International journal of medicinal mushrooms最新文献

Ganoderma is a well-known genus of medicinal mushrooms. The biological activity of the fruiting bodies of G. mbrekobenum (previously identified as Ganoderma sp. EGDA, (AC: LN774971) is scarcely studied. The microorganisms including bacteria and fungi were chosen for screening of the antimicrobial activity produced by G. mbrekobenum strain EGDA. The bioactive compounds were extracted from aqueous, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. The higher antibacterial activity produced by methanol extract was against Bacillus subtilis and B. cereus (14.13 ± 0.12 mm, 13.03 ± 0.12 mm, respectively). Water fraction showed antibacterial effect against most of the test bacterial strains. The highest antifungal activity produced by methanol extract was against Fusarium oxysporum I and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (16.37 ± 0.03 mm 15.67 ± 0.19 mm, respectively). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the separated fractions revealed the identification of 46 compounds.

With the development of molecular biology and genomics technology, mushroom breeding methods have changed from single traditional breeding to molecular breeding. Compared with traditional breeding methods, molecular breeding has the advantages of short time and high efficiency. It breaks through the restrictive factors of conventional breeding and improves the accuracy of breeding. Molecular breeding technology is gradually applied to mushroom breeding. This paper summarizes the concept of molecular breeding and the application progress of various molecular breeding technologies in mushroom breeding, in order to provide reference for future research on mushroom breeding.

The present study for the first time addressed whether the simultaneous presence of selenium, zinc and iron may have effects on the selenium uptake in the mycelia of the winter mushroom (also known as enoki), Flammulina velutipes. Response surface methodology was used to optimize concentrations of selenium, zinc and iron in the range of 0 to 120 mg L-1. The findings showed that application of selenium, zinc and iron (singly, in pairs, or triads) significantly enhanced the selenium accumulation in the mycelia. The highest amount of the selenium accumulation was observed when selenium (60 mg L-1) and zinc (120 mg L-1) were applied into submerged culture media, concurrently, leading to an 85-fold and 88-fold increase in the selenium content of the mycelia compared to that of the mycelia treated with selenium only and untreated mycelia, respectively. In addition, accumulation of selenium into the mycelia had no deteriorative effects on the mycelial biomass. The findings presented in this study may have implications for daily nutrition and industrial bioproduction of mushroom mycelia enriched with selenium.

Pholiota adiposa is an important edible and medicinal mushroom with high nutritional and medicinal effects. The fruiting body of wild fungi collected from Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province, was identified by morphological description and molecular identification, the biological characteristics and domestication of the fungus was determined by single factor and orthogonal tests. The wild strain isolated was determined to be Ph. adiposa based on morphological characteristics, sequence alignment between ITS and nLSU, and phylogenetic relationship analysis. The single factor results revealed that the optimal carbon source, nitrogen source, culture temperature, and pH for the mycelia growth of Ph. adiposa were glucose, yeast paste, 25°C, and pH 6.5-7.0, respectively. Orthogonal test showed that the optimal formula for mycelia culture was fructose 20 g/L, yeast extract 6 g/L, KH2PO4 1 g/L and MgSO4 2.5 g/L. The highest single bag yield of the fruiting body of Ph. adiposa was 24.96 g in the culture medium formula of sawdust (20%), wheat bran (10%), soybean powder (1%), and quicklime powder (1%). The results will provide basic information for the protection, utilization and domestication of the resources of Ph. adiposa.

The genus Ganoderma has a long history of use in traditional Asiatic medicine due to its different nutritional and medicinal properties. In Mexico, the species G. tuberculosum is used in indigenous communities, for example, the Wixaritari and mestizos of Villa Guerrero Jalisco for the treatment of diseases that may be related to parasitic infections; however, few chemical studies corroborate its traditional medicinal potential. Thereby, the objective of this study was to isolate and identify anti-parasitic activity compounds from a strain of G. tuberculosum native to Mexico. From the fruiting bodies of G. tuberculosum (GVL-21) a hexane extract was obtained which was subjected to guided fractioning to isolate pure compounds. The in vitro anti-parasitic activity of the pure compound (IC50) was assayed against Leishmania amazonensis, Trypanosoma cruzi, Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff, and Naegleria fowleri. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity (CC50) of the isolated compounds was determined against murine macrophages. The guided fractioning produced 5 compounds: ergosterol (1), ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (2), ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol (3), 3,5-dihydroxy-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (4), and ganoderic acid DM (5). Compounds 2 and 5 showed the best anti-parasitic activity in an IC50 range of 54.34 ± 8.02 to 12.38 ± 2.72 µM against all the parasites assayed and low cytotoxicity against murine macrophages. The present study showed for the first time the in vitro anti-parasitic activity of compounds 1-5 against L. amazonensis, T. cruzi, A. castellanii Neff, and N. fowleri, corroborating the medicinal potential of Ganoderma and its traditional applications.

Morchella esculenta, commonly known as yellow morels, is an edible and medicinal mushroom popular worldwide for its unique flavor and culinary purposes. The traditional medical system effectively uses morels against infertility, fatigue, cancer, muscular pain, cough, and cold. The M. esculenta possesses many health-promoting nutritional components such as mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, protein hydrolysates, vitamins, amino acids and minerals. The potential medicinal properties of morels is due to polysaccharides (galactomannan, chitin, β-glucans, and β-1,3-1,6-glucan) present that has high economic importance worldwide. Polysaccharides present possess a broad spectrum of biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant. However, the toxicity and clinical trials to prove its safety and efficacy for medicinal uses are yet to be evaluated. Moreover, the separation, purification, identification, and structural elucidation of active compounds responsible for the unique flavors and biological activities are still lacking in M. esculenta. The available information provides a new base for future perspectives. It highlights the need for further studies of this potent medicinal mushroom species as a source of beneficial therapeutic drugs and nutraceutical supplements.

Herbal products found in nature can serve as great systems of study for drug design. The Amanita muscaria mushroom is native to many parts of the Northern Hemisphere and has a very distinctive appearance with its red cap and white spotted warts. The mushroom comprises several pharmacologically active alkaloids, including muscazone, muscarine, ibotenic acid, and muscimol, the latter two compounds being potent GABA agonists. Muscimol has served as a backbone in the design of GABA agonists devoid of effects on the GABA-metabolizing enzyme, GABA transaminase, and GABA uptake systems. In this sense, several analogs of muscimol have been synthesized and studied including THIP, THPO, iso-THIP, iso-THAZ and 4-PIOL which all interact with the GABA receptors much differently. The growing pharmacological and toxicological interest based on many conflicting opinions on the use of the neuroprotective role of muscimol analogs against some neurodegenerative diseases, its potent role in the treatment of cerebral ischemia and other socially significant health conditions provided the basis for this review.

Morel mushrooms, Morchella species are highly nutritional, excellently edible and medicinal. Anticancer activity of M. elata, growing in forests of Kashmir Himalaya was studied. Ethyl acetate extract of fruiting bodies of M. elata (MEAE) was evaluated for cytotoxicity by MTT assay using Daltons lymphoma ascites (DLA), human colon cancer (HCT-116) and normal cell lines. Anti-carcinogenic and antiangiogenic activities of MEAE were tested using mouse models. Proapoptotic activity was detected by double staining of acridine orange-ethidium bromide assay. MEAE was partially purified by column chromatography and the bioactive compounds were identified by LC-MS analysis. The bioactive extract of M. elata showed significant cytotoxicic activity against DLA (P < 0.05), HCT-116 cell lines (P < 0.05) and did not possess appreciable adverse effect on the viability of normal cells. At a concentration of 100 µg/mL, 60% cell death was observed in HCT-116 cell line while 80% cell death was found in DLA cell line. The extract also possessed profound anticarcinogenic, antiangiogenic and proapoptotic activities. LC-MS analysis showed celastrol (RT 9.504, C29H38O4, MW 450.27), convallatoxin (RT 9.60, C29H42O10, MW 550.27), cucurbitacin A (RT 11.97, C32H46O9, MW 574.71) and madecassic acid (RT 14.35, C30H48O6, MW 504.70) as the major bioactive components. Current experimental studies indicated that bioactive extract of M. elata possessed significant anticancer activity. Being an excellently edible mushroom, the potential therapeutic use of M. elata and its bioactive extract in complementary therapy of cancer is envisaged.