International journal of medicinal mushrooms最新文献

The antihyperglycemic activity of extracellular polysaccharopeptides (ePSP) obtained from Trametes versicolor (TV) strain LH-1 has been demonstrated in hepatic cells and diabetic animals. This study further investigated the mechanisms of T. versicolor-ePSP on regulating glucose metabolism, including insulin signaling molecules and glucose metabolism-associated enzymes, in the liver of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Male Wistar rats, fed with a high-fat diet followed by a streptozotocin injection to induce T2DM, were orally administered water or T. versicolor-ePSP at doses of 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 g/kg/d. After 4 weeks of T. versicolor-ePSP administration, T2DM rats exhibited significantly lower postprandial blood glucose levels, decreased liver triglyceride and cholesterol contents, and improved serum liver function indices in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA). Additionally, T2DM rats administered T. versicolor-ePSP had significantly activated insulin receptors and decreased proteins involved in insulin signaling pathway, such as insulin receptor substrates, PI3K, and total and activated Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase in the liver. T. versicolor-ePSP administration, especially at 1.0 g/kg per day, significantly increased glucose transporters in the cell membrane and decreased glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphotase in the cytosol of the liver. In conclusion, the antihyperglycemic activities of T. versicolor-ePSP may be associated with enhanced hepatic function, alleviated gluconeogenesis, and facilitated glucose transport in an insulin- and AMPK-independent manner in the liver of T2DM rats.

Fungi have proved to be useful sources of compounds with antineoplastic properties. Although several metabolites isolated from species of the genus Omphalotus have shown cytotoxic effects on tumor cell lines. Few works have studied Omphalotus nidiformis. The activity of a whole crude extracellular product of a O. nidiformis micelyum strain is reported herein; this crude extract was able to reduce viability of cervical cancer HeLa cells (78% to 29%) after 24 h of exposure. Upon fractionation with dichloromethane, the fraction F1 was also capable of inhibiting cell viability, but the fraction F2 showed no effect. Both the crude extracellular product and F1 induced time- and concentration-dependent cell death by apoptosis through activation of caspase-3/7; in addition, both products induced a 3.5- to 5-fold increase in autophagy. The major components identified in both extracts by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were 9-octadecenamide, tetradecanamide, hexadecanamide, and squalene, which could be responsible for the cytotoxic effect. Fungal metabolites with cytotoxic activity could be used in the future in combination with antineoplastic drugs for cancer treatment.

The study of antimicrobial activity (AMA) of 14 genetically identified dikaryotic strains of red belted medicinal polypore Fomitopsis pinicola isolated from Betula sp. and other deciduous trees, as well as conifers Picea sp. and Abies alba in Russia, France and Italy against test fungi and bacteria is discussed. The results of this study have shown that F. pinicola strains possess significant antimicrobial potential against dermatophytes (Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton terrestre) and Penicillium species (P. griseofulvum, P. sp.) isolated from soil samples in Armenia, as well as Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria received from different culture collections. In dual culture experiments, F. pinicola showed high antagonistic/antifungal activity toward test fungi by suppressing their average growth rate (GRavr) and sporulation causing morphological changes of colonies. The cultural broth (CB) samples obtained from 21-d static culture of F. pinicola demonstrated higher antifungal activity (AFA) with fungicidic (FC) and fungistatic (FS) effects against dermatophytes and more than 50% GRavr inhibitory effect for Penicillium spp. compared with mycelial extracts (ME) samples. Tested CB and ME samples of F. pinicola showed also antibacterial activity (ABA) against test bacteria. The AMA of CB samples was higher than the activity of ME samples. The mycelium of F. pinicola may be considered a potential source of extra- and intracellular antimicrobial compounds. Further studies to elucidate the mechanism of antimicrobial effect of F. pinicola for developing mushroom-derived biotech products are warranted.

To investigate the effect of Agaricus bisporus and soybean oil as complex fat substitutes on the storage characteristics of chicken sausages, a pre-mixture of A. bisporus and soybean oil (1:2) was used to replace 0% (CK), 30% (T30), 60% (T60), and 90% (T90) of pork back fat in chicken sausages. The changes in color (brightness value, L*; redness value, a*; and yellowness value, b*), texture, pH, and total viable count of the sausages were examined at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 d of storage at 4°C, respectively. The results showed that A. bisporus and soybean oil altered the color of the sausages. At the same storage time, compared with CK, L* values of fat-reduced chicken sausages decreased significantly, while a* values increased significantly (P < 0.05), b* values increased significantly (P < 0.05) at the 10 d of storage. During storage, L* and a* values of CK gradually decreased and b* values gradually increased, fat-reduced sausages exhibited opposite trends in a* values and b* values compared with CK. The hardness and chewiness of fat-reduced sausages increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with CK at the same storage time. During storage, the overall hardness of fat-reduced sausages increased, and the springiness and chewiness fluctuated. T60 did not change significantly in cohesiveness throughout the storage period (P < 0.05). The pH of fat-reduced sausage was relatively stable during storage. The higher the amount of A. bisporus added, the greater the pH. The pH of T60 did not change throughout the storage period. A. bisporus and soybean oil showed some antibacterial effect on sausage and the minimum shelf life of chicken sausage with A. bisporus was 25 d. In conclusion, A. bisporus and soybean oil increased the redness and hardness of the sausages during storage, but the pH and total viable bacteria count remained relatively stable. T60 displayed the most stable storage properties among them, making it the optimum method for the manufacturing of fat-reduced chicken sausages.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. The current cancer treatments including chemo-, radio- and immuno-therapies pose various side effects, and chances of recurrence that demand for new therapeutics to overcome the issues with existing ones. Mushrooms are considered a potential source of novel therapeutic agents. Ganoderma colossus, a non-edible wood-inhabiting mushroom, is known for certain medical properties. The present study aimed to investigate the possible anticancer activity of methanolic, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of G. colossus, against MCF-7 cells and the mechanism of action(s). MTT assay and gene expression studies were carried out by following the standard protocols. The results demonstrated that among the three solvents, the ethyl acetate crude extract of the mushroom exhibited potential cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 (IC50, 17.2 ± 2.7). The DNA damage induced by the solvent extracts of G. colossus was observed by H2AX foci formation. The TP53 over-expression and flow cytometry analysis indicated that checkpoint activation followed by cell cycle arrest occurred at G1/G0 phase in response to the extract treatment. The dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining revealed apoptosis-associated changes in the cells. Analysis of caspase 3 activations by immunophenotyping confirmed the apoptotic process in the extract-treated cells. Bcl-2 and TP53 mRNA expression data by RT-PCR disclosed the apoptosis pathway. The GC- MS spectral data of the ethyl acetate crude extract of the mushroom indicated the presence of molecules capable of inducing apoptosis. The present study warrants further studies to isolate the molecule(s) from G. colossus which may be a potential drug candidate for breast cancers.

The optimal cultivation conditions and chemical components of Poria cocos fruiting bodies were examined by employing the single factor and response surface methods to screen for optimal conditions for artificial cultivation. The differences in chemical composition among the fruiting bodies, fermented mycelium, and sclerotia of P. cocos were compared using UV spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimal growth conditions for P. cocos fruiting bodies were 28.5°C temperature, 60% light intensity, and 2.5 g pine sawdust, which resulted in the production of numerous basidiocarps and basidiospores under microscopic examination. Polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and other main active components of P. cocos were found in the fruiting bodies, sclerotia, and fermented mycelium. The triterpenoid components of the fruiting bodies were consistent with those of the sclerotia. The content of pachymic acid in the fruiting bodies was significantly higher than that in the sclerotia, with a value of 33.37 ± 0.1902 mg/g. These findings provide novel insights into the sexual breeding and comprehensive development and utilization of P. cocos.

We selected polypore mushrooms growing in the Mediterranean area of France to screen their antioxidant activity: Ganoderma applanatum, G. lucidum, Inonotus cuticularis, I. hispidus, Trametes hirsuta, and T. versicolor. Our work also evaluated antioxidant capacity from wild and cultivated G. lucidum fruiting bodies to optimize this biological property on human health. Dried fungal materials were sequentially extracted using cyclohexane, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water. Folin-Ciocalteu assay, oxygen radical absorbance capacity using DPPH and ORAC tests of the polypore extracts were assessed and compared. Among the 28 mushroom extracts tested, four exhibited significant antioxidant activity as ethanol extracts of I. cuticularis, T. hirsuta and wild and cultivated G. lucidum. The ethanol extracts of I. cuticularis and T. hirsuta revealed the highest values for the ORAC test, while the highest values for the Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH tests were found for the ethanol extracts of cultivated G. lucidum and I. cuticularis. Further studies are needed to identify potential bioactive compounds, especially from I. cuticularis and G. lucidum grown under selected conditions and explore their benefits in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Mushrooms stand out as one of nature's best gifts among the natural product sources with their diversity, therapeutic values and increasing popularity. In this study, antioxidant (ABTS·+ scavenging, β-carotene-bleaching, cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), DPPH· scavenging, and metal chelating assays), and enzyme (buty-rylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-amylase and α-glucosidase) inhibition activities of the extracts obtained from Coprinus comatus (O.F. Müll.) Pers., Cerrena unicolor (Bull.) Murrill, Inocutis rheades (Pers.) Fiasson & Niemela and Leptoporus mollis (Pers.) Quél. mushroom species were investigated. The presence of phenolic and organic acid compounds associated with the bioactive properties of the mushroom species was determined by HPLC-DAD. Fumaric acid was found to be prominent compound in C. comatus (43.90 µg/g dw) and C. unicolor (659.9 µg/g dw), vanillin in L. mollis (19.48 µg/g dw), and p-coumaric acid in I. rheades (21.32 µg/g dw). L. mollis methanol extract, as well as higher antioxidant activity than the standards in CUPRAC and β-carotene-bleaching assays, was noted as superior antioxidant active in all assays (except metal chelating). C. comatus possessed the highest inhibition activity on α-amylase (IC50: 0.23 mg/mL for methanol extract), AChE (IC50: 125.50 µg/mL for hexane extract), and BChE (IC50: 61.03 µg/mL for methanol extract). Also, C. comatus methanol (IC50: 0.09 mg/mL) and L. mollis hexane (IC50 : 0.11 mg/ mL) extracts were better α-glucosidase inhibition active than the acarbose (IC50: 0.37 mg/mL). Our study ascertained that the studied mushroom species are particularly sources of biochemically active compounds with therapeutic potential.