International journal of medicinal mushrooms最新文献

Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic fungus that is traditionally used in East Asian medicine. The fungus contains various bioactive compounds that have potential therapeutic applications. Although the immunostimulatory effects of hot-water extracts from C. militaris were previously demonstrated through dectin-1-mediated pathways, the biological properties of cold-water extracts remain unexplored. Therefore, in this study, the physicochemical properties and biological effects of cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) extracts from C. militaris fruiting bodies (CPE-CM) were investigated. Cold PBS extraction (4°C for 24 h) resulted in considerable browning, which was effectively suppressed by phenylthiourea, which is a polyphenol oxidase inhibitor. CPE-CM exhibited potent concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in mouse splenocytes. In contrast to previous hot-water extract findings, a comparison between wild-type and dectin-1-knockout mice revealed that this cytotoxicity was independent of dectin-1 signaling. Importantly, cytotoxicity was completely abolished by heat treatment above 70°C, suggesting the presence of heat-labile toxic components. These findings provide new insights into C. militaris extract preparation methods and support the traditional preference for hot-water extraction in Eastern medicine. The study results also emphasize the importance of extraction conditions in determining the biological properties of medicinal mushroom preparations. Furthermore, the study suggests that hot-water extraction may be optimal for obtaining beneficial compounds while eliminating potentially harmful components.

This study evaluated the potential of Ganoderma lucidum BCC447 and Pleurotus ostreatus BCC2191 to enrich plant materials with mycoproteins and cellulases through solid-state fermentation (SSF) of wheat bran, shredded wheat, and soybean meal for the use of the fermented product as a natural food additive in poultry and livestock feed formulations. The maximum protein accumulation in plant substrates was detected after 12 d of mushroom cultivation. An additional carbon source, glycerol at a concentration of 80 mg/g substrate, provided an increase in protein compared with the control medium by 52.6%, 67.5%, and 42.6% in the SSF, respectively, of wheat bran, shredded wheat and soybean flour with G. lucidum and by 55.5%, 56.8%, and 45.5% in fermentation with P. ostreatus. The protein gain in the presence of additional organic nitrogen sources increased compared with the control medium by 59-88% with wheat bran fermentation and by 89-107% with soybean meal SSF. G. lucidum BCC447 and P. ostreatus BCC2191 due to their capacity of secreting a wide spectrum of enzymes, may become a preferred and inexpensive means to enrich lignocellulose with fungal protein and polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes for use as a feed additive.

The current study is a first report on the phylogenetic and the medicinal properties of an Algerian mushroom Cyclocybe cylindracea strain TMES42. Different extracts were obtained from sequential liquid-liquid extraction using three solvents of increasing polarity (chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol). Antioxidant potential was evaluated using different methods (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and phenanthroline assays). The phenolic composition of acetate-ethyl-extract (AcEt-Ext) was characterized under LC-ESI-MS-MS analysis, and the antiproliferative effect was determined against the breast-maligned cell line MCF-7. Results demonstrated that the studied mushroom has a promising cytotoxic activity. Its AcEt-Ext fraction showed significant antioxidant activities as well as high phenolic acid and total phenolic content compared with other fractions. This fraction induced breast malignant cell cytotoxicity, exhibiting an IC50 value of 59.84 ± 4.06 μg/ml, and demonstrated a significant selectivity index; these findings suggest that C. cylindracea could be regarded as a promising natural therapeutic agent.

Maize is relevant part of Mexican food and culture. Tlayudas are a regional variant of tortillas from Oaxaca region. Tlayudas (T) containing functional properties of standardized hydroalcoholic extracts of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum from Mexico were studied [Gl-1: extracts from basidiocarps cultivated on the control substrate; Gl-2: extracts from basidiocarps cultivated on substrate treated with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 10 mM)]. Antioxidant properties of these tlayudas (T+Gl-1, T+Gl-2) were assessed using an in vivo model (C57BL/6 mice) fed with a high-cholesterol diet (HC). The consumption of T+Gl-1 or T+Gl-2 decreased serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, and glucose. The expression of antioxidant genes increased in mice groups consuming tlayudas plus Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts, namely SOD1 (37.3-72.7%), SOD2 (28.3-29.6%), CAT (29.3-59.4%), and GPX1 (62.7-66.8%), respectively, compared with the HC group. There was a differential effect of Gl extracts, the mice group consuming tlayudas plus the Gl-2 extract showed further increase of expression of SOD1, CAT, and GPX1 genes, compared with the group administered with tlayudas plus the Gl-1 extract. This effect was associated with a higher content of antioxidant compounds [β-glucans, total polyphenols, antioxidant capacity (ORAC)] in tlayudas containing the Gl-2 extract. We showed that new functional food products of high added value (T+Gl-1, T+Gl-2) can be developed from Mexican traditional foods highly consumed, such as tlayudas, in order to promote healthier diets for preventing cardiovascular and chronic degenerative diseases associated to oxidative stress.

The turkey tail mushroom (Trametes versicolor) is one of the most important medicinal mushrooms because it contains a variety of effective bioactive compounds. This study aimed to produce a novel biomaterial to combat microbial infections without any harmful effects. Accordingly, an eco-friendly and non-toxic silver nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) was synthesized using the aqueous extract of T. versicolor. In this study, the qualitative tests of T. versicolor were analyzed and AgNPs was synthesized. The T. versicolor mushroom extract showed positive tests for the bioactive compounds phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins. The myco-synthesized AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy and a strong absorbance peak was found at 423 nanometers. The biosynthetic method developed in this study for producing AgNPs has distinct advantages over chemical methods such as high biosafety, being ecofriendly and non-toxic to the environment.

Cordycepin, known for its tumor-suppressive and antiviral properties, has garnered attention due to its therapeutic and biological potential. Current Cordyceps militaris - based cordycepin production methods involve time-consuming and cost-intensive solid-state fermentation. Using an internet of things (IoT) architecture, we developed an active air-feed regulation fermentation system (AAFRFS) to detect CO2 emitted during C. militaris submerged fermentation. Equipped with a microcontroller unit and proportional-integral-derivative plus pulse-width modulation technology, the AAFRFS also regulates the air supply, inducing hypoxic stress to enhance cordycepin production. Our system uploads all fermentation data to a cloud database. After 14 d of fermentation (volume 5 L) at 3000 ppm metabolic CO2, cordycepin levels exceeded 1.44 g/L (yield: 103.2 mg/L/d). Hypoxic stress promoted earlier cordycepin production. Utilizing big data with an alert mechanism enabled the early detection of microbial contamination within a 12- to 24-h period. Principal component analysis revealed a positive correlation between temperature and CO2 concentration, suggesting that temperature fluctuations likely affect the respiration rate of C. militaris, thereby altering CO2 levels. Our findings may help optimize fermentation strategies not only for C. militaris but also for other fungal strains.

In this study, the biological activities of Lactarius deliciosus were determined. Experimental studies were carried out using a soxhlet device, in the range of 40-70°C extraction temperature, 3-9 h extraction time and 0.5-2 mg/ ml extraction conditions. A total of 64 different extracts were obtained using four different values of each variable and the total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) values of these extracts were determined. The obtained data were modeled using artificial neural networks (ANN). Both single-objective and multi-objective optimization processes were performed using the best ANN model selected among the established models. Single-objective optimization was performed with genetic algorithm (GA), and multi-objective optimization was performed using the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) algorithm. Extracts obtained from the extraction conditions suggested by the optimization algorithms were used for biological activities. As a result of the analyzes, TAS values of the single-objective optimization extract (1st) and multi-objective optimization extract (2nd) prepared under optimum conditions of the mushroom were determined as 7.468 ± 0.055 and 6.128 ± 0.049 mmol/L, TOS values were 13.161 ± 0.168 and 10.056 ± 0.106 μmol/L and OSI values were 0.176 ± 0.003 and 0.164 ± 0.003, respectively. It was found to be effective against bacterial and fungal strains at concentrations of 50-200 μg/mL. In addition, mushroom extracts were found to have strong cytotoxic effects against A549 cancer cell line. Acetylcholinesterase activity of the 1st and 2nd extracts of the mushroom were determined as 24.80 ± 0.82 and 32.71 ± 0.91 μg/mL, butyrylcholinesterase activity was determined as 51.24 ± 0.80 and 57.10 ± 0.51 μg/mL, respectively. In our study, it was determined that L. deliciosus extracts obtained under optimum conditions had strong biological activities.

Current drug policy classifies psilocybin, a compound found in psychoactive mushrooms, as having high abuse potential while overlooking its therapeutic properties. We evaluated the risk of psilocybin mushrooms to Brazilian public health compared to other toxic agents and assessed the need for regulatory discussions. This retrospective cross-sectional study followed STROBE guidelines, using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) on adverse events reported from 2007 to 2022. Participants were categorized into a general drug abuse group, which was further divided into psilocybin and unknown mushroom subgroups. Clinical outcomes included non-hospitalization, hospitalization, and death, with associations analyzed via the Chi-square test. Out of 112,451 individuals seeking medical attention for drug abuse-related events, men predominated (n = 79,514; 70.7%), with alcohol being the primary agent (n = 71,824; 49.2%). The psilocybin mushroom group included 13 participants, and the unknown mushroom group included 51. Hospitalization rates were 19.5% (n = 21,923) for drug abuse, 46.2% (n = 6) for psilocybin mushrooms (0.02% of all hospitalizations) (99% CI: 10.6%-81.6%), and 23.5% (n = 12) for unknown mushrooms (99% CI: 8.3%-38.7%). Mortality was 1.8% (n = 2035) for drug abuse group, with no fatal events in the psilocybin or unknown mushroom groups. Deaths were mainly linked to cocaine (33.3%). These findings suggest a low risk for psilocybin mushrooms, though underreporting may be a factor. This study underscores the need for evidence-based regulatory discussions to ensure safe access to psilocybin for clinical and ceremonial use.

This study comprehensively evaluates the antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, antiproliferative and phenolic compound analyses of the mushroom species Hortiboletus rubellus. Samples were collected from oak forests in Yalova province of Turkey and extracted under appropriate laboratory conditions. Antioxidant capacity assessments were carried out using total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests. The results show that H. rubellus has a significant antioxidant potential. Within the scope of enzyme inhibition analyses, the inhibition potential on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes was evaluated and it was determined that the mushroom showed promise in terms of neuroprotective and antidiabetic effects. In antiproliferative activity tests, H. rubellus was found to have dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on A549 lung cancer cell line. In addition, phenolic component analyses were performed by LC-MS/MS method and it was determined that the mushroom contains phenolic components important for health such as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin. The findings show that H. rubellus has the potential to be used in functional food and pharmaceutical areas.

The psychedelic mushroom market has expanded rapidly due to changing regulations and increasing consumer demand. Product diversity now extends beyond traditional capsules and tablets to include gummies, powders, and confectionery items, complicating quality control efforts. To assess the quality and potential adulteration of Amanita musca-ria and Psilocybe cubensis-based products, a validated LC-QToF-MS method was developed. This method focused on five characteristic compounds: ibotenic acid (IBA), muscimol (MUS), muscarine, psilocin, and psilocybin that are constituents of A. muscaria and P. cubensis mushrooms. Method validation demonstrated satisfactory linearity, precision, and recovery of all five analytes. Psilocin and psilocybin levels ranged from 0.001-1.6% and 9.9-19.3%, respectively, in five Psilocybe species samples, while IBA, MUS, and muscarine levels in two samples of Amanita muscaria were 0.03-0.04%, 0.01- 0.02%, and 0.01-0.02%, respectively. By comparing commercial products to authentic samples, we evaluated the overall quality of 27 across various formulations. Our analysis included 14 gummies, three chocolates, six capsules, one tablet, and three powders. Although 11 of 14 gummies claimed to contain Amanita mushroom extracts, only MUS and muscarine were detected, without IBA. Interestingly, one gummy product indicated the presence of psilocin and psilocybin despite the labeling that claimed, "no psilocybin." Eleven products contained psilocin and psilocybin as anticipated, but five products lacked all target compounds. These findings underscore the need for standardized product specifications. Nevertheless, the established LC-QToF-MS approach could serve as a valuable tool for evaluating the quality of magic mushroom-based consumer products.