Expert opinion on drug delivery最新文献

Introduction: Inhaled antibiotic delivery technology is considered an emerging method for overcoming continual challenges posed by resistant bacteria. It enables the delivery of highly localized drug concentrations, thereby reducing systemic exposure, whilst targeting infected cells to efficiently kill resistant bacteria.

Areas covered: The clinical outcomes of inhaled antibiotic delivery strategies against resistant bacteria are limited. With a focus on preclinical and clinical outcomes, this review highlights recent advances in the development of inhaled antibiotic formulations. Further, it emphasizes the emerging strategies as a blueprint for future therapeutic options against resistant bacteria.

Expert opinion: Inhaled antibiotic formulations represent one of the most promising avenues for overcoming antibacterial drug resistance. This is achieved by delivering high local doses of antibiotics directly to infected cells, which specifically targets biofilm/mucus and resistant pathogens. Although promising developments of inhaled antibacterials include proteins and peptides, liposomal and lipid‑based nano-carriers, combination therapies, phase therapy, alveolar macrophage targeted delivery are progressing, some potential barriers such as mucus, biofilms, and bacterial resistance continue to impede clinical translation. As a result, real-world strategic priorities should be emphasized regarding the development of smart inhaled antibacterial formulations with clinical potential to overcome the ongoing barriers associated with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.

Introduction: Chronic retinal disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, and noninfectious uveitis are among the leading causes of irreversible visual loss worldwide. Their management depends on repeated intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents or corticosteroids, which, despite proven efficacy, are associated with high treatment burden and cumulative risks. Sustained-release intravitreal drug delivery systems (DDSs) are effective strategies to prolong therapeutic activity, enhance bioavailability, minimize adverse events, and improve patient adherence.

Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the evolution, clinical efficacy, and translational potential of intravitreal DDSs, from nonbiodegradable implants to biodegradable systems. Advances in polymeric design, hydrogels, in situ forming systems, and 3D-printed architecture, are discussed alongside emerging clinical candidates. Key formulation, preclinical, and regulatory barriers to clinical translation are also examined. Comprehensive search on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and regulatory repositories was performed (data published up to December 2025).

Expert opinion: Intravitreal DDSs are redefining ocular pharmacotherapy by offering prolonged, localized drug release. However, further innovation in polymer design, bioerodible materials, and sterilization methods is essential to balance safety, efficacy, and manufacturability. Integration of precision medicine and next-generation biomaterials will be key to achieving fully optimized, minimally invasive retinal therapies.

Introduction: Intranasal drug delivery is increasingly valued not only for local therapy but also as a noninvasive route that can bypass the blood - brain barrier, enabling rapid treatment of neurological and systemic diseases. However, mucociliary clearance and limited epithelial absorption often reduce residence time and bioavailability, creating a need for more effective formulation strategies. Mucoadhesive and mucus-penetrating systems are among the most promising approaches.

Areas covered: This review summarizes nasal anatomical and physiological features that govern interactions between formulations and the mucosa. It overviews representative intranasal dosage forms (liquids, powders, gels, films, in situ gelling systems, and nano-formulations). Polymers used as mucoadhesive agents are classified into first- and second-generation materials, which enhance adhesion through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, or covalent attachment. The review also highlights polymers applied to nanoparticle surfaces to facilitate diffusion through mucus and improve epithelial access. Finally, methods to evaluate mucoadhesion and toxicity are outlined, including alternative in vitro and in vivo models.

Expert opinion: Recent advances have expanded nasal delivery options, particularly for nose-to-brain targeting. Yet translation remains limited by insufficient validation, long-term safety uncertainties, and repeated-dose effects. Future progress requires balancing adhesion with penetration, robust toxicology, and integration of innovative polymers with optimized devices.

Introduction: The nasal route is attracting increasing interest for delivering therapeutics and vaccines. The application of novel in-vitro technologies, such as microfluidic organ-on-chips for relevant nasal drug tests, is highlighted in the literature.

Areas covered: This report highlights the advantages of using microfluidics for studying aerosols, sheds light on the potential challenges and suggests solutions for future research in nasal aerosols studies. This report covers research available at peer-reviewed journal article databases, including PubMed and Scopus from the past 10 years up to September 2025.

Expert opinion: Accurate modeling of the nasal airway microenvironment, including airflow and the associated mechanical stresses, is necessary to replicate the realistic interaction between aerosol particles and their surrounding geometries as they traverse complex respiratory pathways through the nose. Novel measures and techniques to complement organ-on-chip devices will be critical to replicating the transport and deposition of aerosols in realistic nasal airways. Future research may focus on the development of more powerful tools that enable high-throughput examinations of nasal aerosols, delivering simultaneous insights into particle behavior and tissue responses.

Introduction: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive tumor with poor survival rates. Current treatment strategies are hindered by blood - brain barrier (BBB), which limits the delivery of medication, and by systemic toxicity and insufficient drug levels at the tumor site. A promising new approach, nose-to-brain delivery, offers noninvasive way to bypass the BBB through the olfactory and trigeminal pathways, allowing for direct brain targeting. One promising method, receptor-mediated transport, utilizes receptors found on nasal epithelial cells and glioblastoma cells to enhance drug uptake at the tumor site. However, this approach faces challenges, including difficulties with mucociliary clearance, dosing issues, and variations in medication response among patients.

Area covered: This review offers an overview of receptor-mediated nose-to-brain delivery strategies for GBM. It focuses on nasal pathways, transport mechanisms, and key receptors, including transferrin, insulin, folate, and integrins. The review highlights that targeting these receptors can enhance delivery efficiency, increase brain penetration, and facilitate the co-delivery of drugs to address tumor heterogeneity and resistance.

Expert opinion: Receptor-mediated intranasal delivery offers a promising strategy for GBM therapy. Advancing this approach will require precise receptor targeting and robust clinical validation to ensure effective translation from bench to bedside.

Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease urgently require new therapeutic approaches. Despite significant efforts, no disease-modifying therapies targeting specific molecular pathways have demonstrated consistent clinical efficacy. This challenge has shifted attention toward drug delivery strategies that improve bioavailability, targeting, and patient accessibility. Intranasal delivery has emerged as a promising, non-invasive approach that bypasses the blood-brain barrier, and improves patient compliance. Lipid-based systems, especially following the success of COVID-19 vaccines, have gained attention as versatile platforms for delivering RNAs. Their ability to encapsulate diverse payloads and tunable composition makes them ideal candidates for targeting neurodegenerative disorders via the intranasal route.

Areas covered: This review discusses recent advances in intranasal delivery for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, emphasizing on lipid-based nanoparticles. It addresses formulation challenges such as stability, targeting efficiency, and compatibility with nasal physiology, and outlines key design parameters affecting brain delivery. Future directions are explored to advance formulation development and clinical translation.

Expert opinion: Intranasal lipid-based drug delivery represents a promising strategy to bypass the blood-brain barrier in neurogenerative disorder treatment. Although regulatory gaps and the absence of long-term safety evaluation, intranasal administration offers clear advantages for CNS targeting underscoring strong potential for future clinical translation.

Introduction: Translating preclinical findings in human neurological drug delivery remains a challenge, particularly for molecules administered directly into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via intrathecal, intracisternal, or intracerebroventricular routes. Anatomical and physiological disparities between animal models and the human neuroaxis complicate extrapolation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data.

Areas covered: This review synthesizes expert perspectives on translational barriers of CSF-mediated delivery. The review focuses on macroscopic aspects such as delivery methods, CSF flow, and neuroanatomical features, while remaining agnostic of specific drugs or injectates. While physiological processes such as neuronal uptake inform CNS biodistribution, they are drug-specific and beyond this review's scope.Using a hypothesis-driven framework, literature was analyzed and categorized into themes: Preclinical-to-Human Translation, Neuroimaging, and CSF Flow Characterization (Theoretical, Experimental, Clinical). Strategic approaches identified include leveraging neuroimaging technologies and adopting tiered, multi-species modeling to better approximate human CNS dynamics. The glymphatic system and parameters for enhancing parenchymal distribution are highlighted as promising pathways. We recommend integrative frameworks that combine imaging, modeling, and biological validation.

Expert opinion: We propose a roadmap emphasizing harmonized imaging and multimodal modeling to investigate CNS delivery modalities. These foundational steps are essential for bridging preclinical and clinical gaps and accelerating the development of next-generation CNS delivery platforms.

Introduction: One of the reasons for the decreasing effectiveness of modern antimicrobial chemotherapy and the increasing resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to drugs is a hampered access of active agents to intracellular targets, due to the problems with crossing the biological membrane barriers.

Areas covered: This article discusses the possibilities and methods of using oligopeptides that penetrate cell membranes by simple diffusion, endocytosis, or using active transport systems, as molecular carriers for the construction of antimicrobial conjugates, following the Trojan Horse strategy. The basis for the discussion and conclusions is a critical review of the literature from 1970 to 2025, searched in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, with a strong emphasis on examples from the last decade.

Expert opinion: Application of short peptides transported by microbial oligopeptide transport systems, cell penetrating peptides, and antimicrobial peptides as molecular carriers may give rise to novel antimicrobial conjugates, able to overcome microbial resistance, as well as to enhancement of antimicrobial potential and broadening of antimicrobial spectrum of existing drugs, especially against intracellular microbial pathogens.