧草可以减少有机碳损失，而放牧多年生牧草则不能。
{"title":"Management Impacts on Organic Carbon Under Continuous Perennial Grass, Perennial Grass-Legume Mixture, And Annual Cereals On A Thick Black Chernozemic Soil","authors":"Emmanuel Mapfumo, Vern S Baron, R. L. Lemke, M. Anne Naeth, David S. Chanasyk, A. Campbell Dick","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0041","url":null,"abstract":"Impacts of annual and perennial pasture management on soil organic carbon (SOC) and equivalent SOC stocks (equal soil mass basis) were investigated in two trials [(CAESA (1994 to 1997) and BMP (2008 to 2012) trials] conducted on the same experimental paddocks at Lacombe, Alberta. The original site was broken from perennial grass in 1992 and the CAESA trial established in 1993. Between 1994 and 1997, half of the paddocks included winter triticale and a mixture of triticale and spring barley; half included smooth and meadow bromegrass; and each paddock was light, medium, or heavily grazed. The BMP trial (2008 to 2012) on the same paddocks included fertilized, direct seeded barley as silage; grazing and haying of unfertilized meadow bromegrass, fertilized meadow bromegrass, and meadow bromegrass and alfalfa mixture; and unfertilized oldgrass that was continuous since 1994. Between trials (1998 to 2007) all paddocks received no fertilizer. In the 0-15 cm depth SOC under oldgrass was constant between 1994 and 2012 and averaged 88 Mg C ha-1. Under barley silage SOC decreased from 89 to 72 Mg C ha-1 by 2012. Between 1994 and 2012 SOC decreased in all treatments re-established on original annual forage (1994 to 1998) but not to the level of barley silage. Light fraction carbon (LFC) was highest under oldgrass and lowest under barley silage. Overall, oldgrass with no fertilizer inputs maintained a constant SOC, although annuals reduced SOC stocks. Re-establishment of perennial grass with grazing may therefore reduce SOC loss whereas haying perennial grass may not.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135535713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Khakbazan, Richard Carew, Stephen Crittenden, Ramona Mohr, Dilip Kumar Biswas
This study reviewed the literature on soil conservation practices and analyzed four case studies in different soil zones and diverse cropping systems of Manitoba (MB), western Canada to show the potential impacts of no-till/reduced tillage practices on field crop economic performance. Primary and secondary data, such as tillage type, input cost, crop price, crop yield, and net revenue (NR) were used to assess the tillage practices in each of the case studies. Based on crop economic analysis over nine years (1998-2006) in Southern Manitoba, cereal-based (spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cropping systems were more profitable under conservation tillage than conventional tillage practices, whereas the opposite was true for oilseed crops (e.g., canola, Brassica napus L.). In plot-scale studies at Portage, MB, low intensity tillage increased NR for soybean (Glycine max L.) in 1 of 3 years when compared to high intensity tillage and there appeared to be lower NRs for canola as tillage intensity increased. However, in studies near Brandon, MB, NRs for a 4-year wheat-pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation were lower in low disturbance seeding than high disturbance seeding systems for a clay loam soil but similar for a loam soil. While no single tillage system was found to consistently provide the highest NR based on these case studies, these findings provide insights into some of the factors behind decisions surrounding tillage management and the rationale for the continued use of a combination of conventional, reduced and zero-till systems in the eastern Prairies of Canada.
本研究回顾了有关土壤保持措施的文献，并分析了加拿大西部马尼托巴省(MB)不同土壤带和不同耕作制度的4个案例，以揭示免耕/少耕措施对大田作物经济效益的潜在影响。利用主要和次要数据，如耕作方式、投入成本、作物价格、作物产量和净收入(NR)来评估每个案例研究中的耕作方式。根据马尼托巴省南部9年(1998-2006年)的作物经济分析，在保护性耕作下，以谷物为基础的春小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)种植系统比传统耕作方式更有利可图，而油籽作物(如油菜、甘油瓜)则相反。在Portage, MB的小区尺度研究中，与高强度耕作相比，低强度耕作在3年中有1年增加了大豆(Glycine max L.)的NR，并且随着耕作强度的增加，油菜的NR似乎降低了。然而，在布兰顿附近的研究中，4年小麦-豌豆轮作(Pisum sativum L.)在低干扰播种系统中比在高干扰播种系统中低，但在壤土中相似。虽然根据这些案例研究，没有发现单一的耕作系统能够始终提供最高的NR，但这些发现为围绕耕作管理决策背后的一些因素提供了见解，并为加拿大东部草原继续使用传统，减少和零耕作系统的组合提供了理由。
{"title":"An economic review of conservation tillage practices: select case studies from the eastern Prairies of Canada
 
","authors":"Mohammad Khakbazan, Richard Carew, Stephen Crittenden, Ramona Mohr, Dilip Kumar Biswas","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0053","url":null,"abstract":"This study reviewed the literature on soil conservation practices and analyzed four case studies in different soil zones and diverse cropping systems of Manitoba (MB), western Canada to show the potential impacts of no-till/reduced tillage practices on field crop economic performance. Primary and secondary data, such as tillage type, input cost, crop price, crop yield, and net revenue (NR) were used to assess the tillage practices in each of the case studies. Based on crop economic analysis over nine years (1998-2006) in Southern Manitoba, cereal-based (spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cropping systems were more profitable under conservation tillage than conventional tillage practices, whereas the opposite was true for oilseed crops (e.g., canola, Brassica napus L.). In plot-scale studies at Portage, MB, low intensity tillage increased NR for soybean (Glycine max L.) in 1 of 3 years when compared to high intensity tillage and there appeared to be lower NRs for canola as tillage intensity increased. However, in studies near Brandon, MB, NRs for a 4-year wheat-pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation were lower in low disturbance seeding than high disturbance seeding systems for a clay loam soil but similar for a loam soil. While no single tillage system was found to consistently provide the highest NR based on these case studies, these findings provide insights into some of the factors behind decisions surrounding tillage management and the rationale for the continued use of a combination of conventional, reduced and zero-till systems in the eastern Prairies of Canada.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135537428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Majrashi, A. Obour, C. Moorberg, R. Lollato, J. Holman, Juan Du, M. Mikha, Y. Assefa
The objectives of this study were to quantify long-term tillage practice and nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate effects on yield and N use in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) -grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) -fallow (W-S-F) rotation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-split-plot arrangement. The main plot treatments were crop rotation phases, W-S-F, S-F-W, and F-W-S. The sub-plots were tillage practices, i.e., conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT). And the sub-sub-plot treatments were N rates 0, 45, 90, and 134 kg ha-1. Wheat yield increased at rates of 15.6, 9.3, 22.8, and 25.7 kg ha-1 for a kg N ha-1 increase in very low, low, high, and very high yielding environments (average yields of ~2000, 2500, 2800, and 4400 kg ha-1), respectively. On average, winter wheat yields were 7-9% greater for CT compared with both NT and RT. Winter wheat removed about 52 kg N ha-1 from the unfertilized control treatment but N uptake varied by N rate and growing conditions. Nitrogen use efficiency, N agronomic efficiency, and applied N recovery decreased as N rate increased. Across environments, wheat yield increased by 16, 20, and 17 kg ha-1 for each additional kg ha-1 N applied under CT, NT and RT, respectively, and additional 2-2.5 kg ha-1 yield increases for a mm increase in fallow precipitation. We concluded that wheat yield response to N is highly dependent on growing condition and NT required greater N fertilization than CT and RT for similar yields.
本研究的目的是量化长期耕作实践和氮肥用量对冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L）-高粱（sorghum bicolor L.Moench）-休耕（W-S-F）轮作产量和氮利用的影响。实验设计是一个随机完全区组，采用分裂-分裂图排列。主要小区处理为轮作期、W-S-F、S-F-W和F-W-S。分区为耕作方式，即常规耕作（CT）、减少耕作（RT）和免耕（NT）。亚小区处理分别为0、45、90和134kgha-1。在极低、低、高和极高产量环境中，小麦产量分别以15.6、9.3、22.8和25.7 kg ha-1的速率增加，每增加一kg N ha-1（平均产量分别为约2000、2500、2800和4400 kg ha-1）。与NT和RT相比，CT处理的冬小麦产量平均高出7-9%。冬小麦从未受精的对照处理中去除了约52kg的N ha-1，但N吸收量因N速率和生长条件而异。氮利用效率、氮农艺效率和施氮回收率随施氮量的增加而降低。在不同环境中，在CT、NT和RT条件下，每增加一公斤ha-1 N，小麦产量分别增加16、20和17公斤ha-1，休耕降水量增加一毫米，小麦产量增加2-2.5公斤ha-1。我们得出的结论是，小麦对氮的产量反应高度依赖于生长条件，对于类似的产量，NT需要比CT和RT更多的氮施肥。
{"title":"Tillage and Nitrogen Rate Effects on Winter Wheat Yield in a Wheat-Sorghum Rotation","authors":"M. Majrashi, A. Obour, C. Moorberg, R. Lollato, J. Holman, Juan Du, M. Mikha, Y. Assefa","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0028","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of this study were to quantify long-term tillage practice and nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate effects on yield and N use in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) -grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) -fallow (W-S-F) rotation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-split-plot arrangement. The main plot treatments were crop rotation phases, W-S-F, S-F-W, and F-W-S. The sub-plots were tillage practices, i.e., conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT). And the sub-sub-plot treatments were N rates 0, 45, 90, and 134 kg ha-1. Wheat yield increased at rates of 15.6, 9.3, 22.8, and 25.7 kg ha-1 for a kg N ha-1 increase in very low, low, high, and very high yielding environments (average yields of ~2000, 2500, 2800, and 4400 kg ha-1), respectively. On average, winter wheat yields were 7-9% greater for CT compared with both NT and RT. Winter wheat removed about 52 kg N ha-1 from the unfertilized control treatment but N uptake varied by N rate and growing conditions. Nitrogen use efficiency, N agronomic efficiency, and applied N recovery decreased as N rate increased. Across environments, wheat yield increased by 16, 20, and 17 kg ha-1 for each additional kg ha-1 N applied under CT, NT and RT, respectively, and additional 2-2.5 kg ha-1 yield increases for a mm increase in fallow precipitation. We concluded that wheat yield response to N is highly dependent on growing condition and NT required greater N fertilization than CT and RT for similar yields.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41514373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the distribution of cations in forest soils is important for forest management. Here we evaluated the leaching of cations, potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), iron (Fe3+), aluminium (Al3+), and manganese (Mn2+) from litter through soils in two forest stands with different tree species. We incubated Castanopsis carlesii leaf litter in a Castanopsis carlesii stand and Cunninghamia lanceolata needle litter in a Cunninghamia lanceolata stand using a microcosm method with monthly collections of litter and soil leachates, and the concentrations of cations and fluxes of these cations were assessed separately. We found that more Ca2+ but less Na+, Mg2+ and Fe3+ fluxes in litter leaching solutions in Cunninghamia lanceolata than in Castanopsis carlesii stand because of their different initial concentrations in fresh litter. Although cations leached from leaf litter were differed among tree species, the leaching fluxes did not vary between stands. Moreover, annual fluxes of cations leached from soils were significantly higher than those from leaf litter, leading to a net loss of soil nutrients to downstream environment. Therefore, the results suggest that reforestation with mixed stands by introducing broadleaved trees in Chinese fir monoculture plantations might reduce soil nutrient loss through the leaching pathway.
{"title":"Leaching of base and metal cations from litter and soils vary in two forest stands with different tree species","authors":"Xinyao Sun, Xinying Zhang, Fuzhong Wu, Qiuxia Wu, Jingjing Zhu, X. Ni","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0046","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the distribution of cations in forest soils is important for forest management. Here we evaluated the leaching of cations, potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), iron (Fe3+), aluminium (Al3+), and manganese (Mn2+) from litter through soils in two forest stands with different tree species. We incubated Castanopsis carlesii leaf litter in a Castanopsis carlesii stand and Cunninghamia lanceolata needle litter in a Cunninghamia lanceolata stand using a microcosm method with monthly collections of litter and soil leachates, and the concentrations of cations and fluxes of these cations were assessed separately. We found that more Ca2+ but less Na+, Mg2+ and Fe3+ fluxes in litter leaching solutions in Cunninghamia lanceolata than in Castanopsis carlesii stand because of their different initial concentrations in fresh litter. Although cations leached from leaf litter were differed among tree species, the leaching fluxes did not vary between stands. Moreover, annual fluxes of cations leached from soils were significantly higher than those from leaf litter, leading to a net loss of soil nutrients to downstream environment. Therefore, the results suggest that reforestation with mixed stands by introducing broadleaved trees in Chinese fir monoculture plantations might reduce soil nutrient loss through the leaching pathway.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45712003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yield decline in wheat grown after wheat is frequently attributed to fungal disease occurrence, but it is also found without visible disease infection. Thus it is hypothesized, that other factors such as N supply or soil structural degradation may lead to wheat yield decline when grown after wheat. The aims of this study were to analyze if (i) the crop rotational position of winter wheat causes differences in soil structure at the beginning of the growing season and (ii) the soil structure is related to differences in wheat biomass formation by this date. Different soil structural properties under winter wheat as well as total aboveground biomass of wheat grown in different crop rotational positions (monoculture, first, second and third wheat after oilseed rape) were investigated in two long-term field experiments with contrasting soil texture. At both field sites no significant effect of the crop rotational position in any of the analyzed soil structural parameters was found. Wheat biomass in spring was on average 54% higher for wheat grown after oilseed rape compared to second and third wheat after oilseed rape or monoculture. In conclusion, growth reduction of wheat cultivated after wheat was not linked to soil structure as measured in spring.
{"title":"No differences in soil structure under winter wheat grown in different crop rotational positions","authors":"Jessica Arnhold, D. Grunwald, H. Kage, H. Koch","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Yield decline in wheat grown after wheat is frequently attributed to fungal disease occurrence, but it is also found without visible disease infection. Thus it is hypothesized, that other factors such as N supply or soil structural degradation may lead to wheat yield decline when grown after wheat. The aims of this study were to analyze if (i) the crop rotational position of winter wheat causes differences in soil structure at the beginning of the growing season and (ii) the soil structure is related to differences in wheat biomass formation by this date. Different soil structural properties under winter wheat as well as total aboveground biomass of wheat grown in different crop rotational positions (monoculture, first, second and third wheat after oilseed rape) were investigated in two long-term field experiments with contrasting soil texture. At both field sites no significant effect of the crop rotational position in any of the analyzed soil structural parameters was found. Wheat biomass in spring was on average 54% higher for wheat grown after oilseed rape compared to second and third wheat after oilseed rape or monoculture. In conclusion, growth reduction of wheat cultivated after wheat was not linked to soil structure as measured in spring.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44835485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Red mud, a solid waste of alumina extraction from bauxite, was used as a compost carrier to prepare a geological fertilizer. It was amended at proportions of 0, 5%, 10%, 15% and 50% by weight (g/kg) to improve a rocky desertification soil (classified as lime soil) productivity. Through the simulation of different rain intensity (15, 50, and 90 mm/h) with three precipitation rates (1000, 2000, 3000 mm), soil chemical and physical properties, such as soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (AN), nitrate nitrogen (NN), total potassium (TK), available potassium (AK), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), bulk density and aggregates were tested and analyzed. In addition, a three-dimensional evaluation and analysis of the improvement attributed to the geological fertilizer was conducted. The results showed that the soil loss could be maintained in the range of 19%–72% under rainfall intensities. In addition, the reduction rate of soil clay content was less than 20%, and the lowest reduction rate of SOM, TN, TP and other nutrient was only 4% at the application rate of 5%–50%. The BD of the 0–20 cm top soil decreased progressively from 1.2 to 0.9 g/cm3, while the water-stable aggregate volume increased by 45%–76%. The red mud-based fertilizer enhanced the ability of the rocky desertification soil to resist rainfall erosion and infiltration in amended soil profiles. Considering the trends of nutrient losses and effects on the soil structure, the application rate of 15% by weight (g/kg) was best for improving the rocky desertification soil productivity.
{"title":"Enhancement of the three-dimensional interfacial layer of a rocky desertification soil using a red mud-based fertilizer","authors":"Jun-Shiang Cheng, Mingqin Huang, Xiong Yan","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Red mud, a solid waste of alumina extraction from bauxite, was used as a compost carrier to prepare a geological fertilizer. It was amended at proportions of 0, 5%, 10%, 15% and 50% by weight (g/kg) to improve a rocky desertification soil (classified as lime soil) productivity. Through the simulation of different rain intensity (15, 50, and 90 mm/h) with three precipitation rates (1000, 2000, 3000 mm), soil chemical and physical properties, such as soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (AN), nitrate nitrogen (NN), total potassium (TK), available potassium (AK), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), bulk density and aggregates were tested and analyzed. In addition, a three-dimensional evaluation and analysis of the improvement attributed to the geological fertilizer was conducted. The results showed that the soil loss could be maintained in the range of 19%–72% under rainfall intensities. In addition, the reduction rate of soil clay content was less than 20%, and the lowest reduction rate of SOM, TN, TP and other nutrient was only 4% at the application rate of 5%–50%. The BD of the 0–20 cm top soil decreased progressively from 1.2 to 0.9 g/cm3, while the water-stable aggregate volume increased by 45%–76%. The red mud-based fertilizer enhanced the ability of the rocky desertification soil to resist rainfall erosion and infiltration in amended soil profiles. Considering the trends of nutrient losses and effects on the soil structure, the application rate of 15% by weight (g/kg) was best for improving the rocky desertification soil productivity.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44507015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil salinization has produced severe consequences on global agricultural production and ecological environment. Based on the features of saline soils in China, through mixed NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2SO4, and Na2CO3 at varying ratios to simulate the salinity–alkalinity stress and conducted a controlled pot experiment using De Wit replacement method. The effects of salinity–alkalinity stress on the growth of Aegilops tauschii and its competition with wheat were explored to provide a reference for the study of invasion mechanism of A. tauschii. The result showed that, the salinity–alkalinity stress inhibited the growth and development of both the species, which was reflected in plant height, leaf area and total biomass indicators. Secondly, the tolerance of both plant species to salinity–alkalinity stress was improved by increasing the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the proline content. However, as the salinity–alkalinity stress was exacerbated, the relative conductivity and thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) content increased significantly in both the species. As suggested by the level of increase in SOD activity, proline content, relative conductivity, and TBARS content, A. tauschii was more tolerant to the salinity–alkalinity stress than wheat. Finally, it can be seen from the value of the competition balance index, A. tauschii was still more competitive than wheat even under salinity–alkalinity stress. In summary, A. tauschii was more tolerant of the salinity–alkalinity stress than wheat through the favorable adjustment of morphology, biomass allocation pattern, and physiological features, which is expected to increase its invasion damage to wheat.
{"title":"Effect of saline–alkaline stresses on the interspecific competition between Aegilops tauschii and Triticum aestivum","authors":"Ning Wang, Hao Chen","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0124","url":null,"abstract":"Soil salinization has produced severe consequences on global agricultural production and ecological environment. Based on the features of saline soils in China, through mixed NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2SO4, and Na2CO3 at varying ratios to simulate the salinity–alkalinity stress and conducted a controlled pot experiment using De Wit replacement method. The effects of salinity–alkalinity stress on the growth of Aegilops tauschii and its competition with wheat were explored to provide a reference for the study of invasion mechanism of A. tauschii. The result showed that, the salinity–alkalinity stress inhibited the growth and development of both the species, which was reflected in plant height, leaf area and total biomass indicators. Secondly, the tolerance of both plant species to salinity–alkalinity stress was improved by increasing the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the proline content. However, as the salinity–alkalinity stress was exacerbated, the relative conductivity and thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) content increased significantly in both the species. As suggested by the level of increase in SOD activity, proline content, relative conductivity, and TBARS content, A. tauschii was more tolerant to the salinity–alkalinity stress than wheat. Finally, it can be seen from the value of the competition balance index, A. tauschii was still more competitive than wheat even under salinity–alkalinity stress. In summary, A. tauschii was more tolerant of the salinity–alkalinity stress than wheat through the favorable adjustment of morphology, biomass allocation pattern, and physiological features, which is expected to increase its invasion damage to wheat.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48074674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mélanie Gauthier, R. Hogue, Joël D’Astous-Pagé, Michel Champagne, C. Halde
Adoption of soil health indicators to access physical, biological, and chemical properties involves adapting their interpretation for a specific region using scoring functions. Accordingly, we used data provided from 1166 soil samples distributed between fine, medium, and coarse-textured soils collected in agricultural areas across the province of Quebec, Canada, and analyzed for 15 soil health indicators. Scoring functions were calculated according to the means and standard deviations obtained for each soil health indicator by textural group. Three scoring types were used: “more-is-better”, “less-is-better”, and “optimum is best”. The results showed that 12 indicators were significantly influenced by soil texture and need separate scoring functions, except for wet aggregate stability, penetration resistance of the surface hardness (0-15 cm) and pH. This led to the development of one to three scoring functions for each soil health indicator. Correlation analysis between soil health indicators was also investigated to better understand relationships between soil physical, biological, and chemical properties. We observed that soil biological indicators were moderately to strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.59-0.74) and with soil physical indicators (r = 0.60-0.76). Overall, the results of this study led to the development of new scoring functions based on soil texture to interpret soil health indicators objectively and accurately for the benefit of Quebec farmers and agricultural stakeholders. The findings of this study demonstrated the need to adapt scoring functions to better account for the impact of regional factors on agricultural soils for the interpretation of soil health indicators.
{"title":"Developing scoring functions based on soil texture to assess agricultural soil health in Quebec, Canada","authors":"Mélanie Gauthier, R. Hogue, Joël D’Astous-Pagé, Michel Champagne, C. Halde","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0116","url":null,"abstract":"Adoption of soil health indicators to access physical, biological, and chemical properties involves adapting their interpretation for a specific region using scoring functions. Accordingly, we used data provided from 1166 soil samples distributed between fine, medium, and coarse-textured soils collected in agricultural areas across the province of Quebec, Canada, and analyzed for 15 soil health indicators. Scoring functions were calculated according to the means and standard deviations obtained for each soil health indicator by textural group. Three scoring types were used: “more-is-better”, “less-is-better”, and “optimum is best”. The results showed that 12 indicators were significantly influenced by soil texture and need separate scoring functions, except for wet aggregate stability, penetration resistance of the surface hardness (0-15 cm) and pH. This led to the development of one to three scoring functions for each soil health indicator. Correlation analysis between soil health indicators was also investigated to better understand relationships between soil physical, biological, and chemical properties. We observed that soil biological indicators were moderately to strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.59-0.74) and with soil physical indicators (r = 0.60-0.76). Overall, the results of this study led to the development of new scoring functions based on soil texture to interpret soil health indicators objectively and accurately for the benefit of Quebec farmers and agricultural stakeholders. The findings of this study demonstrated the need to adapt scoring functions to better account for the impact of regional factors on agricultural soils for the interpretation of soil health indicators.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44798369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jilong Liu, Qianqian Liu, Jiawen Li, Lingling Zhang, Xiaoqiang Cao, Jizhen Li, Ran Cao, Hang Lv, Zhizhuo Wang, Z. Dong
Abstract To reveal the mechanisms of straw mulching amounts and mulching periods on soil moisture in the black soil zone of Northeast China. Three types of straw mulching (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 kg/m2) and two mulching periods (sowing stage and three-leaf stage) were set up as interactive experiments, and no straw mulching was used as the control (CK) to analyze the response mechanisms of soil moisture content, water consumption, and water use efficiency to straw mulching periods and mulching amounts at different depths. The results showed that straw mulching improved the moisture storage capacity compared with no straw mulching, and the straw mulching rate of 0.8 kg/m2 at the three-leaf stage improved the moisture storage capacity and reduced the water consumption capacity compared with the straw mulching at the sowing stage, CK and other straw mulching treatments at the three-leaf stage; the crop yield and water use efficiency increased and then decreased with the increase of straw mulching. The increase of crop yield and water use efficiency under the straw mulching treatments at the three-leaf stage was higher than that under the same straw mulching treatments at the sowing stage. The analysis of the dual effects of straw mulching amounts and mulching periods on moisture gain and loss showed that the straw mulching amounts of 0.8 kg/m2 at the three-leaf stage had the best effect on soil moisture characteristics and water use efficiency.
{"title":"Response of soil moisture and water use efficiency to straw mulching amount and mulching period in black soil zone of northeast China","authors":"Jilong Liu, Qianqian Liu, Jiawen Li, Lingling Zhang, Xiaoqiang Cao, Jizhen Li, Ran Cao, Hang Lv, Zhizhuo Wang, Z. Dong","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2023-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2023-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To reveal the mechanisms of straw mulching amounts and mulching periods on soil moisture in the black soil zone of Northeast China. Three types of straw mulching (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 kg/m2) and two mulching periods (sowing stage and three-leaf stage) were set up as interactive experiments, and no straw mulching was used as the control (CK) to analyze the response mechanisms of soil moisture content, water consumption, and water use efficiency to straw mulching periods and mulching amounts at different depths. The results showed that straw mulching improved the moisture storage capacity compared with no straw mulching, and the straw mulching rate of 0.8 kg/m2 at the three-leaf stage improved the moisture storage capacity and reduced the water consumption capacity compared with the straw mulching at the sowing stage, CK and other straw mulching treatments at the three-leaf stage; the crop yield and water use efficiency increased and then decreased with the increase of straw mulching. The increase of crop yield and water use efficiency under the straw mulching treatments at the three-leaf stage was higher than that under the same straw mulching treatments at the sowing stage. The analysis of the dual effects of straw mulching amounts and mulching periods on moisture gain and loss showed that the straw mulching amounts of 0.8 kg/m2 at the three-leaf stage had the best effect on soil moisture characteristics and water use efficiency.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44845094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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