Cancer reports最新文献

Background

The diverse presentation of COVID-19 symptoms and outcomes has revealed a significant gap in understanding the specific risk factors and characteristics of the virus among immunocompromised cancer patients, particularly in the Middle East.

Aims

We our study aimed to address this gap by investigating the characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in cancer patients compared to non-cancer patients.

Methods and Results

We carried out a retrospective analysis, collecting demographic, oncologic, and COVID-19-related data from electronic medical records of 248 patients admitted to our tertiary care center in Lebanon. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS to identify patterns. Patients with solid tumors were 3.433 times more likely to die than those who were cancer-free (p = 0.012). Moreover, patients with advancing disease were 2.805 times more likely to be admitted to the ICU (p = 0.03) and 14.7 times more likely to die (p < 0.001) compared with those in remission.

Conclusion

Our findings emphasize the critical need for tailored preventive measures and specialized care for immunocompromised cancer patients, given their heightened vulnerability to severe COVID-19 outcomes. These insights contribute to the development of specific strategies aimed at enhancing the protection and clinical management of this high-risk group.

Background

Prolonged fever of more than a year duration can be a symptom of underlying malignancy. This article appreciates the need for diligent history taking and carefully performed clinical examination, which is fundamental to reaching an initial diagnosis.

Case

We report the case of a middle-aged male who presented to us with a fever of more than a year duration. The patient's residence was located in a remote area where the nearby tertiary care center was almost 250 km away. He was empirically treated with antibiotics without any success by local physicians. After more than a year, he reported to us and was diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma with a characteristic Pel–Ebstein pattern of fever missed earlier by the local physicians. His fever resolved within 5 days of chemotherapy, and he achieved complete remission.

Conclusion

Meticulous history-taking and clinical examination are essential for reaching a clinical diagnosis. Malignant causes should be considered in the differentials of prolonged fever.

Background

The microbiota plays a significant role in the tumor microenvironment, and its impact on tumor development and treatment outcome cannot be overlooked. Thus, it is essential to comprehend the interactions between the microbiota and the tumor microenvironment.

Recent Findings

With the advent of next-generation sequencing, microbiota research has advanced significantly in recent years. The interaction between the intratumoral microbiota and the tumor microenvironment is an emerging area of research that holds great promise for understanding and treating solid tumor progression. This crosstalk between the intratumoral microbiota and the tumor microenvironment is a complex process that involves a multitude of factors, including the immune system, cellular signaling pathways, and metabolic processes. The origin of the intratumoral microbiota differs between various solid tumor, and the quantity and diversity of intratumoral microbiota also fluctuate significantly within each solid tumor.

Conclusion

The aim of this review is to provide a detailed summary of the intratumoral microbiota in various types of solid tumors. This will include an analysis of their origins, differences, and how they impact the progression of solid tumors. Furthermore, we will emphasize the significant potential that the intratumoral microbiota holds for the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumors.

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are becoming more frequently used in the treatment of many types of malignant cancers by disinhibiting T-cell activation, which promotes the destruction of cancer cells. This disinhibition can also result in autoimmune conditions, like endocrinopathies.

Case

We report a case of a 78-year-old male patient with malignant mesothelioma treated with combination ICI therapy who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) with no history of diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with intravenous (IV) fluid repletion and IV insulin for DKA. The patient was diagnosed with new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) induced by ICI therapy.

Discussion

Approximately 75% of patients diagnosed with ICI-induced T1DM initially present with DKA. This, along with the rapid onset of hyperglycemia in this patient, suggests current guidelines for monitoring blood glucose are inadequate. Current guidelines recommend monitoring blood glucose at the following times: baseline, at the initiation of each cycle for 12 weeks, and then every 3–6 weeks thereafter. We propose the following schedule for monitoring blood glucose in patients receiving ICI therapy: baseline, twice weekly for the first six cycles, and then once weekly thereafter. This proposed update is supported by our patient's rapid onset of hyperglycemia and other case reports and reviews showing that most patients with this diagnosis have an initial presentation of DKA. Detecting hyperglycemia and starting treatment early is important in the prevention of acute complications from uncontrolled T1DM, like DKA.

Conclusion

This case adds to the existing body of literature and provides support for more frequent monitoring of blood glucose in patients receiving ICI therapy. Blood glucose monitoring is a simple, reliable, low risk, and inexpensive laboratory test that should be used in patients receiving ICI therapy to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment of T1DM.

Background

Isolated vaginal vault recurrence of endometrial cancer can be treated with rescue radiotherapy. However, in previously irradiated patients, surgical resection can be considered the treatment of choice. Vesicovaginal fistulas (VVFs) sometimes complicate the surgical intervention because of the presence of massive ischemia and fibrosis of pelvic tissue from previous irradiation. Traditional strategies for the treatment of VVFs include endoscopic treatment (when feasible) or a laparoscopic, robotic, or open abdominal approach in some experiences through a transvesical route. The last approach can be associated with long inpatient hospital stays, postoperative complications, and failure, especially in obese patients. Our report proposes a conservative approach with prolonged catheterization and placement of nephrostomy tubes to treat a VVF with laser therapy of the fistula.

Case

We present the case of a woman with a second relapse of endometrial cancer at the level of the vaginal vault, after a hysterectomy and then radiotherapy for a first relapse, who underwent robotic partial colpectomy, with an intraoperative bladder lesion, which was repaired with interrupted stitches. However, the patient developed a vesicovaginal fistula. A conservative approach was initially undertaken as an alternative to the surgical repair of the fistula. After the clinical and radiological confirmation of the fistula andconsidering the patient's clinical condition, the multidisciplinary team proposed a conservative management of the fistula as an alternative to fistula surgical repair. Bladder catheter Ch 20 and bilateral nephrostomy did not completely resolve the fistula, with a minor residual linkage between the bladder and the vaginal vault after 8 months from the robotic surgery. A single/month diode laser application for 3 months was added to the conservative treatment. Cystography was negative at the end of laser sessions, and both nephrostomies were removed 1 week later. After 6 months, clinical and radiological follow-up was negative, and no further vaginal urine loss was recorded.

Conclusion

We believe that conservative management of a complex vesicovaginal fistula after multiple treatments for endometrial cancer is possible. In this scenario, laser therapy can be a valuable clinical tool to improve the outcome, with reduced invasiveness for the patient.

Background

Radiotherapy is considered an alternative treatment for unresectable or pharmacologically resistant desmoid-type fibromatosis. While it results in relatively good local control, the risk of secondary malignancy remains a concern.

Case

We present a case of secondary osteosarcoma after carbon-ion radiation therapy (CIRT). A 31-year-old male patient presented with left thigh pain. The tumor was located between the left gluteus maximus and gluteus medius and extended to the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris. It was diagnosed as desmoid-type fibromatosis after needle biopsy. The patient was treated with several medications, including a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor and tamoxifen; however, his left thigh pain did not improve. He was treated with CIRT 1 year after diagnosis (67.2 Gy [relative biological effectiveness] 16fr/4wks). He developed osteosarcoma of the left femur 8 years later. He underwent chemotherapy and tumor excision with disarticulation of the left hip. Pulmonary metastasis was detected 6 and 17 months after the definitive surgery and excised using metastasectomy. However, he died due to the recurrence of multiple pulmonary metastases 29 months after the definitive surgery.

Conclusions

In this case, we believe that the low radiation dose to the femur may have caused secondary malignancy.

Background

Detection of cancer at the early stage currently offers the only viable strategy for reducing disease-related morbidity and mortality. Various approaches for multi-cancer early detection are being explored, which largely rely on capturing signals from circulating analytes shed by tumors into the blood. The fact that biomarker concentrations are limiting in the early stages of cancer, however, compromises the accuracy of these tests. We, therefore, adopted an alternate approach that involved interrogation of the serum metabolome with machine learning-based data analytics. Here, we monitored for modulations in metabolite patterns that correlated with the presence or absence of cancer. Results obtained confirmed the efficacy of this approach by demonstrating that it could detect a total of 15 cancers in women with an average accuracy of about 99%.

Aims

To further increase the scope of our test, we conducted an investigator-initiated clinical trial involving a total of 6445 study participants, which included both cancer patients and non-cancer volunteers. Our goal here was to maximize the number of cancers that could be detected, while also covering cancers in both females and males.

Methods and Results

Metabolites extracted from individual serum samples were profiled by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer using an untargeted protocol. After processing, the data were analyzed by our cancer detection machine-learning algorithm to differentiate cancer from non-cancer samples. Results revealed that our test platform could indeed detect a total of 30 cancers, covering both females and males, with an average accuracy of ~98%. Importantly, the high detection accuracy remained invariant across all four stages of the cancers.

Conclusion

Thus, our approach of integrating untargeted metabolomics with machine learning-powered data analytics offers a powerful strategy for early-stage multi-cancer detection with high accuracy.

Trial Registration: Registration No: CTRI/2023/03/050316

Background

Male breast cancer is a very rare disease and only accounts for around 1% of all breast cancers. The treatment strategies are based on those used for breast cancer in women. So far, there is a lack of randomized data to support specific treatment modalities in men. To our knowledge, a therapeutic approach with a combination of letrozole and abemaciclib has not yet been described for a male patient with metastatic breast cancer.

Case Description

Here, we report a case of a male patient with advanced metastatic breast cancer treated with a combination of letrozole and abemaciclib. The therapy was well tolerated with no reported side effects. The follow-up CT showed regression of the primary tumor mass and the lymph nodes and soft tissue metastases.

Conclusion

In summary, this case report clearly shows the effectiveness of the therapeutic approach and should be discussed for the treatment of future patients.

Introduction

Multiple myeloma (MM) with pulmonary extramedullary disease is rare and usually associated with poor prognosis, and no data on daratumumab-based regimens have been reported yet.

Case Presentation

Here, a 64-year-old man with pulmonary plasmacytoma received daratumumab-based regimens and has achieved a very good partial response with lung mass disappearance and overall survival of 16 months. He did not receive autologous stem cell transplantation because of several comorbidities, such as severe drug-induced neuropathy and JAK2-mutated myeloproliferative neoplasm with marked splenomegaly.

Conclusions

We showed the efficacy of daratumumab in combination with targeted therapies for the treatment of pulmonary MM.

Background

Recent advances in cancer genome analysis and the practice of precision medicine have made it possible to identify fractions with rare genetic alterations. Among biliary tract cancers, EGFR-amplified cancers are known to be rare fractions across organs and have a poor prognosis. The use of anti-EGFR antibody for EGFR-amplified cancers has been promising; however, the evidence is not yet clear.

Case

In this report, we describe the case of a 48-year-old man diagnosed with advanced gallbladder cancer. The patient was administered gemcitabine plus cisplatin, followed by S-1 monotherapy; however, disease progression was observed after two cycles of each regimen. Comprehensive genomic profiling test revealed EGFR-amplification, and the patient was treated with combination therapy with the anti-EGFR antibody necitumumab, gemcitabine, and cisplatin. After two cycles of treatment, tumor size reduced, and the treatment response was evaluated as partial response. On Day 90, after five cycles of treatment, tumor progression was confirmed. In addition, after disease progression, liquid biopsy revealed acquired pathogenic gene alterations suggesting anti-EGFR antibody resistance.

Conclusion

This report supports the clinical benefit of anti-EGFR antibodies for EGFR-amplified biliary tract cancers and the importance of genomic analysis in personalized therapy and drug resistance research.