{"title":"Atlas Florae Europaeae : Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe","authors":"A. Kurtto, A. Sennikov, R. Lampinen","doi":"10.2307/2997132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2997132","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2997132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48617369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AUISTIN, [). F (Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic LUniversity, Boca Raton, FL 33431). Dissolution of IPaOinOaC series Anisonierace (Convolvuilaceae). J. Torrey Bot. Club 124:140-159. 1997.-Since the Anisonmerae was proposed by House in 1908, all but three species have been move(i into other parts of the genus. Morphological study now indicates that these three species should be placed elsewhere. Ipaaomoca aniSO(nII(erS belongs in sect. Erpiponaoea. Iponoeaa squamaiosa and 1. lindlenii do not seemii to be closely related to each otheror to 1. anisomeres. Thus, this series was polyphyletic. The species were originally grouped together because o0 convergent evolution in sepal inequality. Placement is proposed foir all namles inclujded in 1908. The original species are tnow placed in Ipomaoea sect. Eriosperinum (ser. Batatas, ser. Eriospermnum, ser: Miraindinae); lpO))O('e sect Erpj)ipnomoca; Ipoanoea sect. Exogoniutn; Ipomaoca sect. Plharbitis ser. Tvriantllinae; to an Australian Ioainoca alliance (section unknown); and to the Old World genus Xenostegia. Several taxa confused with Ipomnoca anisomeres and 1. squanoasa are discussed. Ipomaoca pedicellaris is moved from ser. Setosae to sect. ErlpipIonoaca. Nine species are described and illustrated, including the Hawaiian endemic Ipotnoea tuboides (sect. Exoagonium), and a new Panamanianl endemic Ipomaoet eremionobroahai D. F Austin sp. nov. (sect. Eriospermum). A key is provided for identification. A new section and series are proposed for lpon)oea subg. Quaionclit sect. Trioloares J. A. McDonald, sect. nov., and Ipaomoea subg. Quarnoclit sect. Tricolores ser. Microsepalae D. F Aulstin, comb. inov.
AUISTIN()。F(佛罗里达大西洋大学生物科学系，佛罗里达州博卡拉顿33431)。IPaOinOaC系列茴香的溶出度。托里·博特。俱乐部124:140 - 159。1997.-自从1908年House提出茴香科以来，除了三个物种外，所有物种都被转移到该属的其他部分。形态学研究表明这三个物种应该被安置在其他地方。Ipaaomoca aniSO(nII(erS))属于erpiponaoia门。鳞片和1。Lindlenii彼此之间似乎没有密切的关系。anisomeres。因此，这个系列是多系的。这些物种最初聚在一起是因为它们在萼片不平等上的趋同进化。建议对1908年收录的所有名字进行排序。原来的种被认为是在伊波马亚组。甘薯,爵士。胚乳，薇兰科);O('e section Erpj);易普纳亚组;伊波马卡教派。Tvriantllinae;加入澳大利亚艾奥诺卡联盟(部分不详);和旧大陆的异骨属。几个分类群与Ipomnoca异构体和1混淆。Squanoasa被讨论。马先蒿是从ser移来的。节肢到节。描述并说明了9种，包括夏威夷特有的Ipotnoea tuboides(门。Exoagonium)和巴拿马特有的Ipomaoet eremionobroahai D. F Austin sp. nov(门。Eriospermum)。提供一个密钥用于识别。提出了一个新的节和系列的lpon)oea子。quonclit节。triolores j.a. McDonald，节11，和Ipaomoea subg。四分之一节。三色。微萼片D. F .奥斯汀，梳。inov。
{"title":"Dissolution of Ipomoea series Anisomerae (Convolvulaceae)","authors":"D. Austin","doi":"10.2307/2996581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996581","url":null,"abstract":"AUISTIN, [). F (Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic LUniversity, Boca Raton, FL 33431). Dissolution of IPaOinOaC series Anisonierace (Convolvuilaceae). J. Torrey Bot. Club 124:140-159. 1997.-Since the Anisonmerae was proposed by House in 1908, all but three species have been move(i into other parts of the genus. Morphological study now indicates that these three species should be placed elsewhere. Ipaaomoca aniSO(nII(erS belongs in sect. Erpiponaoea. Iponoeaa squamaiosa and 1. lindlenii do not seemii to be closely related to each otheror to 1. anisomeres. Thus, this series was polyphyletic. The species were originally grouped together because o0 convergent evolution in sepal inequality. Placement is proposed foir all namles inclujded in 1908. The original species are tnow placed in Ipomaoea sect. Eriosperinum (ser. Batatas, ser. Eriospermnum, ser: Miraindinae); lpO))O('e sect Erpj)ipnomoca; Ipoanoea sect. Exogoniutn; Ipomaoca sect. Plharbitis ser. Tvriantllinae; to an Australian Ioainoca alliance (section unknown); and to the Old World genus Xenostegia. Several taxa confused with Ipomnoca anisomeres and 1. squanoasa are discussed. Ipomaoca pedicellaris is moved from ser. Setosae to sect. ErlpipIonoaca. Nine species are described and illustrated, including the Hawaiian endemic Ipotnoea tuboides (sect. Exoagonium), and a new Panamanianl endemic Ipomaoet eremionobroahai D. F Austin sp. nov. (sect. Eriospermum). A key is provided for identification. A new section and series are proposed for lpon)oea subg. Quaionclit sect. Trioloares J. A. McDonald, sect. nov., and Ipaomoea subg. Quarnoclit sect. Tricolores ser. Microsepalae D. F Aulstin, comb. inov.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996581","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68408862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WILSON, P. (Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8303), M. BUONOPANE (Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240) AND T D. ALLISON (Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002). Reproductive biology of the monoecious clonal shrub Taxus canadensis. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 7-15 1996.-Strobilus production, pollination, and maturation were studied in Taxus canadensis, a procumbent clonally-spreading shrub. Plants that produced many cones had greater shoot growth; no obvious tradeoff between sexual effort and vegetative growth was observed. T canadensis is monoecious, but plants showed considerable variation in phenotypic gender. Because related species are dioecious, we hypothesize that T. canadensis evolved from a dioecious ancestor. Monoecy may have been favored as a means of assuring pollination via selfing; the proportion of ovules pollinated was positively correlated with the number of male cones on a plant. Selfing may be at the cost of inbreeding depression; 26% of the female cones aborted, about twice the percentage of the dioecious Taxus cuspidata. Application of nutrient fertilizer did not reduce the abortion percentage. Seed and aril maturation in T. canadensis occurred over a three month period, much more gradually than in T cuspidata. Removal of the seeds, probably by antagonistic rodents, was very rapid and thorough in T canadensis. Asynchronous ripening and monoecy may help reduce seed predation by rodents by reducing the conspicuousness of "fruiting" displays relative to the dioecious species.
WILSON, P.(加州州立大学生物系，18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8303)， M. BUONOPANE(贝茨学院生物系，Lewiston, ME 04240)和T D. ALLISON(马萨诸塞州大学林业与野生动物系，Amherst, MA 01002)。雌雄同株无性系灌木加拿大红豆杉的生殖生物学研究。公牛。托里机器人。俱乐部123:7-15 1996。对匍匐无性扩张型灌木加拿大红豆杉(Taxus canadensis)中球果的产生、授粉和成熟过程进行了研究。产生许多球果的植物有更大的芽生长;性努力和营养生长之间没有明显的权衡。加拿大T属雌雄同株，但在表型性别上存在较大差异。由于相关物种是雌雄异株，我们假设加拿大金缕草是从雌雄异株祖先进化而来的。雌雄同株可能作为一种确保通过自交授粉的手段而受到青睐;授粉的胚珠比例与植株上雄球果数呈正相关。自交可能以近交抑制为代价;雌雄异株东北红豆杉球果的失败率为26%，约为雌雄异株的两倍。施用氮肥并没有降低流产率。加拿大田鼠种子和假种皮的成熟需要3个月的时间，比东北田鼠要缓慢得多。可能是拮抗啮齿动物对种子的清除非常迅速和彻底。与雌雄异株相比，不同步成熟和雌雄同株可能通过减少“结果”的显著性来帮助减少啮齿动物对种子的捕食。
{"title":"Reproductive biology of the monoecious clonal shrub Taxus canadensis","authors":"P. Wilson, M. Buonopane, T. Allison","doi":"10.2307/2996301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996301","url":null,"abstract":"WILSON, P. (Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8303), M. BUONOPANE (Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240) AND T D. ALLISON (Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002). Reproductive biology of the monoecious clonal shrub Taxus canadensis. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 7-15 1996.-Strobilus production, pollination, and maturation were studied in Taxus canadensis, a procumbent clonally-spreading shrub. Plants that produced many cones had greater shoot growth; no obvious tradeoff between sexual effort and vegetative growth was observed. T canadensis is monoecious, but plants showed considerable variation in phenotypic gender. Because related species are dioecious, we hypothesize that T. canadensis evolved from a dioecious ancestor. Monoecy may have been favored as a means of assuring pollination via selfing; the proportion of ovules pollinated was positively correlated with the number of male cones on a plant. Selfing may be at the cost of inbreeding depression; 26% of the female cones aborted, about twice the percentage of the dioecious Taxus cuspidata. Application of nutrient fertilizer did not reduce the abortion percentage. Seed and aril maturation in T. canadensis occurred over a three month period, much more gradually than in T cuspidata. Removal of the seeds, probably by antagonistic rodents, was very rapid and thorough in T canadensis. Asynchronous ripening and monoecy may help reduce seed predation by rodents by reducing the conspicuousness of \"fruiting\" displays relative to the dioecious species.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996301","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68405441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
from the ovary. We performed an experiment in which we placed excess pollen at one of two distances from the ovary. We then compared seed, seedling, and adult characters of the progeny resulting from these two treatments. Pollen placement had a statistically significant effect on adult sex ratio, with progeny resulting from more intense pollen competition containing a statistical excess of males, and progeny resulting from less intense competition containing a nonsignificant excess of females. Pollen placement did not have a statistically significant effect on any of seven measures of offspring quality (seed number per fruit, mean seed mass, seedling emergence time, cotyledon area after two weeks, leaf area after four weeks, above-ground dry weight after six weeks, and days required to flower). Since one of our dependent variables (seedling emergence time) was found to be significantly affected by pollen competition in an earlier study, it appears that such traits may be as much influenced by parental, environmental, or population-level effects as by pollen competition.
{"title":"Effect of pollen competition on offspring quality at varying stages of the life cycle in Silene latifolia Poiret (Caryophyllaceae)","authors":"T. Lassere, S. B. Carroll, D. Mulcahy","doi":"10.2307/2996791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996791","url":null,"abstract":"from the ovary. We performed an experiment in which we placed excess pollen at one of two distances from the ovary. We then compared seed, seedling, and adult characters of the progeny resulting from these two treatments. Pollen placement had a statistically significant effect on adult sex ratio, with progeny resulting from more intense pollen competition containing a statistical excess of males, and progeny resulting from less intense competition containing a nonsignificant excess of females. Pollen placement did not have a statistically significant effect on any of seven measures of offspring quality (seed number per fruit, mean seed mass, seedling emergence time, cotyledon area after two weeks, leaf area after four weeks, above-ground dry weight after six weeks, and days required to flower). Since one of our dependent variables (seedling emergence time) was found to be significantly affected by pollen competition in an earlier study, it appears that such traits may be as much influenced by parental, environmental, or population-level effects as by pollen competition.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68411097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GRIFTH, C. (School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506). Distribution of Viola blanda in relation to within-habitat variation in canopy openness, soil phosphorus, and magnesium. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 281-285. 1996.-Abiotic resources in a deciduous forest often are patchily distributed, with different microsites having different resource levels. If plant growth and reproduction depends on access to these resources, then plants may occupy only the richer microsites within a habitat. In order to determine if the presence of individual ramets of Viola blanda Willd. (Violaceae) are correlated with microsite resource levels, I measured soil chemistry (pH, total N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and canopy openness at 100 random points and the nearest 100 points with V. blanda along a 600 m transect in the Cumberland Plateau in eastern Kentucky. A quadratic discriminant function in combination with a cross-validation method found that resource levels correctly classified 77.5% of the violet points and 55.2% of the random points. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests indicated that phosphorus concentrations and tree canopy openness were significantly higher at the violet points than at the random points. However, the random points had higher magnesium levels. Several mechanisms may explain this pattern, including differences in pollinator activity as a result of light levels, myrmecochory, clonal growth, or higher growth rates on microsites with higher resource levels.
{"title":"Distribution of Viola blanda in relation to within-habitat variation in canopy openness, soil phosphorus, and magnesium'","authors":"C. Griffith","doi":"10.2307/2996776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996776","url":null,"abstract":"GRIFTH, C. (School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506). Distribution of Viola blanda in relation to within-habitat variation in canopy openness, soil phosphorus, and magnesium. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 281-285. 1996.-Abiotic resources in a deciduous forest often are patchily distributed, with different microsites having different resource levels. If plant growth and reproduction depends on access to these resources, then plants may occupy only the richer microsites within a habitat. In order to determine if the presence of individual ramets of Viola blanda Willd. (Violaceae) are correlated with microsite resource levels, I measured soil chemistry (pH, total N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and canopy openness at 100 random points and the nearest 100 points with V. blanda along a 600 m transect in the Cumberland Plateau in eastern Kentucky. A quadratic discriminant function in combination with a cross-validation method found that resource levels correctly classified 77.5% of the violet points and 55.2% of the random points. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests indicated that phosphorus concentrations and tree canopy openness were significantly higher at the violet points than at the random points. However, the random points had higher magnesium levels. Several mechanisms may explain this pattern, including differences in pollinator activity as a result of light levels, myrmecochory, clonal growth, or higher growth rates on microsites with higher resource levels.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996776","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68411064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Pauley, S. Nodvin, N. Nicholas, A. Rose, T. B. Coffey, E. Drawer, T. Valley
high on low-elevation east-facing slopes near streams. Picea contained 71% of the live overstory N, while Abies contained less than 2%. Although Picea foliage comprised only 6% of live biomass, 37% of the total N content was in Picea needles. Overall, some species distributions reflect well-known landscape patterns (e.g., increasing Abies importance with elevation); distributions of other species (e.g., Picea and Betula) reflect smaller-scale topographic and possibly disturbance-oriented patterns. The watershed is large enough to encompass vegetation patterns at several spatial scales, all of which will influence N storage and dynamics.
{"title":"Vegetation, biomass, and nitrogen pools in a spruce-fir forest of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park1","authors":"E. Pauley, S. Nodvin, N. Nicholas, A. Rose, T. B. Coffey, E. Drawer, T. Valley","doi":"10.2307/2996781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996781","url":null,"abstract":"high on low-elevation east-facing slopes near streams. Picea contained 71% of the live overstory N, while Abies contained less than 2%. Although Picea foliage comprised only 6% of live biomass, 37% of the total N content was in Picea needles. Overall, some species distributions reflect well-known landscape patterns (e.g., increasing Abies importance with elevation); distributions of other species (e.g., Picea and Betula) reflect smaller-scale topographic and possibly disturbance-oriented patterns. The watershed is large enough to encompass vegetation patterns at several spatial scales, all of which will influence N storage and dynamics.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996781","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68410682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Latham, J. Thompson, Sarah A. Riley, Anne W. Wibiralske
LATHAM, R. E., J. E. THOMPSON, S. A. RILEY AND A. W. WIBIRALSKE (Department of Geology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316). The Pocono till barrens: shrub savanna persisting on soils favoring forest. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 330-349. 1996.-A previously undescribed shrub savanna community, which we refer to as the Pocono till barrens, occurs mainly on soils weathered from glacial till of Illinoian age on the southern Pocono Plateau of Pennsylvania. Unlike most "barrens" in east-central North America, its soils are not sandy or shallow to bedrock; the same deep, fine-loamy soil series underlie the barrens and nearby northern hardwoods forest. An unusual abundance of rare plant and animal species in and near the barrens has attracted the attention of scientists and biodiversity conservation professionals. In an effort to understand the ecological dynamics of the Pocono till barrens and why the barrens are different from their mostly forested surroundings, we undertook studies of vegetation history, landscape patterns, plant species distributions and water table depth. The Pocono till barrens (1) are old, pre-dating European settlement of the area; (2) have burned frequently and over large areas throughout their recorded history; (3) presently cover more than 22 km2 adjacent to a belt of xeric ridgetop barrens totaling approximately 18 kM2; (4) have in abundance plants usually found in moist or wet soil conditions living side-by-side with those normally associated with xeric habitats; and (5) include several vegetation types which are distributed on the landscape, in part, in association with a soil moisture gradient. The Pocono till barrens appear to flout the conventional wisdom that barrens vegetation reflects droughty, nutrient-poor soils. Although the Pocono till barrens substantially pre-date European settlement of the area, fire is clearly the key to maintenance of barrens vegetation in this system. We hypothesize that biotic factors are more important than abiotic factors in determining distributions of barrens and forest vegetation on the southern Pocono Plateau.
LATHAM, R. E.， J. E. THOMPSON, S. A. RILEY和A. W. WIBIRALSKE(宾夕法尼亚大学地质系，费城，19104-6316)。波科诺荒原:生长在有利于森林的土壤上的灌木稀树草原。公牛。托里机器人。俱乐部123:330-349。1996.-先前描述过的灌木稀树草原群落，我们称之为波科诺荒原，主要发生在宾夕法尼亚州波科诺高原南部伊利诺斯州冰川时期的土壤上。与北美中东部的大多数“不毛之地”不同，这里的土壤不是沙质的，也不是浅到基岩的;这片贫瘠的土地和附近的北方阔叶林也有着同样深厚、细密的壤土。在这片不毛之地及其附近，稀有动植物种类异常丰富，吸引了科学家和生物多样性保护专家的注意。为了了解波科诺荒原的生态动态，以及为什么荒原与周围的森林环境不同，我们对植被历史、景观格局、植物物种分布和地下水位进行了研究。波科诺荒原是古老的，早于欧洲人在该地区定居;(二)在有记载的历史中曾发生过频繁、大面积的火灾;(3)目前覆盖面积超过22平方公里，毗邻干旱脊顶荒地带，总面积约为18平方公里;(4)有大量通常生长在潮湿或潮湿土壤条件下的植物与通常生长在干旱生境的植物并存;(5)包括几种植被类型，它们在景观上的分布部分与土壤湿度梯度有关。Pocono till的贫瘠似乎藐视了传统观念，即贫瘠的植被反映了干旱、营养贫乏的土壤。尽管波科诺荒原在欧洲人定居该地区之前就已经出现了，但在这个系统中，火显然是维持荒地植被的关键。我们假设生物因子比非生物因子更能决定波科诺高原南部的荒地和森林植被的分布。
{"title":"The Pocono till barrens: shrub savanna persisting on soils favoring forest1","authors":"R. Latham, J. Thompson, Sarah A. Riley, Anne W. Wibiralske","doi":"10.2307/2996782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996782","url":null,"abstract":"LATHAM, R. E., J. E. THOMPSON, S. A. RILEY AND A. W. WIBIRALSKE (Department of Geology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316). The Pocono till barrens: shrub savanna persisting on soils favoring forest. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 330-349. 1996.-A previously undescribed shrub savanna community, which we refer to as the Pocono till barrens, occurs mainly on soils weathered from glacial till of Illinoian age on the southern Pocono Plateau of Pennsylvania. Unlike most \"barrens\" in east-central North America, its soils are not sandy or shallow to bedrock; the same deep, fine-loamy soil series underlie the barrens and nearby northern hardwoods forest. An unusual abundance of rare plant and animal species in and near the barrens has attracted the attention of scientists and biodiversity conservation professionals. In an effort to understand the ecological dynamics of the Pocono till barrens and why the barrens are different from their mostly forested surroundings, we undertook studies of vegetation history, landscape patterns, plant species distributions and water table depth. The Pocono till barrens (1) are old, pre-dating European settlement of the area; (2) have burned frequently and over large areas throughout their recorded history; (3) presently cover more than 22 km2 adjacent to a belt of xeric ridgetop barrens totaling approximately 18 kM2; (4) have in abundance plants usually found in moist or wet soil conditions living side-by-side with those normally associated with xeric habitats; and (5) include several vegetation types which are distributed on the landscape, in part, in association with a soil moisture gradient. The Pocono till barrens appear to flout the conventional wisdom that barrens vegetation reflects droughty, nutrient-poor soils. Although the Pocono till barrens substantially pre-date European settlement of the area, fire is clearly the key to maintenance of barrens vegetation in this system. We hypothesize that biotic factors are more important than abiotic factors in determining distributions of barrens and forest vegetation on the southern Pocono Plateau.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996782","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68411538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Brewer, W. Platt, J. S. Glitzenstein, D. Streng, W. Platt, J. S. Glitzenstein, D. Streng
only slightly greater (- 10%), however, inside gaps than outside gaps in May-burned blocks four months after the May fires. We therefore conclude that golden aster potentially performs better within fire-generated gaps than within dense vegetation dominated by wiregrass, at least in years without lightning season (May) fires. We suggest, however, that such differences between gaps and dense vegetation likely have little effect on the long term performance of golden aster in pine savannas frequently burned in May.
{"title":"Effects of fire-generated gaps on growth and reproduction of golden aster (Pityopsis graminifolia)\"","authors":"J. Brewer, W. Platt, J. S. Glitzenstein, D. Streng, W. Platt, J. S. Glitzenstein, D. Streng","doi":"10.2307/2996778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996778","url":null,"abstract":"only slightly greater (- 10%), however, inside gaps than outside gaps in May-burned blocks four months after the May fires. We therefore conclude that golden aster potentially performs better within fire-generated gaps than within dense vegetation dominated by wiregrass, at least in years without lightning season (May) fires. We suggest, however, that such differences between gaps and dense vegetation likely have little effect on the long term performance of golden aster in pine savannas frequently burned in May.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68410619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
JORDAN, R. A. AND J. M. HARTMAN (Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, P.O. Box 231, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903). Effects of canopy opening on recruitment in Clethra alnifolia populations in central New Jersey wetland forests. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 286-294. 1996.-We measured stem growth and recruitment in three populations of Clethra alnifolia established in wetland forests, in canopy gaps, and in a recently cleared powerline right-of-way (ROW) to assess the ways in which C. alnifolia responded to canopy disturbance. Seasonal growth and density of stems and flowering rates were greater in canopy gaps, although greater overall recruitment occurred in the closed canopy forest. Total stem density, extension growth, and flowering significantly increased in the ROW and were directly related to distance from the ROW edge. Seedling density and new stem recruitment also increased significantly in the disturbed area. Clethra alnifolia demonstrated a "light flexible" response to canopy disturbance, regenerating established populations in the forest primarily through vegetative reproduction and producing greater stem density and aerial cover under disturbed canopies, but requiring significant or long-term canopy disruption to initiate increased sexual reproduction.
JORDAN, R. A. AND J. M. HARTMAN(美国罗格斯大学库克学院生态与进化研究生课程，新泽西州新不伦瑞克08903)。冠层开度对新泽西中部湿地森林落叶草种群补充的影响。公牛。托里机器人。俱乐部123:286-294。1996.我们测量了在湿地森林、冠层间隙和最近清除的电力线权(ROW)中建立的三个落叶杉树(Clethra alnifolia)种群的茎生长和补充情况，以评估落叶杉树对冠层干扰的响应方式。冠层间隙的季节生长、茎密度和开花率更高，尽管在封闭的冠层林中发生了更大的总体补充。茎总密度、伸长生长和开花显著增加，且与距行边距离直接相关。苗木密度和新茎吸收量也显著增加。对冠层干扰表现出“轻灵活”的响应，主要通过营养繁殖和在受干扰的冠层下产生更大的茎密度和空中覆盖来再生森林中的已建立种群，但需要显著或长期的冠层破坏来增加有性繁殖。
{"title":"Effects of canopy opening on recruitment in Clethra alnifolia L. (Clethraceae) populations in central New Jersey wetland forests","authors":"R. Jordan, J. Hartman, J. Hartman","doi":"10.2307/2996777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996777","url":null,"abstract":"JORDAN, R. A. AND J. M. HARTMAN (Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, P.O. Box 231, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903). Effects of canopy opening on recruitment in Clethra alnifolia populations in central New Jersey wetland forests. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 286-294. 1996.-We measured stem growth and recruitment in three populations of Clethra alnifolia established in wetland forests, in canopy gaps, and in a recently cleared powerline right-of-way (ROW) to assess the ways in which C. alnifolia responded to canopy disturbance. Seasonal growth and density of stems and flowering rates were greater in canopy gaps, although greater overall recruitment occurred in the closed canopy forest. Total stem density, extension growth, and flowering significantly increased in the ROW and were directly related to distance from the ROW edge. Seedling density and new stem recruitment also increased significantly in the disturbed area. Clethra alnifolia demonstrated a \"light flexible\" response to canopy disturbance, regenerating established populations in the forest primarily through vegetative reproduction and producing greater stem density and aerial cover under disturbed canopies, but requiring significant or long-term canopy disruption to initiate increased sexual reproduction.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996777","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68411075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BOERNER, R. E. J. AND J. A. BRINKMAN. (Department of Plant Biology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 U.S.A.) Ten years of tree seedling establishment and mortality in an Ohio deciduous forest complex. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 309-317. 1996.-This study quantified tree seedling establishment and mortality over a ten year period (1984-1993) in an Ohio deciduous forest complex which included upland beech-maple (Acer-Fagus) forest, lowland ash-elm (Fraxinus-Ulmus) forest, and young pin oak (Quercus palustris) forest. Annual establishment averaged 316 seedlings/100 m2, of which approximately 70% were ashes and 17% were maples. There were distinct peaks of ash and maple establishment in 1988 and 1990, and of elm establishment in 1986, 1988, and 1991. There were no significant correlations between ash or maple establishment and seasonal precipitation patterns whereas peaks of elm establishment correlated with drier-thanaverage springs. Ash seedlings were more abundant in lowland than upland plots, whereas the pattern for maple seedlings was the reverse. Maple seedlings were most abundant in canopy gaps, whereas ash seedlings were most abundant in wet depressions. Median longevity for most seedlings was 5-7 months, and >95% died within one year. Of the 2553 seedlings monitored, only two grew out of the seedling size class during this decade. In this site, deer browsing was more important than environmental gradients or climate factors in determining seedling longevity and mortality.
r. e. j.布尔纳和j. a.布林克曼。(俄亥俄州立大学植物生物系，1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 U.S.A.)俄亥俄州落叶森林复合体10年树苗建立和死亡率。公牛。托里机器人。俱乐部123:309-317。1996.本研究对俄亥俄州一个落叶森林复林进行了为期10年(1984-1993)的树苗建立和死亡率的量化研究，该复林包括高地山毛榉枫林(Acer-Fagus)、低地灰榆林(Fraxinus-Ulmus)和幼针栎林(Quercus palustris)。年平均树苗316株/100 m2，其中灰苗约占70%，枫苗约占17%。白蜡树和枫树群落在1988年和1990年有明显的高峰，榆树群落在1986年、1988年和1991年有明显的高峰。白蜡树和枫树的峰值与季节降水模式无显著相关，而榆树的峰值与比平均水平更干燥的春季相关。低洼地白灰苗比高地多，枫苗则相反。枫树幼苗在林隙中最丰富，而灰树幼苗在湿洼地中最丰富。大多数幼苗的平均寿命为5-7个月，约95%的幼苗在一年内死亡。在监测的2553棵幼苗中，在这十年中只有两棵长出了幼苗的大小。与环境梯度和气候因子相比，鹿食对幼苗寿命和死亡率的影响更大。
{"title":"Ten years of tree seedling establishment and mortality in an Ohio deciduous forest complex","authors":"R. Boerner, J. Brinkman, J. Brinkman","doi":"10.2307/2996780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996780","url":null,"abstract":"BOERNER, R. E. J. AND J. A. BRINKMAN. (Department of Plant Biology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 U.S.A.) Ten years of tree seedling establishment and mortality in an Ohio deciduous forest complex. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 309-317. 1996.-This study quantified tree seedling establishment and mortality over a ten year period (1984-1993) in an Ohio deciduous forest complex which included upland beech-maple (Acer-Fagus) forest, lowland ash-elm (Fraxinus-Ulmus) forest, and young pin oak (Quercus palustris) forest. Annual establishment averaged 316 seedlings/100 m2, of which approximately 70% were ashes and 17% were maples. There were distinct peaks of ash and maple establishment in 1988 and 1990, and of elm establishment in 1986, 1988, and 1991. There were no significant correlations between ash or maple establishment and seasonal precipitation patterns whereas peaks of elm establishment correlated with drier-thanaverage springs. Ash seedlings were more abundant in lowland than upland plots, whereas the pattern for maple seedlings was the reverse. Maple seedlings were most abundant in canopy gaps, whereas ash seedlings were most abundant in wet depressions. Median longevity for most seedlings was 5-7 months, and >95% died within one year. Of the 2553 seedlings monitored, only two grew out of the seedling size class during this decade. In this site, deer browsing was more important than environmental gradients or climate factors in determining seedling longevity and mortality.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68410667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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