Revista espanola de salud publica最新文献

Objective: Following a consultation received at the Legal Clinic of the University of Alcalá, it was necessary to determine whether or not a Research Ethics Committee was accredited. This led us to consider the need to determine whether the autonomous communities had reformed their legislation to establish the accreditation procedure for Research Ethics Committees, therefore adapting their legislation to Act 14/2007.

Methods: An analysis of the european, national and regional legislation regulating biomedical research in Spain was carried out to determine what the accreditation procedure for Research Ethics Committees was like in each autonomous community and whether it conformed to the provisions of Act 14/2007.

Results: Most of the autonomous communities had not reformed their legislation to establish the accreditation procedure for Research Ethics Committees, especially if they were part of universities, which could affect the principle of good administration.

Conclusions: The principle of good administration could be affected by the fact that most of the autonomous communities do not adequately regulate the procedure for setting up and accrediting Research Ethics Committees, especially those linked to universities, which undermines the guarantees that these bodies provide for clinical biomedical research and generates legal uncertainty.

Objective: The appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus led to the adoption of extreme health measures aimed at containing or minimizing the effects of the pandemic it produced. These measures had a significant impact on people's physical and mental health, causing a drastic decrease in the health-related quality of life by losing one of its fundamental pillars, social health. With this study, we aimed to assess the self-perceived health status after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: A cross-sectional and observational study design was developed. Participants included the entire adult population over eighteen years of age residing in the provinces of Granada, Almería and/or Jaén as of January 1, 2023 until February 20, 2023. Each participant was administered the validated 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) to measure their self-perceived level of health. A descriptive analysis of all the variables included in the study was conducted using the statistical software SPSS v.22.

Results: The mean score obtained in the SF-36 questionnaire was 132.39±19.55 basis points; corresponding to a self-perceived level of good health. It had been observed that the confinement and other measures adopted during the pandemic led to a decrease in the self-perceived level of health, taking more than three years to return to pre-pandemic health levels.

Conclusions: The study of the population's self-perceived level of health aims to improve the health system and, in turn, to increase the mental, social and physical well-being of the population, avoiding the after-effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the coming years.

Migration from Africa is a phenomenon intrinsically linked to the history of Spain that has shaped societies and cultures over the centuries, transforming the demographic and social composition of the country. Particularly since the second half of the 20th century, Spain has progressively become a destination country for immigrants from various parts of the African continent and, thus, various political actions have taken place to control these migratory flows. However, border blockades, difficulties in boarding from the country of origin or the danger of sea routes have led to a notable diversification of the migratory routes followed to reach European soil through the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

Objective: Hepatitis B (HB) is a preventable disease and a public health challenge due to its high morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted within the framework of the World Health Organization's strategy, which includes establishing prophylactic measures to prevent vertical transmission. The aim was to assess the degree of implementation of HB preventive measures to avoid vertical transmission in newborns in Spain.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out with women who gave birth in 2022 in four autonomous communities in Spain. Clinical databases from primary care, hospitals, vaccination, and microbiology were used. Continuous variables were expressed as the mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range depending on their distribution. Categorical variables were described by the absolute and relative frequency of each category.

Results: The coverage of hepatitis B screening during pregnancy ranged from 76% to 99.3%, the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant women ranged from 0.23% to 0.60%, and the compliance rate varied between 30.6% and 100%, depending on the autonomous community.

Conclusions: It is necessary to raise awareness among healthcare professionals to properly record care activities and to improve the interoperability of information systems, screening, and vaccination records to evaluate the implementation of preventive measures against hepatitis B, such as vaccination and immunoglobulin administration.

In epidemiological and social studies on populations without a sampling frame or that are hard to reach, respondent-driven sampling (RDS), under certain assumptions, has the potential to produce asymptotically unbiased and efficient population estimates for these populations. While RDS is typically conducted face-to-face, the online version (WebRDS) has gained attention due to its potential advantages, although its disadvantages have also raised concern. The objective of this study was to contrast these two formats at the level of application and potential biases, where the online version offers improved speed and lower costs but raises concerns about potential biases due to a lack of face-to-face instructions regarding definition of the social network size and peer-recruiting process. Both formats can generate unbiased estimates, however, it's crucial to carefully consider potential sources of bias to meet the necessary assumptions. Therefore, it is important to continue researching the most appropriate analytical approaches to address the specific biases of each modality.

Objective: Access to healthcare can be interpreted as the interaction between need, demand and the supply of services, and involves passing through different stages. However, the journey through these stages can be threatened (or facilitated) by the influence of dimensions such as acceptability, availability, accessibility, adaptation, and appropriateness. The aim of this work is to identify which dimensions are activated at each stage of the access process.

Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted in Spanish and English using the Lilacs, PubMed databases, and the general search engine Google Scholar. Out of a total of seventy-four articles, twenty-one were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results: It was found that, at the need stage, dimensions of acceptability and appropriateness could be activated; the perception stage could be influenced by the dimension of acceptability; the stage of seeking care could be affected by the dimensions of acceptability, availability, accessibility, and adaptation; the stage of utilizing services is influenced by the dimensions of availability, accessibility, and adaptation, while the outcomes stage is impacted by the dimensions of acceptability and appropriateness.

Conclusions: Identifying the dimensions that can be activated at each stage of the access process to healthcare services is useful for decision-makers aiming to design policies that optimize patient navigation through the healthcare system by enhancing facilitating actions and/or minimizing obstructive measures.

Objective: The health plan is a guiding tool for territorial health planning where the proposed objectives and measures should prioritize vulnerable groups. The aim of this study was to identify if the Regional Government health plans in Spain included measures related to frailty, dependence and unwanted loneliness aimed at elderly.

Methods: Institutional websites were scanned to identify the most recent health plan of each Regional Government. Information concerning the diagnosis, objectives, specific programs and types of measures on the three domains: frailty, dependence and loneliness was extracted manually. The search was performed on 10 July 2023.

Results: Sixteen health plans published between 2010 and 2023 were identified. Twelve of these had incorporated intervention measures on frailty, fourteen on dependence and eight on loneliness, with a considerable heterogeneity. Only eight Regional Governments provide for measures to detect and assess frailty. Aragón, Castilla-La Mancha, Cataluña, Extremadura, País Vasco, Principado de Asturias, Comunidad Foral de Navarra and Comunitat Valenciana were the Regional Governments that presented objectives in the three domains.

Conclusions: The measures proposed by the Regional Governments on frailty, dependence and unwanted loneliness are highly heterogeneous. In the same manner that exists for frailty, it is recommended to stablish a consensus including dependency and unwanted loneliness. Surprisingly, the measures focus more on late stages (dependence) than on prevention (frailty). This study could serve the Regional Governments to in-depth review their health plans, and to examine the actions carried out in other regions to improve the quality of their proposals.

Objective: Smoking is a Public Health problem. Half of all women smokers continue to smoke during pregnancy, putting their health and that of their foetus at risk. The aim of this review was to synthesise the main studies on the prevalence and sociodemographic, psychological and obstetric profile of women who smoke during pregnancy, the relationship of stress, personality and depression with smoking during pregnancy and the most effective treatments.

Methods: We conducted a literature review in the MEDLINE and PsycInfo databases from 2013 to 2023 on the most relevant aspects of smoking in pregnancy, including thirty studies.

Results: The prevalence of smoking in pregnancy is 15.7% in Spain. The socio-demographic profile of women who smoke during pregnancy is that of women with a low socioeconomic and educational level, generally without a partner or with partners who smoke and are unemployed. A relationship had been found between smoking in pregnancy and a higher probability of suffering from perinatal depression. High self-perceived stress may be a predictor variable for continued smoking in pregnancy. Personality traits such as high neuroticism appear to be related to smoking in pregnancy. Intervention to help pregnant women quit smoking must be tailored to the profile of the pregnant woman to be effective. Cognitive behavioural interventions show efficacy, especially in the long term.

Conclusions: In order to design effective prevention and intervention programmes to help pregnant women quit smoking, not only the socio-demographic profile of the pregnant women should be taken into account, but also psychological variables such as personality and stress. These programmes should include cognitive behavioural interventions that teach adaptive stress management strategies to maximise their effectiveness. Special emphasis should be placed on reaching those women with the most disadvantaged profiles.

Objective: Research on factors that modify the intention to donate blood voluntarily in the general population in Peru is scarce, and most of it are focused on health science personnel. The aim of the present study was to estimate the factors associated with the intention to donate blood in patients attending an outpatient clinic in a hospital in northern Peru.

Methods: A prospective unpaired study of cases (n=185) and controls (n=185) was designed. A case was defined as a patient who responded "if I would voluntarily donate blood in the future" to the initial filter question. The response variable was intention to donate blood and the exposure variables were sex, age, marital status, educational level, employment status, monthly income, religion, donation practices, and knowledge about donation. In addition, the motivations for blood donation were explored. To identify the associated factors, crude odds ratios (ORc) were calculated by means of generalized linear models, using the Poisson family, log link function and robust models; then the variables that showed a significant statistical association were adjusted by multivariate analysis, adjusting for sociodemographic variables, and the adjusted odds ratios (ORa) were obtained.

Results: In the multivariate analysis, male sex (ORa=1.37), having a high monthly income (ORa=1.26), professing the catholic religion (ORa=5.27), having a higher score in the knowledge questionnaire (ORa=1.04), having previously donated (ORa=1.64) and having a family member who had previously donated (ORa=1.72) increased the probability of intention to donate blood. On the other hand, older age (ORa=0.97) decreased said probability.

Conclusions: Several factors associated with the intention to donate blood are identified, most of which were similar to previous studies. It is highlighted that a high level of knowledge, as well as previous donation experiences, increase the intention to donate blood.