Abstract In the first edition (1974) of Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC), the taxonomic criteria for LFH organic horizons allowed application to any soil and land use developed under imperfectly to well-drained conditions. However, in the third edition (1998) of CSSC, the narrower taxonomic criteria for LFH horizons restricted application to only forest soils. A limited survey was conducted of some soil scientists across Canada to ask them if they had observed LFH horizons in nonforest soils. Distinct LFH horizons were observed across Canada under agriculture such as in no-till fields, tame and native pastures, and in reclaimed soils. They have also been observed in urban areas such as golf courses and grass-recreation fields. LFH horizons could also potentially develop under other nonforest land uses across Canada. Since no-till and native and tame pastures are most dominant in the prairies, the potential for LFH horizons is greatest in this region than elsewhere. However, they may occur anywhere in Canada where accumulation exceeds decomposition of organic material and they contain more than 17% organic carbon by weight or 30% organic matter. Therefore, we propose that the taxonomic criteria for applying LFH horizons be revised and broadened to include nonforest soils and be applicable to any soil order (where relevant) within Canada, and be at the discretion of the field pedologist. It is critical to identify and monitor LFH horizons over time because they are important for soil health, climate change, greenhouse gases, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, soil erosion, and hydrology.
{"title":"Proposed revision to Canadian System of Soil Classification: broaden taxonomic criteria for applying LFH horizons to include nonforest soils","authors":"J. Miller, D. Chanasyk, R. L. McNeil","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0152","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the first edition (1974) of Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC), the taxonomic criteria for LFH organic horizons allowed application to any soil and land use developed under imperfectly to well-drained conditions. However, in the third edition (1998) of CSSC, the narrower taxonomic criteria for LFH horizons restricted application to only forest soils. A limited survey was conducted of some soil scientists across Canada to ask them if they had observed LFH horizons in nonforest soils. Distinct LFH horizons were observed across Canada under agriculture such as in no-till fields, tame and native pastures, and in reclaimed soils. They have also been observed in urban areas such as golf courses and grass-recreation fields. LFH horizons could also potentially develop under other nonforest land uses across Canada. Since no-till and native and tame pastures are most dominant in the prairies, the potential for LFH horizons is greatest in this region than elsewhere. However, they may occur anywhere in Canada where accumulation exceeds decomposition of organic material and they contain more than 17% organic carbon by weight or 30% organic matter. Therefore, we propose that the taxonomic criteria for applying LFH horizons be revised and broadened to include nonforest soils and be applicable to any soil order (where relevant) within Canada, and be at the discretion of the field pedologist. It is critical to identify and monitor LFH horizons over time because they are important for soil health, climate change, greenhouse gases, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, soil erosion, and hydrology.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"102 1","pages":"745 - 753"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47643149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Sanborn, C. Bulmer, M. Geertsema, Scott R. Smith
Abstract Cryosols with thick surface organic horizons consisting of folic material derived from forest litter and feathermosses occur on northerly slope aspects in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia. Designation of a new Folic Organic Cryosol subgroup in the Canadian System of Soil Classification would enable more realistic depiction of soil landscape patterns in future soil inventories.
{"title":"A proposed Folic subgroup for the Organic Cryosols","authors":"P. Sanborn, C. Bulmer, M. Geertsema, Scott R. Smith","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0182","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cryosols with thick surface organic horizons consisting of folic material derived from forest litter and feathermosses occur on northerly slope aspects in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia. Designation of a new Folic Organic Cryosol subgroup in the Canadian System of Soil Classification would enable more realistic depiction of soil landscape patterns in future soil inventories.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"102 1","pages":"811 - 816"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44467171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Urease inhibitor (specifically, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT) and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have been used to minimize nitrogen (N) loss from urea. However, their effects on improving crop N use efficiency (NUE) are usually inconsistent. A 2-year study was conducted to determine the best combination of NBPT and different NIs on urea that will maximize NUE while reducing nitrate leaching. Treatments consisted of untreated urea, NBPT-treated urea, and six types of (NBPT + NI)-treated urea that were surface applied at 80 kg N ha−1 on plots seeded to canola (2019) and wheat (2020) at Carman and Portage in Manitoba, Canada. Plots at Carman had lysimeters installed to measure leached water and nitrate. The sites had at least 35% lesser rainfall than climate normal during each growing season. At each site, average grain yields, N removal, and residual nitrate were not significantly different between untreated urea and inhibitor-treated urea. Over the 2 years, there was no significant benefit of NBPT or NBPT + NI on crop NUE at each site. Cumulative leached nitrate (19–40 kg N ha−1) did not differ significantly among urea treated with and without inhibitors. This is because >50% of the precipitation occurred when the effectiveness of NI had elapsed. Although NBPT and NI are known to reduce N losses to the atmosphere, this study suggests that the agronomic benefit and nitrate leaching prevention by NI applied in the spring may be limited in regions where large precipitation occurs later in the growing season or during non-growing season.
脲酶抑制剂(特别是N-(正丁基)硫代磷酸三酰胺，NBPT)和硝化抑制剂(NIs)已被用于减少尿素中的氮(N)损失。然而，它们对提高作物氮素利用效率(NUE)的作用往往不一致。一项为期2年的研究旨在确定NBPT和不同NIs对尿素的最佳组合，以最大限度地提高氮肥利用效率，同时减少硝酸盐淋失。处理包括未经处理的尿素、NBPT处理的尿素和六种(NBPT + NI)处理的尿素，在加拿大曼尼托巴省卡尔曼和波蒂奇的油菜(2019)和小麦(2020)地块表面施用80 kg N / h - 1。在卡门的地块上安装了溶渗仪来测量浸出的水和硝酸盐。在每个生长季节，这些地点的降雨量至少比正常气候少35%。在每个试验点，未处理尿素和抑制剂处理尿素的平均籽粒产量、氮去除率和残留硝酸盐均无显著差异。在2年内，NBPT或NBPT + NI对每个站点的作物氮肥利用率没有显著的改善。尿素的累积浸出硝酸盐(19-40 kg N ha - 1)在添加和未添加抑制剂的尿素中没有显著差异。这是因为50%的降水发生在NI的有效性已经失效的时候。虽然NBPT和NI可以减少氮向大气的损失，但本研究表明，在生长季节后期或非生长季节降水较多的地区，春季施用NI的农艺效益和硝酸盐淋失预防可能有限。
{"title":"Nitrogen use efficiency of wheat and canola from urea treated with different types of double inhibitors","authors":"Ahmed A. Lasisi, O. Akinremi, D. Kumaragamage","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0159","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Urease inhibitor (specifically, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT) and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have been used to minimize nitrogen (N) loss from urea. However, their effects on improving crop N use efficiency (NUE) are usually inconsistent. A 2-year study was conducted to determine the best combination of NBPT and different NIs on urea that will maximize NUE while reducing nitrate leaching. Treatments consisted of untreated urea, NBPT-treated urea, and six types of (NBPT + NI)-treated urea that were surface applied at 80 kg N ha−1 on plots seeded to canola (2019) and wheat (2020) at Carman and Portage in Manitoba, Canada. Plots at Carman had lysimeters installed to measure leached water and nitrate. The sites had at least 35% lesser rainfall than climate normal during each growing season. At each site, average grain yields, N removal, and residual nitrate were not significantly different between untreated urea and inhibitor-treated urea. Over the 2 years, there was no significant benefit of NBPT or NBPT + NI on crop NUE at each site. Cumulative leached nitrate (19–40 kg N ha−1) did not differ significantly among urea treated with and without inhibitors. This is because >50% of the precipitation occurred when the effectiveness of NI had elapsed. Although NBPT and NI are known to reduce N losses to the atmosphere, this study suggests that the agronomic benefit and nitrate leaching prevention by NI applied in the spring may be limited in regions where large precipitation occurs later in the growing season or during non-growing season.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"102 1","pages":"673 - 684"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42037740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perry Taneja, Hitesh B. Vasava, Solmaz Fathololoumi, P. Daggupati, Asim Biswas
Abstract Appropriate soil management maintains and improves the health of the entire ecosystem. Soil appropriate administration necessitates proper characterization of its properties including soil organic matter (SOM) and soil moisture content (SMC). Image-based soil characterization has shown strong potential in comparison with traditional methods. This study compared the performance of 22 different supervised regression and machine learning algorithms, including support vector machines (SVMs), Gaussian process regression (GPR) models, ensembles of trees, and artificial neural network (ANN), in predicting SOM and SMC from soil images taken with a digital camera in the laboratory setting. A total of 22 image parameters were extracted and used as predictor variables in the models in two steps. First models were developed using all 22 extracted features and then using a subset of six best features for both SOM and SMC. Saturation index (redness index) was the most important variable for SOM prediction, and contrast (median S) for SMC prediction, respectively. The color and textural parameters demonstrated a high correlation with both SOM and SMC. Results revealed a satisfactory agreement between the image parameters and the laboratory-measured SOM (R2 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.74 and 9.80% using cubist) and SMC (R2 and RMSE of 0.86 and 8.79% using random forest) for the validation data set using six predictor variables. Overall, GPR models and tree models (cubist, RF, and boosted trees) best captured and explained the nonlinear relationships between SOM, SMC, and image parameters for this study.
{"title":"Predicting soil organic matter and soil moisture content from digital camera images: comparison of regression and machine learning approaches","authors":"Perry Taneja, Hitesh B. Vasava, Solmaz Fathololoumi, P. Daggupati, Asim Biswas","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0133","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Appropriate soil management maintains and improves the health of the entire ecosystem. Soil appropriate administration necessitates proper characterization of its properties including soil organic matter (SOM) and soil moisture content (SMC). Image-based soil characterization has shown strong potential in comparison with traditional methods. This study compared the performance of 22 different supervised regression and machine learning algorithms, including support vector machines (SVMs), Gaussian process regression (GPR) models, ensembles of trees, and artificial neural network (ANN), in predicting SOM and SMC from soil images taken with a digital camera in the laboratory setting. A total of 22 image parameters were extracted and used as predictor variables in the models in two steps. First models were developed using all 22 extracted features and then using a subset of six best features for both SOM and SMC. Saturation index (redness index) was the most important variable for SOM prediction, and contrast (median S) for SMC prediction, respectively. The color and textural parameters demonstrated a high correlation with both SOM and SMC. Results revealed a satisfactory agreement between the image parameters and the laboratory-measured SOM (R2 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.74 and 9.80% using cubist) and SMC (R2 and RMSE of 0.86 and 8.79% using random forest) for the validation data set using six predictor variables. Overall, GPR models and tree models (cubist, RF, and boosted trees) best captured and explained the nonlinear relationships between SOM, SMC, and image parameters for this study.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"102 1","pages":"767 - 784"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47845511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Palygorskite has been reported in alluvial sediments and in soil clays in Central Iran, but it is not known if it is inherited or formed in situ. Here, we sampled Calcids developed from Triassic and Cambrian dolomitic formations in the southwestern part of Yazd and performed soil and clay characterization by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence, optical and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer analyses. Our results suggested palygorskite neoformation in the calcic soil horizons in Calcids. The soils with aridic soil moisture regime and high Mg concentration, during the formation of a calcic horizon by precipitation of secondary calcite, conditions were suitable for authigenic palygorskite crystals of long size (>10–20 μm) and their stability. In addition, the occurrence of short-size (about 2 μm) palygorskite fibers in the lower gypsic horizon probably resulted from its translocation from the upper horizons. Therefore, such results suggested palygorskite neoformation in the calcic soil horizons in these Calcids of Iran.
{"title":"Neoformation of palygorskite in Calcids of Central Iran","authors":"P. Amin, Mohammad Akhavan Ghalibaf","doi":"10.1139/CJSS-2021-0086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJSS-2021-0086","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Palygorskite has been reported in alluvial sediments and in soil clays in Central Iran, but it is not known if it is inherited or formed in situ. Here, we sampled Calcids developed from Triassic and Cambrian dolomitic formations in the southwestern part of Yazd and performed soil and clay characterization by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence, optical and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer analyses. Our results suggested palygorskite neoformation in the calcic soil horizons in Calcids. The soils with aridic soil moisture regime and high Mg concentration, during the formation of a calcic horizon by precipitation of secondary calcite, conditions were suitable for authigenic palygorskite crystals of long size (>10–20 μm) and their stability. In addition, the occurrence of short-size (about 2 μm) palygorskite fibers in the lower gypsic horizon probably resulted from its translocation from the upper horizons. Therefore, such results suggested palygorskite neoformation in the calcic soil horizons in these Calcids of Iran.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"102 1","pages":"253 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46204415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Shallow soils occur throughout the world and are recognized as Leptosols at the highest level in the World Reference Base. These soils are notionally characterized as having a lithic contact close to the soil surface. Within the Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC), shallow soils are currently handled at the family level according to the depth at which the lithic contact is encountered. At the series level, these soils are usually designated as a shallow phase of a non-shallow soil series, ignoring the hierarchical structure of the CSSC. Shallow soils occur almost anywhere in Canada where the glacial drift is thin. The presence of bedrock close to the surface impacts drainage, the amount of available moisture, depth for rooting, and has a major influence on soil formation. Consequently, it is proposed that the importance of shallow soils be elevated to the order level, to be consistent with the frequency of their occurrence in the Canadian landscape and for consistency with other soil classification systems of the world. This requires integration at the great group and subgroup levels within all orders of the CSSC, as well as changes to the current formal definition of soil. These proposed modifications include nullifying the minimum 10 cm depth requirement as part of the current definition of soil in the CSSC for closer consistency with ecological land classification and other soil classification systems of the world. Proposed modifications to the current key to the soil orders, great groups, and subgroups are presented and discussed.
{"title":"Proposed new soil order — Leptosolic order for Canadian System of Soil Classification","authors":"C. J. Warren, D. Saurette, R. Heck, L. Comeau","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0186","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Shallow soils occur throughout the world and are recognized as Leptosols at the highest level in the World Reference Base. These soils are notionally characterized as having a lithic contact close to the soil surface. Within the Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC), shallow soils are currently handled at the family level according to the depth at which the lithic contact is encountered. At the series level, these soils are usually designated as a shallow phase of a non-shallow soil series, ignoring the hierarchical structure of the CSSC. Shallow soils occur almost anywhere in Canada where the glacial drift is thin. The presence of bedrock close to the surface impacts drainage, the amount of available moisture, depth for rooting, and has a major influence on soil formation. Consequently, it is proposed that the importance of shallow soils be elevated to the order level, to be consistent with the frequency of their occurrence in the Canadian landscape and for consistency with other soil classification systems of the world. This requires integration at the great group and subgroup levels within all orders of the CSSC, as well as changes to the current formal definition of soil. These proposed modifications include nullifying the minimum 10 cm depth requirement as part of the current definition of soil in the CSSC for closer consistency with ecological land classification and other soil classification systems of the world. Proposed modifications to the current key to the soil orders, great groups, and subgroups are presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"102 1","pages":"733 - 744"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46523776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Ma, K. Tanalgo, Qiuli Xu, Weitao Li, Shanshan Wu, Q. Ji, Gengyun Pan, R. Wang
Abstract: Understanding the relationship between soil fungal communities and soil function is vital to establish a sustainable and ecologically friendly tea (Camellia sinensis L.) cultivation. However, there is limited research on the response of soil fungal communities to tea-fungus intercropping, particularly how it is related to soil biodiversity and fertility. Here, we assessed and compared the fungal communities using a metabarcoding technique, soil properties in three plantations (1, 2, and 5 yr of tea-Pleurotus intercropping plantations), and a 5 yr chemically fertilized monoculture plantation. We obtained a total of 3493 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from four tea plantations. Five hundred and ninety-three fungal OTUs are shared by all plantations, and the other 471 fungal OTUs are shared by three plantations. The largest number of OTUs was recorded in 5 yr tea-Pleurotus intercropped plantations (N = 2040), followed by 2 yr (N = 2024) and then 1 yr (N = 1471), while the chemically fertilized plantation recorded 1823 OTUs. Tea-Pleurotus intercropping showed a significant effect on the increased diversity of soil fungal diversity compared with the monoculture tea cultivations. Fungal groups Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota were the most abundant taxonomic groups recorded in all soil samples. Principal coordinate analysis revealed that fungal community composition in tea-Pleurotus intercropped plantations and monoculture tea plantations was significantly different. Besides, redundancy analysis revealed that soil nutrients significantly influence soil fungal community composition. Our results demonstrate that tea-Pleurotus intercropping may offer long-term benefits to soil biodiversity and sustainable benefits in the tea plantations.
{"title":"Influence of tea-Pleurotus ostreatus intercropping on soil fungal diversity and community structure","authors":"Z. Ma, K. Tanalgo, Qiuli Xu, Weitao Li, Shanshan Wu, Q. Ji, Gengyun Pan, R. Wang","doi":"10.1139/CJSS-2021-0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJSS-2021-0123","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Understanding the relationship between soil fungal communities and soil function is vital to establish a sustainable and ecologically friendly tea (Camellia sinensis L.) cultivation. However, there is limited research on the response of soil fungal communities to tea-fungus intercropping, particularly how it is related to soil biodiversity and fertility. Here, we assessed and compared the fungal communities using a metabarcoding technique, soil properties in three plantations (1, 2, and 5 yr of tea-Pleurotus intercropping plantations), and a 5 yr chemically fertilized monoculture plantation. We obtained a total of 3493 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from four tea plantations. Five hundred and ninety-three fungal OTUs are shared by all plantations, and the other 471 fungal OTUs are shared by three plantations. The largest number of OTUs was recorded in 5 yr tea-Pleurotus intercropped plantations (N = 2040), followed by 2 yr (N = 2024) and then 1 yr (N = 1471), while the chemically fertilized plantation recorded 1823 OTUs. Tea-Pleurotus intercropping showed a significant effect on the increased diversity of soil fungal diversity compared with the monoculture tea cultivations. Fungal groups Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota were the most abundant taxonomic groups recorded in all soil samples. Principal coordinate analysis revealed that fungal community composition in tea-Pleurotus intercropped plantations and monoculture tea plantations was significantly different. Besides, redundancy analysis revealed that soil nutrients significantly influence soil fungal community composition. Our results demonstrate that tea-Pleurotus intercropping may offer long-term benefits to soil biodiversity and sustainable benefits in the tea plantations.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"102 1","pages":"359 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48882686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biochar is a carbon-rich product that is generated when a sustainable source of biomass such as wood, crop residues, or manure is thermally degraded at high temperatures under oxygen-limited conditions. The first evidence of biochar use as a soil amendment comes from paleosols in the Brazilian Amazon and is estimated to have begun more than 2000 years ago. Modernday research finds that adding biochar to nutrientimpoverished tropical soil can improve soil properties and crop productivity because biochar increases soil pH and reduces aluminum toxicity. However, soils in cold temperate regions may have a higher pH, higher soil organic matter and nutrient content, high activity clays, and lower oxide contents and are expected to respond differently to biochar than tropical soils. Adding biochar to intensively managed temperate soils is a recent agricultural innovation. Although the research is still in its infancy, there is growing interest in assessing the potential of biochar as a soil amendment for agricultural and high-valued horticultural crops in colder regions of the world. This special issue was proposed due to the enthusiastic interest in biochar research that was expressed by participants at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society of Soil Science held in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada from 9 to 13 July 2019. Our goal was to gather the most current findings that would help explain the functions of biochar in cold, temperate soils. In agroecosystems, biochar applications can boost soil nutrient availability while contributing to soil fertility (Gagnon et al. 2022; Li et al. 2022; Abedin and Unc 2022; Lévesque et al. 2022b), and influencing crop productivity (Alotaibi 2022; Hung et al. 2022; Shang et al. 2022). Research also shows that biochar is most effective in improving soil properties when it is combined or co-processed with another soil amendment such as compost, manure, paper mill sludge, or biosolids (Manirakiza et al. 2022; Ziadi et al. 2022; Hangs et al. 2022). Although the majority of biochar research has focused on soil and field crops, there is an emerging body of literature that examines the potential for biochar use in the horticultural industry for both fruit and vegetable production (Messiga et al. 2022a; Shang et al. 2022). The influence of biochar on climate change mitigation and its impact on soil and crop productivity have also been examined (Jiang et al. 2022a, 2022b; Deng et al. 2022; Weber et al. 2022). It has been proposed that biochar is a carbon-negative soil amendment and can be used as a climate change mitigation strategy in temperate agriculture (Lévesque et al. 2022a). The proposed mechanisms for climate change mitigation of biochar are a molecular structure dominated by aromatic carbon blocks that make it more resistant to microbial decomposition, allowing it to persist in soil for thousands of years and potentially curbing greenhouse gas emissions (Messiga et al. 2022a, 2022b; Deng et al. 2022). Biochar phy
生物炭是一种富含碳的产品，当可持续的生物质来源，如木材、作物残留物或粪便在缺氧条件下高温热降解时产生。生物炭作为土壤改良剂使用的第一个证据来自巴西亚马逊河流域的古土壤，据估计，这种使用始于2000多年前。现代研究发现，向营养贫乏的热带土壤中添加生物炭可以改善土壤特性和作物生产力，因为生物炭增加了土壤的pH值，减少了铝的毒性。然而，寒温带地区的土壤可能具有更高的pH值，更高的土壤有机质和养分含量，高活性粘土和较低的氧化物含量，并且预计对生物炭的反应与热带土壤不同。向集中管理的温带土壤中添加生物炭是最近的一项农业创新。尽管这项研究仍处于起步阶段，但是人们对评估生物炭作为世界较冷地区农业和高价值园艺作物土壤改良剂的潜力越来越感兴趣。由于2019年7月9日至13日在加拿大萨斯喀彻温省萨斯卡通举行的加拿大土壤科学学会年会上与会者对生物炭研究表达了浓厚的兴趣，因此提出了这一特刊。我们的目标是收集最新的发现，这将有助于解释生物炭在寒冷、温带土壤中的功能。在农业生态系统中，生物炭应用可以提高土壤养分利用率，同时有助于土壤肥力(Gagnon等人，2022;Li et al. 2022;Abedin和Unc 2022;lsamuvesque等人，2022b)和影响作物生产力(Alotaibi 2022;Hung et al. 2022;Shang et al. 2022)。研究还表明，当生物炭与另一种土壤改良剂(如堆肥、粪肥、造纸厂污泥或生物固体)结合或协同处理时，生物炭在改善土壤特性方面最有效(Manirakiza et al. 2022;Ziadi et al. 2022;hang et al. 2022)。虽然大多数生物炭研究都集中在土壤和田间作物上，但有一个新兴的文献机构研究了生物炭在园艺工业中用于水果和蔬菜生产的潜力(Messiga et al. 2022a;Shang et al. 2022)。还研究了生物炭对减缓气候变化的影响及其对土壤和作物生产力的影响(Jiang等，2022a, 2022b;Deng et al. 2022;Weber et al. 2022)。有人提出，生物炭是一种碳负性土壤改良剂，可在温带农业中用作减缓气候变化的战略(lsamuvesque等人，2022a)。生物炭减缓气候变化的拟议机制是一种由芳香碳块主导的分子结构，使其更能抵抗微生物分解，使其能够在土壤中持续存在数千年，并有可能抑制温室气体排放(Messiga等人。2022a, 2022b;Deng et al. 2022)。由于生物炭具有吸附和固定有机化学物质的能力，其物理和化学特性在森林生态系统和城市土壤的场地恢复项目中变得非常有用(Bieser et al. 2022)。本期特刊的稿件有助于弥合我们目前的知识差距，并认识到生物炭在温带农业土壤中的贡献，是实现可持续作物生产力、健康土壤和减缓气候变化的一种途径。
{"title":"Biochar amendments for sustainable soil management","authors":"N. Ziadi, M. Oelbermann, J. Whalen","doi":"10.1139/CJSS-2022-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJSS-2022-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar is a carbon-rich product that is generated when a sustainable source of biomass such as wood, crop residues, or manure is thermally degraded at high temperatures under oxygen-limited conditions. The first evidence of biochar use as a soil amendment comes from paleosols in the Brazilian Amazon and is estimated to have begun more than 2000 years ago. Modernday research finds that adding biochar to nutrientimpoverished tropical soil can improve soil properties and crop productivity because biochar increases soil pH and reduces aluminum toxicity. However, soils in cold temperate regions may have a higher pH, higher soil organic matter and nutrient content, high activity clays, and lower oxide contents and are expected to respond differently to biochar than tropical soils. Adding biochar to intensively managed temperate soils is a recent agricultural innovation. Although the research is still in its infancy, there is growing interest in assessing the potential of biochar as a soil amendment for agricultural and high-valued horticultural crops in colder regions of the world. This special issue was proposed due to the enthusiastic interest in biochar research that was expressed by participants at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society of Soil Science held in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada from 9 to 13 July 2019. Our goal was to gather the most current findings that would help explain the functions of biochar in cold, temperate soils. In agroecosystems, biochar applications can boost soil nutrient availability while contributing to soil fertility (Gagnon et al. 2022; Li et al. 2022; Abedin and Unc 2022; Lévesque et al. 2022b), and influencing crop productivity (Alotaibi 2022; Hung et al. 2022; Shang et al. 2022). Research also shows that biochar is most effective in improving soil properties when it is combined or co-processed with another soil amendment such as compost, manure, paper mill sludge, or biosolids (Manirakiza et al. 2022; Ziadi et al. 2022; Hangs et al. 2022). Although the majority of biochar research has focused on soil and field crops, there is an emerging body of literature that examines the potential for biochar use in the horticultural industry for both fruit and vegetable production (Messiga et al. 2022a; Shang et al. 2022). The influence of biochar on climate change mitigation and its impact on soil and crop productivity have also been examined (Jiang et al. 2022a, 2022b; Deng et al. 2022; Weber et al. 2022). It has been proposed that biochar is a carbon-negative soil amendment and can be used as a climate change mitigation strategy in temperate agriculture (Lévesque et al. 2022a). The proposed mechanisms for climate change mitigation of biochar are a molecular structure dominated by aromatic carbon blocks that make it more resistant to microbial decomposition, allowing it to persist in soil for thousands of years and potentially curbing greenhouse gas emissions (Messiga et al. 2022a, 2022b; Deng et al. 2022). Biochar phy","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"102 1","pages":"vii - viii"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47121965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Van, D. Kumaragamage, Geethani Amarawansha, D. Goltz
Abstract The accumulation of phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils and subsequent losses to waterways contribute to eutrophication in surface water bodies. In agricultural lands prone to prolonged flooding during spring snowmelt, P may be released to overlying floodwater and transported to lakes downstream. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is a potential soil amendment to mitigate P losses, but its effectiveness for flooded soils with snowmelt is not well documented. Thirty-six intact soil monoliths taken from four agricultural fields in Manitoba's Red River Valley region were surface-amended with FeCl3 at three rates (0, 2.5, and 5 Mg ha–1) to evaluate the effectiveness of FeCl3 in minimizing P losses to porewater and floodwater. Over 8 weeks of simulated snowmelt flooding, porewater, and floodwater samples taken weekly were analyzed for concentrations of dissolved reactive P (DRP), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and pH. Change in the redox potential was also measured weekly. With time of flooding, redox potential decreased in all soil monoliths. At early stages of flooding, the porewater pH values were significantly lower in FeCl3-amended monoliths but increased with flooding time. Porewater and floodwater DRP concentrations increased in all soils when flooded, but the magnitudes varied. Amendment of FeCl3 decreased the DRP concentrations from 17% to 97% in porewater and 26% to 99% in floodwater, with the effectiveness varying depending on the soil, FeCl3 rate, and flooding time. Amendment of FeCl3 increased porewater concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn. Soil amendment with FeCl3 at both rates shows promise in mitigating redox-induced P losses from flooded soils.
{"title":"Ferric chloride amendment reduces phosphorus losses from flooded soil monoliths to overlying floodwater","authors":"E. Van, D. Kumaragamage, Geethani Amarawansha, D. Goltz","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0135","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The accumulation of phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils and subsequent losses to waterways contribute to eutrophication in surface water bodies. In agricultural lands prone to prolonged flooding during spring snowmelt, P may be released to overlying floodwater and transported to lakes downstream. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is a potential soil amendment to mitigate P losses, but its effectiveness for flooded soils with snowmelt is not well documented. Thirty-six intact soil monoliths taken from four agricultural fields in Manitoba's Red River Valley region were surface-amended with FeCl3 at three rates (0, 2.5, and 5 Mg ha–1) to evaluate the effectiveness of FeCl3 in minimizing P losses to porewater and floodwater. Over 8 weeks of simulated snowmelt flooding, porewater, and floodwater samples taken weekly were analyzed for concentrations of dissolved reactive P (DRP), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and pH. Change in the redox potential was also measured weekly. With time of flooding, redox potential decreased in all soil monoliths. At early stages of flooding, the porewater pH values were significantly lower in FeCl3-amended monoliths but increased with flooding time. Porewater and floodwater DRP concentrations increased in all soils when flooded, but the magnitudes varied. Amendment of FeCl3 decreased the DRP concentrations from 17% to 97% in porewater and 26% to 99% in floodwater, with the effectiveness varying depending on the soil, FeCl3 rate, and flooding time. Amendment of FeCl3 increased porewater concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn. Soil amendment with FeCl3 at both rates shows promise in mitigating redox-induced P losses from flooded soils.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"102 1","pages":"707 - 718"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41421473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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