Vaccine最新文献

Mumps and rubella are highly contagious, vaccine-preventable diseases; however, India's National Immunization Program prioritizes rubella while excluding mumps. In this cross-sectional study, we measured mumps- and rubella-specific IgG seroprevalence in 508 children (49.6% female) from Kerala and evaluated demographic associations. Seropositivity was 78.5% (95% CI, 74.8-81.9%) for mumps and 99.4% (95% CI, 98.3-99.8%) for rubella. Mumps IgG titers were significantly higher in females (p = 0.0061) and increased with vaccine doses (p < 0.001), whereas rubella IgG titers showed no such associations (p > 0.05). IgG titers for both mumps (r = -0.13, p = 0.0043) and rubella (r = -0.23, p < 0.001) declined with time since vaccination, indicating waning immunity. The contrast between high rubella and lower mumps immunity likely reflects differences in vaccination prioritization and support the inclusion of mumps-containing vaccines into India's National Immunization Program, ideally through universal adoption of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality. To identify potential safety concerns, we evaluated whether COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy or within 30 days of last menstrual period was associated with self-reported HDP. We also evaluated HDP risk associated with COVID-19 illness during pregnancy. We conducted a matched cohort study using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry (C19VPR; vaccinated) and Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS; unvaccinated). Participants included nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies ending in livebirth (C19VPR, December 2020-March 2022; PRAMS, 2019-2021). Participants were matched by age group, race/ethnicity, and gestational age at delivery. We estimated relative risk (RR) for self-reported HDP by vaccination status using Poisson regression, adjusting for confounders. We tested for effect modification by vaccine manufacturer and vaccination timing (<20 or ≥ 20 weeks' gestation). Among matched pairs with data on self-reported COVID-19 illness in pregnancy, we estimated risk of HDP by illness status. Of 8030 eligible C19VPR participants, 8024 (99.9%) were matched to a PRAMS participant. Most C19VPR participants delivered in 2021 (98.9%); PRAMS participants delivered predominantly in 2020 (54.5%) and 2019 (17.4%). Adjusted RR for HDP was 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08, 1.43) among C19VPR versus PRAMS participants. We observed no effect modification. Results of an analysis restricted to matched pairs who delivered in 2021 (n = 2231) were similar. Among matched pairs (n = 4039) with data on COVID-19 illness in pregnancy, adjusted RR for HDP was 1.28 (95%CI: 1.02, 1.60) for those reporting illness compared with no illness. Risk of HDP was higher among COVID-19 vaccinated compared to unvaccinated women; however, the two groups were sampled from different cohorts. Risk was similar to those who reported COVID-19 illness. Given cohort differences, the associations observed cannot be considered causal; updated assessments of HDP risks after illness and vaccination would be useful.

Despite decades of research, no vaccine has been approved for herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2). While HSV-2 subunit vaccines have been more extensively studied, various HSV-2 mutants have also been tested. We compared three types of HSV-2 mutant viruses (replication-defective, single-cycle replication, and replication-competent) using five routes of vaccination (intramuscular, subcutaneous at two different sites, intrarectal, or intravaginal) for their ability to protect mice from intravaginal challenge with HSV-2. The replication-competent virus vaccine gave the best protection compared to the other vaccines after intravaginal vaccination of mice resulting in complete prevention of disease, and 90 % of the animals had no detectable shedding after challenge despite very low serum neutralizing titers. The replication-competent virus vaccine was also superior to the other vaccines when given intrarectally, although less effective than when given intravaginally. In contrast, when given subcutaneously in the scruff of the neck, the replication-defective vaccine was more effective than the replication-competent vaccine and the replication-defective vaccine tended to be more effective than the live vaccine when given intramuscularly. The highest levels of serum neutralizing antibody were observed with the replication-defective and single-cycle replication vaccines given intramuscularly. Thus, excellent protection from genital herpes was obtained after intravaginal vaccination with the replication-competent vaccine providing evidence that a replication-competent vaccine given by the natural route of HSV-2 infection is superior to replication-defective or single-cycle replication vaccines to reduce virus infection and spread in the genital mucosa.

The repeated emergence of highly transmissive SARS-CoV-2 variants requires a broadly protective vaccine. We developed a T-cell vaccine VB10.2210 that targets SARS-CoV-2 viral antigens to antigen presenting cells comprising 96 validated immunogenic T-cell epitopes covering a global HLA diversity. We report results from a first in human open-label dose-escalation phase 1/2 clinical trial evaluating safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of VB10.2210. The study investigated three dose levels (0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg), delivered intramuscularly as DNA plasmid by jet injection (NCT05069623), in 34 healthy adults previously vaccinated with mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The safety profile was favorable with no observed dose-limiting toxicity. The 3 mg dose elicited the most potent immune response with enhanced breadth and a CD8+ dominated T cell response. T cell responses towards spike protein and de novo responses to non-spike antigens were confirmed by ELISpot. Expansion of VB10.2210 specific T-cell clones was confirmed by TCR sequencing. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical benefit of DNA vaccines inducing broad virus specific T-cell immunity in preventing severe COVID-19 or as treatment of patients with persistent infection.

Identifying conserved, immunogenic proteins that confer protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) colonization could enable development of serotype-independent vaccines. In our controlled human infection model, no individual IgG or cytokine/chemokine response correlated significantly with protection against colonization with pneumococcus, suggesting that effective immunity reflects a coordinated, multi-antigen response. To capture these complex patterns, we trained independent Random Forest models on humoral and cellular datasets. The humoral model identified IgG responses to PdB, SP1069, and SP0899 as predictive of protection. The cellular model revealed that MCP-1 responses to SP1069 and SP0899, and IL-17A production in response to SP0648-3, were associated with protection. Elevated baseline IFN-γ, RANTES, and anti-protein IgG levels were linked to reduced colonization density. We highlight SP1069 and SP0899 as potential serotype-independent vaccine candidates and demonstrate the utility of machine learning to identify immune correlates of protection.

Background: Measles remains a leading vaccine-preventable killer in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Using the WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC) 2024 revisions, this article assesses measles-containing vaccine first-dose (MCV1) and second-dose (MCV2) coverage trends, inequities, and priority groups for targeted action.

Methods: Data from 2019 to 2024 for 137 LMICs were analysed using descriptive statistics; Welch's t-tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests to compare fragile versus non-fragile states; Gini coefficients for inequality; k-means clustering (k = 4) on coverage, MCV1-to-MCV2 dropout, change, unvaccinated counts, and fragility; and bounded linear models to project MCV1 to 2030.

Results: In 2024, mean MCV1 coverage was 79.2% (95% CI: 76.8-81.6)-below the 95% threshold-with fragile LMICs at 68.5% versus 87.4% in non-fragile LMICs (difference - 18.1 percentage points; p < 0.001). MCV2 gaps were larger (-26.9 percentage points; p < 0.001). DTP1-based zero-dose prevalence was 20.8%, with 15.6 million children unvaccinated for MCV1 and 22.4 million for MCV2; West and Central Africa accounted for 7.2 million MCV1-unvaccinated (46.2%). Inequality rose (Gini 0.22 → 0.25, 2019-2024). Projections indicate MCV1 of 84.2% by 2030, with fragile LMICs off-track. Clustering identified four profiles: (1) very low coverage, high dropout, high fragility (22 countries); (2) high coverage, low dropout (44); (3) low coverage, severe dropout (31); and (4) low coverage, moderate dropout (40), each implying distinct priorities (conflict-adapted SIAs; sustaining gains; follow-up campaigns; expanding first-dose access).

Conclusions: Persistent and widening measles immunization gaps-especially in fragile settings-threaten IA2030's 90% coverage targets. Pairing the 2024 WUENIC revision with fragility-sensitive clustering and bounded projections provides a practical framework to prioritize equity-focused funding and operational strategies where need is greatest.

Salmonella vaccines constitute the largest group of antibacterial immunological veterinary medicinal products (IVMPs) introduced to the EU market by the Polish Official Medicines Control Laboratory (OMCL). This is especially relevant, as Poland is the EU's leading producer of poultry meat. The General European OMCL Network is coordinated by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM). Despite strict control of IVMPs, genomic aspect has not yet been controlled in veterinary pharmacy. The aim of the project was to assess the usefulness of High-throughput sequencing (HTS) for the genetic control of vaccines. The research was conducted on the most commonly marketed serovar in Poland - Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE). Live attenuated Salmonella vaccines for chickens were tested - three batches of different vaccines (coded B-01, B-05, B-07). Several publicly available genomic tools were applied for comprehensive characterization of vaccines. Generated sequences confirmed that the main genetic component of each vaccine was S. enteritidis without significant contaminants and with stability across batches. Comparative analysis showed that B-05 and B-07 IVMPs were genetically almost identical, while B-01 was quite distant. No major antibiotic resistance genes or point mutations were detected. HTS confirmed presence of multiple virulence markers in all tested batches. Further data indicated presence of multireplicon plasmid IncF in B-05 and B-07, harbouring two virulence cassettes - pef (plasmid-encoded fimbriae) and spv (type III secretion system). The presented work is an interdisciplinary project linking quality control of IVMPs with advanced genomics. This study provides the first comprehensive genomic characterization of Salmonella enterica vaccine strains on the European market, confirming their safety, genetic stability, compliance with manufacturer declarations, and highlighting HTS as a valuable tool for vaccine quality assessment. As a supplement to phenotypic methods, HTS implementation requires coordination with manufacturers and EDQM before routine use in OMCLs.

Understanding how parents make decisions about child vaccination is important to guide interventions to increase child vaccination rates. However, few studies have examined parent vaccine decision making within households and no studies have examined this question from the perspective of fathers. In a sample of 943 fathers, from the Fathers & Families cohort and living in two-parent (father-mother) households, this study examines parents' decision making and agreement about their child receiving, or not receiving, the COVID-19 vaccine, and links with children's vaccination status. The association between fathers' and mothers' agreement about whether or not to vaccinate child against COVID-19 and child COVID-19 vaccination status was examined using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for parent characteristics. The vast majority of fathers (89.0%) reported that they and their child's mother jointly decided on vaccinating their child and typically agreed on whether or not to vaccinate their child against COVID-19. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that children whose parents agreed on whether or not to vaccinate them were 14.8 times (B = 2.70, 95% CI: 7.1-31.2) more likely to have received the COVID-19 vaccine than those whose parents disagreed or had not discussed vaccination. The findings highlight a new avenue for outreach efforts aimed at promoting child vaccination rates through understanding fathers' specific concerns about child vaccines and communication with fathers and mothers about child vaccination.

Background: Hospital discharge codes can be used to identify possible Adverse Events of Special Interest (AESI) following COVID-19 vaccinations.

Aim: We sought to estimate the positive predictive value (PPV) and level of certainty of ICD-10-AM and SNOMED coding for meeting Brighton Collaboration case definitions of AESIs in Aotearoa, New Zealand.

Methods: Our expert panel identified 24 ICD-10-AM codes and 2 SNOMED codes expected to identify 9 AESIs. We sought codes likely to be specific rather than sensitive. Medical record reviews were conducted by an experienced coder, adjudicated by medical specialists, for the level of certainty that each case met the target case definition. Admissions coded to an explicit alternative diagnosis were classified as Not a Case.

Results: Our data covered over 3 million people. Reviews were conducted on 761 medical records, randomly selected from admissions principally in calendar years 2016 to 2019. We report the PPV of each code with respect to its level of certainty of meeting the case definition. Only Guillain-Barré had a single code specific to a single AESI. Several neurological conditions had overlapping codes, conditions and case definitions. PPVs for individual codes to meet case definitions ranged from 11% to 100%. Level of certainty of each code and PPV are specified.

Conclusion: PPVs of codes for each AESI need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Many codes are arguably insufficiently 'accurate' to identify a target AESI. We did not assess PPVs for combinations of codes. Our method did not allow us to estimate the number of cases missed by the coding.