Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene最新文献

Introduction: The language of medicine is constantly evolving, typically to better describe a new understanding of disease, adjust to changing social sensibilities, or simply to reflect a new drug class or category. We address the need for an updated language around monoclonal antibodies, or "mAbs" - a widely used medical term, but one which is now too general to accurately reflect the range of mAb pharmaceuticals, their effects, and the intended patients.

Methods: The question of "what should we call a monoclonal antibody immunisation against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) to ensure accurate understanding of the product?" was the basis for a virtual advisory panel in May 2022. The panel was convened by Sanofi with the intention of reviewing appropriate language in terminology in the context of mAb-based prophylaxis for RSV. The panel comprised several global experts on RSV and vaccination, a trained linguist specialising in doctor-patient interactions and medical language, and several experts in marketing and communications.

Results: We suggest the term "Direct Long-acting Antibody" (DLA) for a specific sub-class of mAbs for use in prevention of RSV disease in infants. This terminology should differentiate from other mAbs, which are generally not used as therapies in infants.

Discussion and conclusions: This change will more accurately convey the specific mode of action of a mAb in infants, and how it could impact the prevention of communicable diseases: this class of mAbs is not an active treatment, but rather will offer direct and rapid protection lasting at least 5 months.

Introduction: Healthcare reorientation aims for health services focused not exclusively on diseases but also on prevention and health promotion. The implementation depends strongly on professionals' willingness to actively participate in the reorientation. An effective strategy to boost reorientation is to reorient education and role definition of future professionals. This paper examines whether photovoice can be a suitable method to i) increase future health professionals' awareness of users' needs and expectations; and ii) enable a process of critical reflection on role definition and health services organisation.

Methods: One hundred and seventy-two medical students participated in the photovoice project. Participants were asked to produce one photo combined with a caption, responding to a pre-identified question: "What is, in your opinion, the main aspect affecting users' satisfaction/dissatisfaction in a healthcare facility?". Participants discussed their photos in group discussions (n = 16) and participated in data analysis sessions (n = 4).

Results: Participants' contributions revolved around how services were delivered (e.g., kindness, accessibility, attention to additional needs) rather than the service provided. The students showed their empathic side and proposed smart and inclusive solutions to improve overall users' experience.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated the value of using photovoice to reach medical students and to integrate health promotion into their professional identities. The photovoice process, teamwork, and discussions opened a breach into traditional thinking regarding aspects of healthcare services that are taken for granted or are overlooked. Furthermore, participants' proposals often implied a change in the behaviour of professionals - their future selves - towards patients and low-cost improvements of organisational practices.

In recent decades, also driven by the European Union, aquaculture has undergone significant development to meet the increasing demand for seafood products. However, the concentration of efforts and resources in the fishing industry raises complex ethical issues that have yet to be fully explored, concerning animal welfare, environmental impact, and social justice. Balancing economic interests with environmental and ethical concerns is a challenging yet crucial task to ensuring a sustainable future for aquaculture. The adoption of ethical values in the fishing industry not only promotes economic, environmental, and social responsibility but also fosters consumer trust in responsible food sourcing. Interventions such as developing animal welfare standards, implementing sustainable farming techniques, adopting environmental management policies, and promoting ethically responsible business practices are pivotal. A multidimensional approach is essential to ensure an ethical and sustainable future for aquaculture, critical for global food security and marine environmental well-being. This holistic approach requires collaborative efforts from various stakeholders, including policymakers, researchers, industry players, and consumers, to address the multifaceted challenges faced by the aquaculture sector. Additionally, raising awareness among consumers about the impact of their choices on the environment and animal welfare can further drive the demand for ethically produced seafood and encourage responsible practices within the industry.

Background: Appropriate adherence to hand hygiene (HH) practices by health care workers (HCWs) reduces the transmission of pathogens and subsequently the incidence of hospital acquired infections (HAIs), in health care settings. Strict monitoring and auditing of this simple and cost-effective intervention is very important, as it significantly contributes in reducing the HAIs.

Material and methods: A retrospective observational study, evaluating the HH audits from June 2021 till May 2023 in a tertiary health care facility in North India. HH audits were conducted in the ICUs and wards daily, by the trained infection control nurses (ICNs), using direct observation method based on World health organization (WHO) hand hygiene observational forms. HH total adherence (HHTAR), partial adherence (HHPAR) and complete adherence rate (HHCAR) were analyzed in Microsoft Excel sheet. HHTAR rates were compared among different profession, moments and the month wise trend was also observed over the period.

Results: A total of 24,740 HH opportunities were observed. The compliance rate for HHCAR, HHPAR and HHTAR were 20.3%, 41.5% and 61.4% respectively. Overall better compliance was reported from the ICUs, profession-specific compliance was highest among nurses (62.8%) and doctors (61.5%). Significant increase in adherence rate was appreciated post intervention 46.1% to 67.3%, (p value < 0.01).

Conclusions: Continuous monitoring and reinforcement with timely feedback for intervention and regular auditing is a necessity to improve and maintain the appropriate HH practices among the HCWs. Low- and middle-income countries need to focus more on this simple and promising measure to combat the increasing HAI rates.

Background: Nurses have good opportunities to communicate with osteoporotic patients and the public as well as convey osteoporosis prevention education to them. Therefore, nurses require specific knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP), and desirable nutritional behaviors for osteoporosis prevention and treatment strategies. Little is known about the KAP for osteoporosis prevention and nutritional behaviors among nurses in Iran.

Purpose: The present study was conducted to evaluate nurses' KAP and nutritional behaviors for osteoporosis prevention.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 195 nurses working in three hospitals in southeastern Iran. Nurses were selected using a stratified random sampling method between April and June 2020. The data collection tools included questionnaires of KAP and nutritional behaviors to prevent osteoporosis.

Findings: According to the findings, nurses' knowledge regarding osteoporosis prevention was high level (20.23 ± 3.79) and their attitude (72.71 ± 6.97), practice (48.25 ± 6.38), and nutritional behavior scores (110.12 ± 13.68) were desirable. In addition, nurses' KAP regarding osteoporosis prevention was correlated with their nutritional behaviors (p = 0.001).

Conclusions: Given the high levels of knowledge, desirable practices, and in Iranian nurses regarding the prevention of osteoporosis, they can play a significant role in changing KAP and nutritional behaviors of people to prevent this disease. To this end, educational and support programs should be implemented in clinical and community settings to develop a healthy lifestyle in the community.

Introduction: Men who have sex with men (MSM) belong to the key population group which contributes to the high burden of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) despite the ongoing HIV prevention programs in Nigeria. The current study assessed the risk factors of HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men in Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria.

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study of 400 men who have sex with men selected from three senatorial zones in Akwa Ibom. A statistical package for service solution version 23 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics, Relative risk and Binary logistic regression were used to compare proportions between risk factors and HIV/AIDS among the MSM.

Results: More than half (50.5%) of the respondents were between the ages of 20-29 years. Above 66% of the respondents made their debut into MSM at the age bracket of 13-19 years. 50% of the respondents preferred unprotected sex with fellow men. About 99% of the respondents have multiple sexual partners. More than 72% of the respondents had engaged in group sex. About 64% of the respondents use tramadol before sex. Greater than half (54%) of the respondents have shared injection needles. Averagely, 97% of the respondent engaged in transactional sex in the past 3 months. 11.8% of the 400 respondents tested positive for HIV. There was a significant association between risk factors and HIV among the MSM studied.

Conclusions: MSM in Akwa Ibom State engage in high-risk behaviors, therefore, a risk reduction program targeted at each specific identified risk is highly recommended.

Recent years have seen increasingly severe natural disasters, the consequences of which have been catastrophic. Clearly, our global environment is undergoing major changes. The climate is becoming deranged and pollution on a global scale afflicts air, water, and land. We are faced with an unprecedented shortage of cultivable land and fresh water for drinking, irrigation, and livestock farming, while our marine systems are breaking down. These environmental changes have a very high anthropogenic component; they are induced by human activities that are potentially dangerous for both the environment and human life. Moreover, not only do they have an enormous impact on the environments in which we live and on our way of life, they also have harmful effects on our health. Indeed, we must understand that our body - as Hippocrates explained long ago - is a system that constantly interacts with the surrounding environment.

Introduction: Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a psychological illness characterized by persistent and intrusive preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of BDD and investigate its association with mental health status (depression and anxiety), religiosity, eating disorder risk, and self-esteem among Lebanese University students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2020, involving students from the Lebanese University. Data were collected using the dysmorphic concern questionnaire (DCQ), Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE), religiosity scale, patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety disorder assessment (GAD-7), Eating Attitude test-26 scale (EAT-26).

Results: A total of 6,448 participants were enrolled in our study. The overall prevalence of BDD among university students was (6.4%).Our results showed that Lebanese students with BDD were more likely to have anxiety ORadj 1.3 (95% CI: 1.2-1.7) p-value 0.001, depression ORadj 1.2 (95% CI: 1.15-1.5) p-value 0.007, and eating disorder (Bulimia & Food preoccupation ORadj 1.06 (95% CI: 1.03-1.2) p-value 0.0, and oral control ORadj 1.09 (95% CI: 1.05-1.1) p-value < 0.001) compared to those with no BDD. We also found that students with BDD had Lower Self-esteem ORadj 0.88 (95% CI: 0.78-0.9) p-value < 0.001), and less likely to be religious ORadj 0.88 (95% CI: 0.82-0.9) p-value 0.02) compared to those with no BDD.

Conclusions: This pioneering study sheds light on the prevalence of BDD among Lebanese university students and its associated factors. Our findings underscore the importance of early detection of BDD during adolescence and young adulthood, necessitating timely psychological intervention to prevent chronicity and complications.

Introduction: Screen time has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially among children and teenagers. This has come at the expense of their healthy eating habits, physical activity and adequate amount of quality sleep. The excessive use of screen-device can lead to addiction which starts during adolescent years. Objectives: Primary Objective: to assess prevalence of excess screen time among secondary school children; Secondary Objective: to correlate Body Mass Index (BMI), sleep duration, duration of physical activity and food habits with screen time duration.

Material and methods: Study settings and design: cross-sectional study was conducted in secondary schools in the rural field practice area of a private medical college in Pune, India. The study included 184 school children from eighth to tenth standard. Data was collected using a self-administered, questionnaire.

Results: Prevalence of excess screen time among secondary school children was 83.2%. Mobile phone was the most used device (98.9%). There was a significant association between excess screen time and inadequate sleep.

Conclusions: The present study reports high prevalence of excess screen time in rural school going children in rural India. There is a need for strategies to combat this in school health programs on priority.

Introduction: One of the methods to promote pre-diabetic patients' adherence to preventive behaviors and improving their lifestyle is to pay attention to their needs in the designed educational programs. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the needs of individuals with prediabetes.

Methodology: Three databases, including ISI/Web of Sciences, PubMed, Scopus were searched without time limitation until August 2022. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool. This study was reported according to the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research guidelines and to achieve the research goal, Sandelowski and Barroso's seven-step meta-synthesis method (2007) was used. Thematic synthesis was used to analyses the data.

Results: Out of the 1934 studies obtained, 34 studies were finally examined and 805 codes were recorded based on the extracted data. Through synthesizing and analyzing the primary studies, 8 main themes were extracted regarding individuals' needs in the prediabetes stage: Information needs, Cultural needs, psychological needs, Social support needs, Education needs, Financial needs, Service needs and Skill needs.

Discussion and conclusions: The perceived needs and their types in each of the dimensions in detail can be a proper guide for designing educational programs and various interventions to control the prediabetes condition, leading to a reduction in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the society.