International journal of medicinal mushrooms最新文献

Allergic disorders affect a substantial proportion of the global population, and current treatments often focus on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying immunological imbalances. Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr. (C. militaris), an entomopathogenic fungus used in traditional East Asian medicine, contains bioactive compounds with potential immunomodulatory properties, including cordycepin and β-glucans. However, the anti-allergic effects of eri silkworm-derived C. militaris remain largely unknown. Here, we show that dietary supplementation with C. militaris extract (CME) reduces allergen-specific immune responses in an ovalbumin-induced allergic mouse model, as evidenced by decreased OVA-specific IgG production and suppressed IL-4 secretion by splenocytes. We found that while both CME and purified cordycepin (CD) significantly reduced allergen-specific IL-4 production, CME had a more pronounced effect on OVA-specific antibody production, suggesting the synergistic effects of multiple bioactive compounds. Interestingly, these immunomodulatory effects were primarily observed in systemic rather than local intestinal immune responses, indicating a selective mechanism of action. Our findings provide a scientific basis for the potential use of CME as a dietary supplement for allergic conditions by modulating allergen-specific responses without general immunosuppression. This selective immunomodulatory effect presents advantages for therapeutic applications, as it preserves protective immune responses while suppressing harmful allergic inflammation. Future research should focus on identifying specific bioactive compounds in CME, beyond cordycepin, and elucidating their molecular mechanisms of action to develop optimized formulations for clinical application.

The present study was aimed at evaluating the nutritional characteristics of bio-enriched oyster mushrooms. Cereal, leguminous and oilseed waste was used as substrates. Rice, soybean and mustard straw performed the best among all substrate fortified by adding Se and Zn salts individually and in combination at three different doses (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg) for nutrient analysis. The results showed that highest carbohydrate, 54.01 percent and protein content, 29.41 percent after fortification with Se and Zn at 75 mg/kg as compared to other doses on different substrates. Se at 75 mg/kg gave maximum carbohydrate (60.29%) and protein content (32.32%) in soybean straw while Zn supplementation at 50 mg/kg resulted in high fat content (2.74%) while rice straw had maximum fiber content (18.12%). Based on maximum yield, best dose of both the salts (25 mg/ kg of substrate) were combined and evaluated. The results indicated that soybean straw had the highest nutrient contents having 55.00 percent carbohydrate and 27.72 percent protein content. It was concluded that fortification with selenium and zinc increased the nutritional composition of Pleurotus ostreatus in comparison to control.

Several fungal species, including mushrooms, produce bioactive and toxic compounds that exert many activities, such as direct action on DNA, inhibition of protein synthesis, damage to cell membranes, or direct suppression of certain enzymatic activities. This is particularly important as mushrooms can play an important role in human nutrition and/or are used as dietary supplements. In this context, we screened ethanolic extracts of 64 wild mushrooms for their potential to inhibit cholinesterases and glutathione S-transferase. Seven of the 64 extracts showed an inhibitory effect on cholinesterases, while 24 inhibited glutathione S-transferase. These results suggest that the toxic effects of some mushrooms may be directly linked to a specific class of compounds that act as inhibitors of physiologically relevant enzymes. Most of the identified activities are described for the first time and call for caution, especially when the human diet is rich in mushrooms. Conversely, these bioactive molecules may serve as inspiration for chemical synthesis and the development of potential drugs to combat neurodegenerative diseases or cancer.

Sanguinoderma rugosum (synonym: Amauroderma rugosum) is a wild medicinal mushroom reported to prevent epileptic episodes and constant crying in babies within indigenous communities in Malaysia. It also has potential applications in the management of oxidative-related diseases. The aim of this study was to reveal the potential candidate genes in understanding the neuroinflammatory signaling pathways modulated by S. rugosum in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells using microarray technology. This study showed that the hexane fraction (HF) of S. rugosum regulated 10 signaling pathways such as macrophage markers, MAPK, IL-1, oxidative damage, cytokines and inflammatory response, toll-like receptor, p38 MAPK, complement activation classical pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, and TNF-α NF-κB. HF downregulated the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-1α, and IL-6, as well as other pro-inflammatory signaling intermediates such as Traf1, Traf2, Cd14. Conversely, it upregulated the anti-inflammatory genes such as Nfkbia and Nfkbie. Besides, HF reduced the nitric oxide (NO) levels in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Taken together, these findings showed that HF of S. rugosum has anti-neuroinflammatory properties and could serve as baseline study for future investigation on the gene expression validation.

Mushrooms are the healthiest, safest, most nutritious foods and are vital to human well-being. In historical contexts, religious teachings influenced the treatment of diseases, with ethnomycological knowledge suggesting that mushrooms held divine clues due to their unique appearances. The use of mushrooms was often linked to the "doctrine of signatures," where their morphological resemblance to human organs, such as the ear, kidney, and lungs, prompted researchers to theorize that products derived from mushrooms might be effective in treating health concerns. A wide variety of edible and wild mushrooms are now recognized for their bioactive compounds, which are valuable in biopharmaceuticals and dietary supplements. The compounds exhibit a range of therapeutic properties, encompassing immune enhancement, antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory actions, antiviral capabilities, and anti-neoplastic activities. Modern science has corroborated many of these traditional insights, revealing mushrooms as sources of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. The intertwined filamentous mycelium of mushrooms is also attracting interest for its biocomposite uses in sustainable and environmentally friendly businesses. Biocomposite materials suitable for construction and building applications can be produced by creating a mycelial matrix or a self-forming adhesive using non-food fungal mycelia flour. This review explores the ethnomycological background, therapeutic potential, and innovative uses of mushroom mycelium in biocomposites, highlighting their role in health, wellness, and sustainable development.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis fruit bodies, an insect-fungi complex, is a renowned ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine. Although numerous previous reviews have concentrated on the bioactive components and pharmacological properties of O. sinensis fruit bodies, there remains a notable lack of literature regarding the development of novel methods for authenticating these fruit bodies, particularly in the context of applying molecular identification techniques. The authentication of O. sinensis fruit bodies poses significant challenges due to the widespread contamination of these ingredients with counterfeit products. This article first provides an overview of the life cycle, biological characteristics, and habitat of O. sinensis. It then summarizes the importance of molecular identification techniques for O. sinensis and outlines the main techniques related to DNA molecular manipulation for the identification of medicinal plants, including Cordyceps and its related species. The article concludes by emphasizing the application of these identification techniques in the study of O. sinensis over the past decade. Additionally, the review suggests the potential of using molecular biology and multi-omics techniques to elucidate differences among biological individuals in complex environments and to construct microbial fingerprint maps for verifying the authenticity of Cordyceps and its related species. This review provides a scientific reference for the development of new detection methods for rapid and accurate authentication of O. sinensis and its related species.

The Coprinus comatus (O.F. Mull.) Pers. (saggy ink cap) medicinal mushroom is widely found in Indonesia, the utilization and cultivation of this mushroom is still very rare, so further exploration is needed. The potential of bioactive compounds of C. comatus as a nutraceutical therapeutic is starting to be developed both as antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. Compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, quercetin and rutin in C. comatus are known to have biological and pharmacological activities. Many applications of C. comatus are carried out in the form of extracts, but preparations in the form of nanogels are still not widely applied. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of C. comatus nanogels as anti-inflammatory in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced inflammatory model rats. The research method was a true experiment with a post-test-only approach with a control group design. A total of 24 rats were divided into 6 groups, including healthy control (HGCt), negative control (NGCt) (induced with 0.1 mL CFA), positive control (PGCt) (given sodium diclofenac 0.012 g/kg BW), treatment 1 (TAG1) (given nanogel 250 mg/kg BW), treatment 2 (TAG2) (given nanogel 500 mg/kg BW), and treatment 3 (TAG3) (given nanogel 750 mg/ kg BW). Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 25.1 and GraphPad Prism version 10.2. In silico testing of rutin compounds showed high binding affinity values in inhibiting iNOS protein (3E7G) and COX-2 protein (1CX2). Although the administration of C. comatus nanogels had anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the number of leukocytes 28.36% (TAG2), NOS 23.94% (TAG3), plantar thickness 22.51% (TAG1), increasing eNOS levels by 25.90% (TAG1). This anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing iNOS can potentially prevent the formation of free radicals due to increased iNOS enzyme activity, which can lead to cell lipid peroxidation. These results indicate that C. comatus can be developed as an anti-inflammatory nutraceutical.

The remarkable spectrum of bioactive compounds in medicinal mushrooms makes them an excellent source for treating a variety of diseases. Among these, Trametes Fr. is a notable genus of mushrooms, containing several species with recognized medicinal properties. This study aimed to explore the biochemical composition and biological activities of three wild mushroom species: Trametes versicolor, T. hirsuta, and T. gibbosa. The mushrooms were collected from the Hyrcanian Forest in northern Iran. Hot water extracts were prepared from both basidiocarps and mycelia to evaluate their antioxidant activity, phytochemical content, and cytotoxicity against specific cancer cell lines. The findings revealed that all hot water extracts possess considerable amounts of polysaccharides and proteins, with a lower content of phenolic compounds. The extracts displayed notable cytotoxic effects against MCF-7, Hep G2, and A549 cell lines. Notably, basidiocarp extracts exhibited significantly stronger cytotoxicity than mycelium extracts. In particular, basidiocarp extracts from T. hirsuta and T. versicolor showed potent anticancer effects on MCF-7 and A549 cells, with IC50 values of less than 100 μg/mL. Additionally, T. versicolor basidiocarp and mycelia extracts demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant activity, particularly in scavenging DPPH and superoxide radicals, compared with the other species. The monosaccharide composition analysis of T. versicolor extracts revealed that glucose was the most abundant monosaccharide in both mycelium and basidiocarp extracts. Additionally, these polysaccharides contained galactose, mannose, arabinose, and xylose. Overall, the results of this study suggest that Trametes species from Iran are a promising source of valuable biological compounds, which could serve as effective complementary treatments for cancer.

Pleurotus cystidiosus (abalone oyster mushroom) is an edible species that belongs to the group of woody mushrooms from the Pleurotaceae family. This mushroom contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, rutin, quercetin, and triterpenoids that act as antidiabetics and anti-inflammatory agents. Research on using P. cystidiosus mushrooms cultivated in Cianjur, West Java, is rare. These mushrooms are only used as daily food; besides that, their activity as antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory has never been reported or investigated. This research aimed to determine and examine the potential of P. cystidiosus mushroom micro encapsulant as an antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent. The research method was an experiment using 30 male white rats of Rattus norvegicus with 200 g body weight (BW) that induced streptozotocin (STZ) dose of 45 mg/kg BW, and divided into 6 groups: HGCt (healthy control, no treatment), NGCt (negative control, induced STZ only), PGCt (given metformin 45 mg/kg BW), TGM1 (given microencapsulant 150 mg/kg BW), TGM2 (given microencapsulant 200 mg/kg BW), TGM3 (given microencapsulant 250 mg/kg BW) for 15 d. The research approach was post-test-only with the control group and complete randomized design (CRD). The results showed that P. cystidiosus microencapsulant contained polyphenols (3.61 mg), flavonoids (2.21 mg), alkaloids (5.51 mg), amino acids (3.67), and triglycerides (3.78 mg). Microencapsulant administration was also able to reduce blood glucose levels by > 50%, increase insulin hormone by > 25%, increase GLP-1 hormone levels by > 60%, reduce DPP-4 enzyme levels by > 18%, also reduce inflammatory mediators TNF-α > 22% and IL-1β > 56%. Based on these results, P. cystidiosus microencapsulation has the potential to be developed as an anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory nutraceutical.