Viral infections are established contributors to oncogenesis, leading to significant public health challenges. This systematic review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the mechanisms of viral cellular transformation and their association with various cancers.
Studies reveal key mechanisms of oncogenesis, including direct viral integration into the host genome, expression of viral oncogenes, and indirect pathways such as chronic inflammation and immune evasion. Notably, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) was linked predominantly to cervical and oropharyngeal cancers, while Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) was associated with lymphomas. Hepatitis B and C viruses were linked to liver cancer, highlighting the diverse impacts of viral infections on oncogenic processes.
This review underscores the complexity of viral interactions with host cells and their implications for cancer development. Findings suggest that targeted interventions, such as vaccination and antiviral therapies, may play a crucial role in reducing the incidence of virus-related cancers. Further research is needed to explore novel therapeutic strategies and the role of co-factors in viral oncogenesis.
Lymph node invasion by cancer cells is a poor prognostic factor and is often associated with anti-tumor CD8+ T cell dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the role of lymph node invasion by melanoma cells in the induction of incomplete differentiation by tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.
We aimed to determine whether lymph node invasion by melanoma cells is required for this specific form of anti-tumor CD8+ T cell dysfunction.
We assessed lymph node invasion by the B16-F1 and D5.1G4 murine melanoma cell lines and evaluated tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses to these melanomas in the context of tumor-free versus tumor-involved lymph nodes. We demonstrate that CD8+ T cells recognizing antigen from established melanomas fail to acquire effector function, regardless of whether the tumor is stable or progressive. This CD8+ T cell dysfunction arises in the context of both tumor-involved and tumor-free lymph nodes draining established melanomas.
Lymph node invasion by melanoma cells is not required for the induction of incomplete CD8+ T cell differentiation. These data and their implications for strategies to enhance CD8+ T cell responses against poorly immunogenic melanomas are discussed herein.
Rates of endometrial cancer, the sixth most common in women, are rising. HRQoL, reflecting health beyond clinical contexts, includes disabilities and daily functioning impacts. Measured by various tools such as EuroQoL-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D-5L), it aids in economic evaluation of interventions.
The purpose of this study was to analyze Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), measured by the EQ-5D-5L instrument, in different states of endometrial cancer (EC) patients.
We conducted a cross-sectional study on EC patients who underwent follow-up at Siriraj Hospital, Thailand, between January and June 2023. Patients were classified into five groups: early state, advanced state, curative state, locoregional recurrent state, and distant recurrent/progression state. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected. EQ-5D-5L and visual analog scale instruments (EQ-VAS) were used to compared between disease states. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient characteristics, and the Mann–Whitney U test (p ≤ 0.05) compared EQ-5D-5L scores across groups.
The study included 56 EC patients, with a mean age of 60.1 ± 10.9 years and a mean BMI of 26.8 ± 5.3 kg/m2. The EQ-5D scores were as follows: 0.9055 (IQR 0.8193–0.9436) for the early state, 0.8308 (IQR 0.7997–0.8611) for the advanced state, 0.9235 (IQR 0.8521–0.9855) for the curative state, 0.9096 (IQR 0.6249–0.9577) for the locoregional recurrent state and 0.5778 (IQR 0.2884–0.8521) for the distant recurrent/progressive state. The median EQ-VAS for each state was 70, 75, 82.5, 75, and 65, respectively. The EQ-5D values had significantly deteriorated after distant metastasis/progression compared to curative states (p-value = 0.003). Mobility and pain/discomfort appeared to be the two main concerns.
The findings show the substantial negative impact of distant metastasis or disease progression on HRQoL. These findings will be used to guide future economic research in the field of endometrial cancer treatment.
Cancer screening has been identified as an important contributor to cancer prevention and the control of both morbidity and mortality from cancer. Despite its importance, screening rates have remained low in Ghana. This study investigated some key predictors of screening habits and the rates of awareness for selected cancers that are amenable to screening and early detection. The health belief model provided theoretical support for the investigation.
Data was collected from 503 adults in an online survey with a questionnaire, between June and August 2021. Univariate statistical analysis was used to determine the frequencies and percentages of variables. The multivariate analysis used a correlation and a logistic regression to measure association and test a model.
Participants were aged between 18 and 74 with a mean age of 32.74. Females made up 61.4% of the sample while males accounted for 38.6%. Only 37.6% of participants had previously screened for cancer while 62.4% had never screened. The study hypothesized that age, gender, and Cancer Awareness predict the Cancer Screening habits of respondents. The logistic regression showed that, Age (B = 0.10, SE = 0.01, p = 0.00) and Gender (B = −0.2.71, SE = 0.30, p = 0.00) predicted cancer screening habit.
Age and gender can predict screening habits. Awareness did not predict screening in this study. The reason and meaning of the findings are discussed and suggestions for improvement of screening uptake and for future research are provided.
Plasmablastic myeloma (PBM) is a rare, aggressive subtype of multiple myeloma (MM) with poor prognosis. On the other hand, plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma with a plasmacytic phenotype. Importantly, PBM is difficult to distinguish from PBL, because clinical features of both diseases closely overlap. We report two cases of PBM accompanied by apparent extramedullary lesions.
Case 1: A 38-year-old female complained of fatigue. She presented with pancytopenia, splenomegaly, a soft tissue lesion over the chest wall, and multiple osteolytic lesions. Initially, pathology of the soft tissue established a diagnosis of PBL. She received two cycles of EPOCH, leading to considerable improvement. She then received daratumumab (Dara) and lenalidomide, achieving remission for two years. Case 2: A 60-year-old male was evaluated for multiple tumors of the pancreas and retroperitoneum. A biopsy of the pancreatic tumor identified plasmacytoid cells, whereas a biopsy of the bone marrow showed no evidence of plasma cells. Therefore, he was initially diagnosed as having multiple plasmacytomas and received 3 cycles of chemotherapy with bortezomib (Bor), lenalidomide, and dexamethasone, but in vain. Once Bor was replaced to Dara, he rapidly developed panperitonitis and ascites filled with plasmablasts and eventually died of multiple organ failure.
As there is no standard treatment for PBM, our cases raise a possibility that combination therapy with anti-myeloma and anti-lymphoma regimens may provide better outcomes. In addition, the Ki-67 proliferation index would be a useful tool to diagnose PBM.
Head and neck mucosal melanoma (HNMM) is rare and carries a poor prognosis with high rates of disease progression. There is little data regarding the use of adjuvant proton radiation therapy in the management of sinonasal HNMM.
We performed a retrospective review of patients with nonmetastatic sinonasal HNMM treated with adjuvant proton radiation from 2012 to 2022 at a single academic institution. Kaplan–Meier estimates were used for survival analyses.
Eight patients with sinonasal HNMM were treated with surgery and adjuvant proton radiation, and six received systemic therapy. Median follow-up was 15 months (range: 3–68 months). Only one local failure was observed, and two patients developed distant metastases. Kaplan–Meier 1-year results were as follows: local control 88%, distant metastasis-free survival 75%, and overall survival 88%. No Grade 3 or higher late toxicities were observed.
Surgical resection and adjuvant proton radiation provided early favorable local control and toxicity profiles in our cohort of patients with sinonasal HNMM. Further multi-institutional work is needed to study this rare malignancy.
Bladder carcinoma (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy of the urinary system. These cancers are primarily seen in adults > 60 years old and mostly present with microscopic or frank hematuria or obstruction of the urinary system. However, these rare cancers can be found in hernias.
This report discusses a rare, localized bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) manifestation. The patient had presented with lower abdominal pain several times. However, no accurate diagnosis was made due to the unspecified pain features. After being referred to a radiologic evaluation with ultrasonography, a bladder hernia was detected entering the abdominal wall, and it contained an unusual mass. Further evaluations revealed the malignant feature of the tumor. The abdominal wall hernia was replaced, and a TURP procedure was performed. The resulting sample showed UC without the involvement of the muscle layer.
One of the most common malignancies of the urogenital and reproductive systems in male patients is BCs. They are most commonly seen in men older than 60 years old with a history of smoking. The prevalent manifestations of cancer are microscopic or macroscopic hematuria, urinary obstruction, and abdominal pain. A rare but previously reported bladder cancer location is within inguinal or abdominal hernias. The diagnosis of this cancer is not always straightforward, and delays can result in the spread of malignancy and the transition of the patient's clinical condition to a poorer prognosis.
The presentation of bladder cancer is not always accompanied by typical symptoms such as hematuria or urinary obstruction. Patients with persistent lower abdominal pain should be evaluated to rule out bladder malignancy. These tumors might be hidden within abdominal or inguinal hernias, and more radiologic accuracy is demanded for their diagnosis.
Small-cell carcinoma is a highly malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm arising from cells of the endocrine and nervous systems, and usually of bronchogenic origin. When found in the retroperitoneum, these malignant cells are extremely rare and are mainly metastatic tumors. Adrenal glands are unusual sites of distant metastases, the common primary being bronchopulmonary and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). We report a case of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) that was initially discovered in both adrenal glands.
Our patient was a 68-year-old woman who presented with articular pain and severe chronic hemolytic anemia. Her workup comprised a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, revealing a left adrenal mass lesion measuring 14 × 9 cm, and a concomitantly smaller right adrenal mass lesion arising from the gland and measuring 4 × 2 cm. In view of the size of the left adrenal mass we elected to offer her a complete resection. The patient therefore underwent a laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Histopathological examination of the specimen revealed a high-grade, poorly differentiated NEC of the adrenal gland, small-cell type, with tumor necrosis. A baseline evaluation comprised an FDG-PET CT scan revealing the contralateral adrenal tumor, which was also partially resected to leave the patient with some functional adrenal tissue and not render her Addisonian. Although we found no pulmonary primary, a bleb was seen on chest CT that we hypothesized was possibly a burn-out primary in the setting of an immunogenic tumor.
Surgery played a vital role in our case followed by combination of chemoimmunotherapy as per present recommendation of a small-cell tumor especially since the patient presented with atypical clinical manifestations.
Liposarcoma and lymphoma are very rare tumors, and their combination is extremely rare. Moreover, there have been no reports of liposarcoma and lymphoma occurring in the same region.
A 58-year-old man presented to Kanagawa Cancer Center with a mass in his left thigh and underwent a needle biopsy. Histological analysis showed an increase in the number of small lymphocytes and plasma cells; immunohistochemical analysis showed an increase in CD20-positive cells with Lambda light-chain restriction; therefore, the diagnosis of B-cell malignancy with plasma cell differentiation was made. A bone marrow biopsy specimen showed infiltration of atypical cells of the same phenotype and increased serum IgM-M levels; therefore, a diagnosis of Waldenström macroglobulinemia/lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) was made. The needle biopsy specimen showed scattered CDK4-positive cells in the background of the lymphoma cells and sporadic MDM2 signal amplification on fluorescence in situ hybridization, suggesting mixed well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDL). Tumor resection was performed. The tumor contained a mixture of WDL and LPL areas. RNA sequencing revealed upregulated expression of chemokine genes, including CCL5, CCL18, and CCL19, in WDL and that of the corresponding chemokine receptor genes CCR4, CCR6, and CCR7 in the lymphoma cells.
Chemokine–chemokine receptor axes may be involved in the pathogenesis of LPL cell-infiltrating WDL. This is an extremely rare case, and we have reported some considerations regarding the tumorigenesis of LPL cell-infiltrating WDL.
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