Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene最新文献

Background: Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is a condition in which the body is underweight or thin and the body has insufficient reserves of energy intake, this condition occurs due to a lack of nutrients. A person's condition can be said to be CED if the Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) is low or < 23,5 cm. Women of Reproductive Age (WRA) who experience CED will have an impact on pregnancy. Based on the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) the percentage of CED in pregnancy globally is 35-75% and deaths in developing countries related to CED are 40%.

Methods: Research design Descriptive analytic cross-sectional approach. The population WRA with a population of 7,183 the sample being 143 WRA. The analysis is univariate, bivariate (Chi-square), and multivariate (Regression Logistic).

Results: Found that the determinants of CED were factors affecting CED for WRA in the Kandang Health Center in Bengkulu City in 2023 are age (p-value = 0.018; ORa95% CI=2,495: 1.171-5.317), energy intake (p-value = 0.013; ORa95% CI = 2.990: 1.256-7.117), and the interaction of protein intake by several family members (p-value = 0.03; ORa 95%CI = 21.327: 1.343-338.671). The dominant factor is the interaction between protein intake and the number of family members. WRA with large families when protein intake is not enough risk 21 times to experience chronic lack of energy compared to adequate protein intake.

Conclusions: Health workers need to make promotive and preventive efforts that can be done through community empowerment through health education about nutritional intake and family planning, so WRA understands about prevention of Chronic Energy Deficiency.

As known, influenza presents a multifaceted challenge to public health, causing disease that ranges from mild cases to severe pandemics with significant morbidity and mortality. Effective pandemic preparedness demands a comprehensive strategy that integrates research, surveillance, response coordination and community engagement, to mitigate the impact of future health emergencies. The pandemic preparedness cycle involves dynamic, cyclical phases of preparation and response aimed at enhancing response capacity. Italy's 2021-2023 National Strategic-Operational Plan for Pandemic Influenza (PanFlu) incorporates lessons learned from past pandemics and serves as a framework for regional plans, such as Liguria's. The Ligurian plan delineates governance structures, surveillance strategies, healthcare services and communication measures necessary for effective pandemic management. It emphasizes the need to strengthen links between emergency structures, to avoid duplication and to adopt flexible approaches to scale actions appropriately and highlights the need for risk/benefit analysis to support evidence-based decision-making as well as clear guidance on data collection and communication activities. By integrating these elements, the region's overall readiness and resilience against influenza pandemics are expected to be reinforced.

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 has changed the demand for in-person health care. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyzed data on access to San Martino Hospital Emergency Department (ED), Genoa, Italy, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: Descriptive statistics for 180,117 records of patients accessing the ED between 2019 and 2021 were reported. A linear regression model was built to evaluate the relationship between the weekly number of COVID-like illness cases and ED attendances.

Results: In comparison to pre-pandemic levels, the median number of ED visits declined by 41.6% in 2020 and by 27.4% in 2021. The period of maximum drop in access (-61.9%) was the 2020 12-16th calendar weeks and coincided with the highest rates of COVID-like illness cases (+360%; 22.8% of total ED attendances). About 20% of the variation of the weekly number of ED attendances was explained by the number of COVID-like illness cases. In 2020 and 2021 non-urgent ED codes decreased (-6.7%; -7.3%) and both urgent and emergency ED codes increased (+4.8% and +3.9% the first; +1.9% and +3.5% the second). However, the absolute number of ED access fell drastically for all codes. In particular, the highest increase was registered in 2020 for acute respiratory infections (ARI), including COVID-19 (+3.28%), while traumas and eye diseases saw the highest decrease (-1.02%; -3.80%).

Conclusions: While the reduction in non-urgent visits suggests avoidable pre-pandemic access levels, the decline in non-COVID-19 urgent accesses potentially points to an increase in delayed and missed care.

Background: Low survival rates of breast cancer in developing countries are mainly due to the lack of early detection plans and adequate diagnosis and treatment facilities.

Objectives: This study aimed to apply machine learning techniques to recognize the most important breast cancer risk factors.

Methods: This case-control study included women aged 17-75 years who were referred to medical centers affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Science between March 21, 2015, and March 19, 2016. The study had two datasets: one with 516 samples (258 cases and 258 controls) and another with 606 samples (303 cases and 303 controls). Written informed consent has been observed. Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Logistic Regression (LR), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied using R studio software.

Results: Regarding the DT and RF, the most important features that impact breast cancer were family cancer, individual history of breast cancer, biopsy sampling, rarely consumption of a dairy, fruit, and vegetable meal, while in PCA and LR these features including family cancer, pregnancy number, pregnancy tendency, abortion, first menstruation, the age of first childbirth and childbirth number.

Conclusions: Machine learning algorithms can be used to extract the most important factors in the diagnosis of breast cancer in developing countries such as Iran.

Introduction: Appropriate communication models and strategies are crucial in order to strengthen preventive and health promotion interventions via digital platforms. Today, 52.23% of the Italian population use the Internet as a source of health-related information. The aim of the "Insegna Salute" project was to create a website that would enable people to satisfy their knowledge health needs and increase their awareness in the field of prevention.

Methods: To develop the website, a qualitative literature research was carried out to collect an overview of effective online health communication strategies and tools before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, we implemented the website insegnasalute.it according to the one-to-many (screen-to-face) communication model. The second part of the research focused on identifying tools to ensure the constant update of the platform. Finally, we proceeded with the creation of the visual identity.

Results: The research resulted in 28 sources regarding health communication, vaccine hesitancy, online health information seeking, visual identity, current digital and social trends and mis/disinformation. Many publications reported that healthcare professionals (HCPs) are the main providers of evidence-based information and the most effective agents against misinformation. Furthermore, most of the articles advocated the use of digital technologies, such as social media and websites, along with proactive and targeted communication strategies.

Conclusions: Vaccination hesitancy and other health prevention issues require accurate tools to build trust-based relationships between users and healthcare professionals. In line with the preventive guidelines issued by the Italian Ministry of Health, new tools, such as "Insegna Salute", integrate health knowledge with communication strategies. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, preventive measures are essential to protect the population from misinformation spread and the probability of getting ill.

Introduction: Hand hygiene in nurses is the most effective factor in controlling nosocomial infections. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of motivational interviews and teach-back on the rate of hand hygiene compliance in Intensive Care Unit nurses.

Methods: A quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design was performed. Three Intensive Care Units with 88 nurses were randomly divided into three study groups. The control group received only the usual hospital teaching in hand hygiene, the experimental groups 1 and 2, in addition to the usual teaching, they received motivational interview and teach back in five weekly sessions, respectively. The rate of hand hygiene compliance in nurses was measured by Hand Hygiene Practices Inventory.

Results: There was a statistically significant difference for the rate of hand hygiene compliance before and after the intervention in the study groups with p < 0.001. In comparison before and after, in experimental group 1, the rate of hand rub increased from 8% to 18.5% and the rate of hand wash from 1.5% to 22%; and in the experimental group 2, these values increased from 4% to 19.5% in hand rub and from 3.5% to 17% in hand wash, respectively. However, in the control group, the rate of hand hygiene compliance before and after the test did not show a statistically significant difference with p > 0.05.

Conclusions: Motivational interview and teach back methods were effective in promoting hand hygiene compliance in nurses and thus improve the control of nosocomial infections.

Background: Anemia is a condition in which the number of healthy red blood cells/ hemoglobin (Hgb) level (and consequently their oxygen-carrying capacity) is insufficient to meet the body's physiologic needs. Thus, the current study is aimed to assess the spatial distribution and determinant factors of anemia among women aged 15-49 in Burkina Faso.

Methods: A secondary data analysis was done based on 2021 Burkina Faso; Demographic and Health Surveys. Total weighted samples of 5655 women's were included. Data processing and analysis were performed using STATA 14; ArcGIS 10.1 and SaTScan 9.6 software.

Result: The spatial distribution of anemia in Burkina Faso among women aged 15-49.was found to be clustered (Global Moran's I = 0.25, p value < 0.0001). In the multivariable mixed-effect ordinal regression analysis; Age 25-29 years [AOR = 1.31 ; 95% CI: 1.06 1.61], rich wealth status [AOR = 1.32 ; 95% CI: 1.08 1.62], regions Cascades [AOR = 1.62 ; 95% CI: 1.16 2.25],Hauts-bassis [AOR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.06 1.84], Plateau central [AOR = 0.72 ; 95% CI: -0.54 0.96 and Sahel[AOR = 0.42 ; 95% CI: 0.28 0.63], were significant predictors of anemia among women aged 15-49.

Conclusions: A significant clustering of anemia among women aged 15-49 were found in Burkina Faso. Age, wealth index, regions Cascades, Hauts-bassins, Plateau central, and Sahel were significant predictors of anemia.

Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most frequently encountered complications in prosthetic surgery, and are associated with increased hospitalization, costs and in-hospital mortality. There is no national system for the comprehensive monitoring of the incidence of SSIs.

Methods: All patients undergoing orthopedic prosthetic surgery from April 1 to June 30, 2023 were enrolled. Clinical evaluation of the surgical site was conducted at 30 days, and a follow-up telephone interview was carried out by means of a specially designed questionnaire at 90 days.

Results: A total of 59 patients were included. Surgery was performed on the knee in 71.19% and on the hip in 28.81%. The patients' mean BMI was 28.25 ± 2.97, and their mean ASA score was 2.67 ± 0.58. Six patients had diabetes mellitus. The incidence of SSIs was 5.08%; two infections occurred in knee prosthesis surgery and one in hip surgery. Analysis of the data revealed that diabetes was the main risk factor for the development of infection.

Conclusions: Although based on a small number of patients, these results are encouraging, especially considering that the patients had an average ASA score of more than 2 and a high BMI. However, to further reduce the risk of infection, improved hygiene measures have now been implemented in the operating room and the antibiotic prophylaxis protocol has been updated to take into account the potential for MRSA colonization.

Introduction: The article aims to outline the features of the efforts for smallpox eradication within the pre-unitary context of the Kingdom of Sardinia, characterized by a long tradition in medical-health prevention. This tradition is partly inherited from the health magistracies of the Italian states during the ancient regime and partly adopted from policies initially outlined by Napoleon and later by other European states. In addition to prevention activities, authorities also engage in a vigorous information and awareness campaign aimed at eliminating common prejudices and doubts about vaccination among the population.

Methods: In analyzing the authorities' achievements in combating smallpox, this study examines the two epidemic waves (1829-30 and 1852-54), along with the legislative developments before, during, and after these periods. It also compares these regulatory changes with those in other European contexts.

Discussion: The epidemiological situation turned out to be more complex to manage than the authorities had anticipated, as evidenced by the increasing controls imposed. Scientific and political communities, both in the Kingdom of Sardinia and in other European nations, found themselves divided on the legitimacy of proposing restrictive measures by the state. Some advocated for restricted access to public places and imposed mandatory vaccination for vulnerable individuals.

Conclusions: The comparison with smallpox resulted in a gradual improvement in of health security levels, although vaccination coverage did not reach the desired targets. Several factors contributed to this failure, including the limited expertise and reluctance of medical personnel, who were burdened with much of the operation's costs. Additionally, particularly in rural areas, there was widespread mistrust among the population towards doctors. Despite these challenges, the fight against smallpox enabled authorities to develop population control tools in the name of public health protection. However, it was not until 1888 that mandatory vaccination was introduced.