Vaccine最新文献

Previous research has shown that parents' vaccination readiness, as measured by the 7C vaccination readiness scale, helps to understand whether and why parents are (not) willing to vaccinate their children. However, there is a lack of research investigating the association between parents' vaccination readiness and their children's actual vaccine uptake. Addressing this gap, we examined how Danish parents' level of vaccination readiness is associated with their child's vaccination status combining survey with official registry data. Specifically, parents residing in Denmark (N = 2941, 64 % female) completed a survey assessing their level of vaccination readiness with the 7C vaccination readiness scale for parents, trust in different sources of information on vaccination, and certainty about vaccinating their child with the next vaccine in the program. Additionally, official vaccination registry data on various recommended child vaccinations was obtained and matched to the survey data of their parents. Results from logistic regression analyses indicate that parents' readiness to vaccinate their children was substantially associated with completion of children's vaccination doses. More precisely, a one-point increase in parents' vaccination readiness score was associated with a two-fold increase in the likelihood of the child being vaccinated with the three main vaccines in the program. The results also show associations between each of the 7C factors, trust items, and demographic variables with real behavior as well as parents' certainty to vaccinate their children in the future. The findings further substantiate the usefulness of assessing parental vaccination readiness, with potential implications for intervention planning by researchers and policymakers.

Transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) targeting sexual-stage antigens represent a critical tool for malaria control and elimination through inhibiting parasite development within mosquitoes. P230, displayed on the surface of gametocytes and gametes, plays a crucial role in gamete fertilization and is one of the leading TBV candidates for both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Antibodies induced by immunization with a recombinant P. falciparum protein encompassing a portion of N-terminal prodomain and domain 1 (Pfs230D1M) have revealed strong transmission-reducing activity (TRA) in preclinical studies. While a recombinant Pvs230D1, the P. vivax homolog of Pfs230D1M, has not been evaluated in preclinical immunogenicity studies, both Pfs230D1M and Pvs230D1 are currently scheduled for evaluation in clinical trials. In this study, we developed DNA vaccines encoding Pfs230D1M and Pvs230D1 for a side-by-side comparison of their immunogenicity. Potent antibody responses were induced in mice immunized with each DNA vaccine delivered by in vivo electroporation (EP). Anti-Pfs230D1M IgG exhibited potent dose-dependent TRA in a complement-dependent manner in standard membrane feeding assays (SMFA). In contrast, anti-Pvs230D1 IgG exhibited only moderate TRA in direct membrane feeding assay (DMFA) using blood from multiple P. vivax-infected donors. Antibodies induced by the Pfs230D1M DNA vaccine revealed a strong IgG1 bias and higher avidity as compared to a balanced IgG1/IgG2 response and lower antibody avidity by the Pvs230D1 DNA vaccine. Our results demonstrate the potential of both Pfs230D1M and Pvs230D1 DNA vaccines as TBV candidates against P. falciparum and P. vivax, and provide a rationale for future optimization to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines based on Pfs230 and Pvs230.

Introduction: Pandemic influenza vaccine development focuses on the hemagglutinin (HA) antigen for potency and immunogenicity. Antibody responses targeting the neuraminidase (NA) antigen, or the HA stalk domain have been implicated in protection against influenza. Responses to the NA and HA-stalk domain following pandemic inactivated influenza are not well characterized in humans.

Material and methods: In a series of clinical trials, we determine the vaccines' NA content and demonstrate that NA inhibition (NAI) antibody responses increase in a dose-dependent manner following a 2-dose priming series with AS03-adjuvanted influenza A(H7N9) inactivated vaccine (A(H7N9) IIV). NAI antibody responses also increase with interval extension of the 2-dose priming series or following a 5-year delayed boost with a heterologous adjuvanted A(H7N9) IIV. Neither concomitant seasonal influenza vaccination given simultaneously or sequentially, nor use of heterologous A(H7N9) IIVs in the 2-dose priming series had an appreciable effect on NAI antibody responses. Anti-HA stalk antibody responses were minimal and not durable.

Conclusions: We provide evidence for strategies to improve anti-neuraminidase responses which can be further standardized for pandemic preparedness.

Clinical trial registry numbers: NCT03312231, NCT03318315, NCT03589807, NCT03738241.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalizations among infants in the United States. New strategies to prevent RSV among infants and high-risk young children include the maternal RSVpreF vaccine (Abrysvo, Pfizer Inc.) and nirsevimab (Beyfortus, Sanofi and AstraZeneca), a long-acting monoclonal antibody. We examined immunization coverage among infants born during the 2023-24 RSV season and pregnant persons utilizing data from the Wisconsin Immunization Registry and Office of Vital Records to evaluate uptake of both products and overall infant protection against RSV. 5056 (18.2 %) infants received nirsevimab and 4767 (17.2 %) persons who gave birth during this timeframe received the maternal RSVpreF vaccine; 0.8 % of parent-infant dyads received both products. Overall, 36.2 % of infants were protected from RSV. These findings suggest that improved efforts on several fronts are needed to ensure equitable and timely access to both RSV products while also increasing the number of infants protected against RSV.

To evaluate the long-term efficacy and anamnestic response of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-derived hepatitis B vaccine (CHO-HepB) after 18-20 years, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in seven communities in Zhengding County at the end of 2017. The birth cohort 1997-1999 vaccinated primarily with three doses of CHO-HepB were enrolled in the survey. The HBV serological markers were quantified using the Chemiluminescence method. The infection status of HBsAg-positive participants was determined by comparing their results with the previous data. For those with an anti-HBs antibody negative, the anamnestic response was evaluated by measuring anti-HBs antibody concentrations following a dose of HepB administration. A total of 1352 participants were enrolled, with the prevalence of HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc being 0.4 %, 74.5 %, and 1.3 %, respectively. There was no significant difference in the HBV markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc) between birth-year groups (P > 0.05). The geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-HBs antibodies among 1007 positive participants was 191 mIU/ml. No new infections or carriers were identified in the survey. Combined with the three previous surveys of the same birth cohort, the positive rates of HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc remained largely unchanged over two decades following CHO-HepB vaccination. Of 248 participants who received a booster vaccination, 231 (93.1 %) showed an anti-HBs antibody positive with a GMC of 369 mIU/mL. Moreover, the positive rate and GMC of anti-HBs were higher in the CHO-HepB booster group compared to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae-HepB booster group. The long-term efficacy of the CHO-HepB remains stable for 18-20 years after primary vaccination, and a higher seroconversion rate of anti-HBs is observed following a booster vaccination of CHO-HepB. Given the absence of new infections or carriers over the past two decades, it appears unnecessary to administer a booster vaccination of HepB.

Background: Promoting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is crucial among older adults, particularly those geriatric. This study aimed to analyze the association between chronic conditions, multimorbidity, and vaccination status in adults aged ≥80 years old to provide recommendations for vaccine-preventable diseases.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Beijing from April 5, 2023, to May 5, 2023, including participants aged ≥80 years old who did not receive the booster COVID-19 vaccination. Data on vaccination status, COVID-19 infection history, nine underlying conditions, and disease-control status were collected via cluster sampling through door-to-door interviews and telephone surveys using questionnaires. A multiple logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, location, COVID-19 infection history, and education level were used to analyze the association between underlying conditions and vaccination status.

Results: In total, 51,834 participants were included of whom 41,209 (76.6 %) were unvaccinated. Underlying diseases (92.3 %) and multimorbidities (65.7 %) were prevalent among the participants. Hypertension (74.6 %), cardiovascular disease (48.5 %), and diabetes (42.0 %) were the most prevalent conditions. Participants diagnosed with underlying conditions were significantly associated with being unvaccinated (Odds ratio [95 % confidential interval] OR [95 %CI]: 2.21 [2.05-2.37]). Furthermore, the proportion of unvaccinated individuals increased with both the number and severity of underlying conditions.

Conclusions: The number and severity of underlying conditions were associated with unvaccinated status. To promote vaccination for geriatrics, standardized vaccination guidelines for individuals with underlying conditions should be developed. Additionally, family doctors play an essential role in vaccination assessment and recommendations during disease diagnosis and treatment.

Introduction: Heplisav-B, a CpG-adjuvanted recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine, has a higher seroprotection rate and immunogenicity than the conventional HBV vaccine. This study aimed to identify the predictors of HBV seroprotection post-transplantation in thoracic organ transplant recipients who received Heplisav-B.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of adult thoracic organ (heart and lung) transplant recipients at Mayo Clinic sites in Minnesota, Arizona, and Florida between January 2020 and August 2023. Patients who completed Heplisav-B series were classified into three strategies: strategy A (completed 2 doses of Heplisav-B pre-transplantation with achieved seroprotection pre-transplantation), strategy B (received first dose of Heplisav-B pre-transplantation and second dose of Heplisav-B post-transplantation), and strategy C (completed 2 doses of Heplisav-B post-transplantation). HBV seroprotection was defined as HBsAb ≥10 IU/L.

Results: A total of 154 thoracic organ transplant recipients completed Heplisav-B vaccine series. Post-transplant seroprotection was highest in strategy A, followed by strategy B and strategy C (54/76 [71 %] vs. 18/39 [46 %] vs. 14/39 [36 %]; p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified two independent factors predicting lack of HBV seroprotection post-transplantation; both were related to Heplisav-B schedule: strategy B (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.482; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.085 5.679; p = 0.031), and strategy C (aOR 4.963; 95 % CI 2.106 11.697; p < 0.001).

Conclusion: The vaccine schedule significantly predicts HBV seroprotection in adult thoracic organ transplant recipients. Our data supports the recommendation that pre-transplantation Heplisav-B to achieve HBsAb ≥10 IU/L is the optimal vaccination schedule to maintain an HBsAb level of ≥10 IU/L post-transplantation. Further studies are needed to determine whether this observation can be replicated in non-thoracic organ transplant recipients or pediatric populations.

Background: Vaccine confidence remains a global public health challenge, especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public trust in vaccines is crucial, with healthcare providers (HCPs) playing a pivotal role in navigating this sensitive topic. This requires an understanding of HCPs' perceptions of vaccines. Most European studies focus solely on the 27 EU countries, with sparse evidence available among other European countries. This study aims to expand the scope of HCPs' vaccine confidence oversight into European regions where limited research has been conducted thus far.

Methods: The study employed a mixed-methods approach to examine vaccine confidence among HCPs (general practitioners and nurses) in six European countries outside of the EU: North Macedonia, Bosnia & Herzegovina (Balkans), Belarus (Eastern Europe), Armenia, Georgia (Caucasus), and Kazakhstan (Central Asia). Quantitative surveys (N = 600) assessed vaccine confidence levels and recommendation practices, which were analyzed using SPSS. Qualitative interviews (N = 30) provided deeper insights into HCPs' perceptions of vaccination, role, and training needs, and were processed using NVivo.

Results: Findings revealed varying levels of vaccine confidence among HCPs across the six countries. The quantitative survey indicated disparities in confidence levels, with Belarus and Kazakhstan exhibiting notably lower confidence in vaccines. North Macedonia stands out as the country where HCPs are most confident about their role in encouraging vaccination, while the remaining five countries share similar lower levels. Qualitative interviews provided deeper insights into HCP perspectives, highlighting the complexities of tailoring recommendations and the collaborative decision-making process. HCPs expressed a clear need for training on vaccination, particularly in understanding effective doctor-patient communication.

Conclusions: These findings underscore the value of implementing targeted interventions to support HCPs, for example by providing training in vaccination knowledge and communication to improve their confidence in addressing patient concerns about vaccination. Ultimately, responding to skills and knowledge needs, this can contribute to improved vaccine acceptance.

(1) Background: The administration of a live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has emerged as a viable option for preventing pediatric infections. The LAIV vaccine is available in China based on efficacy results. However, LAIV immunogenicity in children aged 3-17 years old in China has not yet to be studied and reported broadly. (2) Methods: This is a substudy investigating the immunogenicity and safety of the LAIV under a Phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 3000 participants were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, split in half between vaccine and placebo, was conducted to evaluate a single LAIV dose in this age group. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers and incidence of adverse events were used to evaluate immunogenicity and safety, respectively. (3) Results: Although there was no significant difference in frequencies of all solicited or unsolicited AEs, nasal congestion, headache, and muscle pain were statistically significantly more frequent in vaccine recipients as compared to placebo Seroconversions and geometric mean fold increases in HI antibody titers against all strains were significantly higher in the vaccine group than in the placebo group. (4) Conclusions: The LAIV is safe and immunogenic in Chinese children and adolescents.

Background: Under-vaccination is undoubtedly driving recent worldwide measles outbreaks, but undernutrition may also be playing a role in low- and middle-income countries. Studies have shown reduced immune response to vaccines in undernourished children but few have followed children beyond infancy, when they are more likely to be exposed to infectious diseases.

Methods: In the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and the Environment (VHEMBE) South African birth cohort study, we examined the relationship between undernutrition, as measured by stunting and other growth measures, and vaccine-specific serum antibody level to three different vaccine types: measles, tetanus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). We included 621 fully-vaccinated children with anthropometric measurements at ages 1, 2, and 3.5 years and antibody levels at 3.5 and 5 years.

Results: At 5 years of age, 90.4% of fully-vaccinated children were protected against measles, 66.7% against tetanus, and 56.1% against Hib. Children who were stunted or had any indicator of diminished growth at 3.5 years averaged a 24.1% (95% CI = -44.2, 0.6) or a 27.2% (95% CI = -45.1, -1.3) lower antibody titer for measles, respectively, relative to those with normal growth. In addition, girls, but not boys, with any indicator of diminished growth at 3.5 years averaged a 36.8% (-59.3, -7.0) lower antibody titer for tetanus. We found no association between undernutrition and Hib antibody titers.

Conclusions: Early life undernutrition may be associated with lower induction or persistence of antibody responses to certain vaccines. Addressing child undernutrition may improve vaccine efficacy and reduce the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases.