International journal of medicinal mushrooms最新文献

Mushrooms are an important source of food for animals. However, some species produce toxic compounds for humans. Moreover, some people can experience adverse health effects even when the consumed species is edible. Macrocybe titans, commonly known as the giant-mushroom, is a Neotropical species eaten by traditional and urban groups of people. In January 2022, a dinner meal was prepared using wild mushrooms of M. titans collected in a lawn in the urban area of Sorocaba (State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil). Some of the people who attended the dinner experienced adverse health effects (headache, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting) three to eight hours after the consumption of the mushrooms. Fortunately, none of them were hospitalized, and we believe that symptoms were caused due to a combination of factors. This work aims to report for the first time in literature the occurrence of adverse health effects after consuming M. titans.

The growth, proximate composition, and trace metal profile of Pleurotus pulmonarius cultivated on oil-polluted soil covered with Andropogon gayanus grass straw were evaluated. The soil, polluted with 200 g/ wv condemned engine oil (8% pollution), was covered with 5 and 10 cm of grass straw, and the P. pulmonarius spawn inoculated. The mushroom growth was monitored over 21 days, measuring cap size, stipe length, stipe girth, and fresh weight for two harvests. Cap sizes ranged from 4.94 to 7.10 cm and 4.5 to 7.36 cm; stipe lengths, from 2.3 to 5.86 cm and 1.07 to 6.22 cm; stipe girths, from 3.04 to 3.93 cm and 1.77 to 5.08 cm; fresh weights, from 31.69 to 65 g/kg and 40.33 to 55 g/kg. At P ≤ 0.05, there was no significant difference in the growth parameters measured, nor was there any effect of crude oil pollution on the growth of the mushrooms. The mushroom fruiting bodies were also screened for possible presence of trace metals such as Fe (23.29-37.95 mg/kg); Zn (14.12-21.80 mg/kg); Pb (0.03-0.06 mg/kg); Cd (0.02 -0.032 mg/kg); Cr (0-0.05 mg/kg); and As (0-0.03 mg/kg). Comparing the trace metals, especially Pb, Cd, and Cr, which are detrimental to human health, with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) that a consumer may take, it was shown that all the trace metals were within the provisional tolerable limit intake.

The objective of this study was to assess the bioactivities of flavonoids extracted from two distinct sections of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma species. The flavonoids were extracted from the cap and stem of four Ganoderma species using a methanolic extraction method. The extraction rate, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activities, in vitro hypoglycemic effects, and antimicrobial activity of flavonoids derived from the wild and cultivated Ganoderma extracts were determined and analyzed. The findings indicated that the extract derived from cultivated black Ganoderma stem exhibited the most favorable outcomes among the four sample extracts. The lowest EC50 value of the DPPH radical scavenging assay was 36.9 μg/mL, and the extract demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase (35.88 μg/mL). However, the cap extract of the cultivated black Ganoderma demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity of α-amylase, with the IC50 value of 34.69 μg/mL. The cap extracts of the cultivated red Ganoderma exhibited the most pronounced antimicrobial activity. These findings indicate notable differences in the bioactivities of flavonoids extracted from the caps and stems of the four Ganoderma species. Consequently, the Ganoderma flavonoids have the potential to serve as potent bioactive ingredients with disease-prevention properties.

Allergic disorders affect a substantial proportion of the global population, and current treatments often focus on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying immunological imbalances. Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr. (C. militaris), an entomopathogenic fungus used in traditional East Asian medicine, contains bioactive compounds with potential immunomodulatory properties, including cordycepin and β-glucans. However, the anti-allergic effects of eri silkworm-derived C. militaris remain largely unknown. Here, we show that dietary supplementation with C. militaris extract (CME) reduces allergen-specific immune responses in an ovalbumin-induced allergic mouse model, as evidenced by decreased OVA-specific IgG production and suppressed IL-4 secretion by splenocytes. We found that while both CME and purified cordycepin (CD) significantly reduced allergen-specific IL-4 production, CME had a more pronounced effect on OVA-specific antibody production, suggesting the synergistic effects of multiple bioactive compounds. Interestingly, these immunomodulatory effects were primarily observed in systemic rather than local intestinal immune responses, indicating a selective mechanism of action. Our findings provide a scientific basis for the potential use of CME as a dietary supplement for allergic conditions by modulating allergen-specific responses without general immunosuppression. This selective immunomodulatory effect presents advantages for therapeutic applications, as it preserves protective immune responses while suppressing harmful allergic inflammation. Future research should focus on identifying specific bioactive compounds in CME, beyond cordycepin, and elucidating their molecular mechanisms of action to develop optimized formulations for clinical application.

The present study was aimed at evaluating the nutritional characteristics of bio-enriched oyster mushrooms. Cereal, leguminous and oilseed waste was used as substrates. Rice, soybean and mustard straw performed the best among all substrate fortified by adding Se and Zn salts individually and in combination at three different doses (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg) for nutrient analysis. The results showed that highest carbohydrate, 54.01 percent and protein content, 29.41 percent after fortification with Se and Zn at 75 mg/kg as compared to other doses on different substrates. Se at 75 mg/kg gave maximum carbohydrate (60.29%) and protein content (32.32%) in soybean straw while Zn supplementation at 50 mg/kg resulted in high fat content (2.74%) while rice straw had maximum fiber content (18.12%). Based on maximum yield, best dose of both the salts (25 mg/ kg of substrate) were combined and evaluated. The results indicated that soybean straw had the highest nutrient contents having 55.00 percent carbohydrate and 27.72 percent protein content. It was concluded that fortification with selenium and zinc increased the nutritional composition of Pleurotus ostreatus in comparison to control.

Several fungal species, including mushrooms, produce bioactive and toxic compounds that exert many activities, such as direct action on DNA, inhibition of protein synthesis, damage to cell membranes, or direct suppression of certain enzymatic activities. This is particularly important as mushrooms can play an important role in human nutrition and/or are used as dietary supplements. In this context, we screened ethanolic extracts of 64 wild mushrooms for their potential to inhibit cholinesterases and glutathione S-transferase. Seven of the 64 extracts showed an inhibitory effect on cholinesterases, while 24 inhibited glutathione S-transferase. These results suggest that the toxic effects of some mushrooms may be directly linked to a specific class of compounds that act as inhibitors of physiologically relevant enzymes. Most of the identified activities are described for the first time and call for caution, especially when the human diet is rich in mushrooms. Conversely, these bioactive molecules may serve as inspiration for chemical synthesis and the development of potential drugs to combat neurodegenerative diseases or cancer.

Sanguinoderma rugosum (synonym: Amauroderma rugosum) is a wild medicinal mushroom reported to prevent epileptic episodes and constant crying in babies within indigenous communities in Malaysia. It also has potential applications in the management of oxidative-related diseases. The aim of this study was to reveal the potential candidate genes in understanding the neuroinflammatory signaling pathways modulated by S. rugosum in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells using microarray technology. This study showed that the hexane fraction (HF) of S. rugosum regulated 10 signaling pathways such as macrophage markers, MAPK, IL-1, oxidative damage, cytokines and inflammatory response, toll-like receptor, p38 MAPK, complement activation classical pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, and TNF-α NF-κB. HF downregulated the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-1α, and IL-6, as well as other pro-inflammatory signaling intermediates such as Traf1, Traf2, Cd14. Conversely, it upregulated the anti-inflammatory genes such as Nfkbia and Nfkbie. Besides, HF reduced the nitric oxide (NO) levels in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Taken together, these findings showed that HF of S. rugosum has anti-neuroinflammatory properties and could serve as baseline study for future investigation on the gene expression validation.

Mushrooms are the healthiest, safest, most nutritious foods and are vital to human well-being. In historical contexts, religious teachings influenced the treatment of diseases, with ethnomycological knowledge suggesting that mushrooms held divine clues due to their unique appearances. The use of mushrooms was often linked to the "doctrine of signatures," where their morphological resemblance to human organs, such as the ear, kidney, and lungs, prompted researchers to theorize that products derived from mushrooms might be effective in treating health concerns. A wide variety of edible and wild mushrooms are now recognized for their bioactive compounds, which are valuable in biopharmaceuticals and dietary supplements. The compounds exhibit a range of therapeutic properties, encompassing immune enhancement, antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory actions, antiviral capabilities, and anti-neoplastic activities. Modern science has corroborated many of these traditional insights, revealing mushrooms as sources of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. The intertwined filamentous mycelium of mushrooms is also attracting interest for its biocomposite uses in sustainable and environmentally friendly businesses. Biocomposite materials suitable for construction and building applications can be produced by creating a mycelial matrix or a self-forming adhesive using non-food fungal mycelia flour. This review explores the ethnomycological background, therapeutic potential, and innovative uses of mushroom mycelium in biocomposites, highlighting their role in health, wellness, and sustainable development.