Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club最新文献

Study design: Cross-sectional database analysis.

Objective: To define post-operative complication rates in facial fracture repair and to assess this data for patient characteristics which may be associated with post-operative complications.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019. All patients included in this study sample must have (a) been ≥18 years old and (b) underwent surgical repair of a facial fracture during the study period by a plastic surgeon or otolaryngologist. Adverse outcomes at 30 days were characterized into four groups: superficial surgical site infection (SSI), deep SSI, organ space infection, and wound disruption.

Results: In total, 2481 patients met the primary outcome of facial fracture. Among the four fracture types assessed, 1090 fractures (43.9%) were mandibular, 721 were zygomatic (29.1%), 638 were orbital (25.7%), and 32 (1.3%) were Lefort. Of the entire cohort, 25 patients (1.01%) experienced a superficial SSI, 14 patients (.56%) presented with a deep SSI, 25 fractures (1.01%) returned with an organ space infection, and 23 patients (.93%) experienced some type of wound disruption. Smokers had a significantly higher risk of superficial SSIs (P < .05) and organ space infections (P < .05).

Conclusions: The majority of facial fracture patients do not experience post-operative complications. However, smokers and patients with diabetes mellitus were shown to be at an elevated risk of developing complications. Future research should further investigate this relationship and focus on developing interventions to improve post-operative outcomes.

Since the creation of Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) in 1964 and AmeriCorps in 1993, a stated goal of national service programs has been to strengthen the overall health of communities across the United States. But whether national service programs have such community effects remains an open question. Using longitudinal cross-lagged panel and change-score models from 2005 to 2013, this study explores whether communities with national service programs exhibit greater subjective well-being. We use novel measures of subjective well-being derived from tweeted expressions of emotions, engagement, and relationships in 1,347 U.S. counties. Results show that national service programs improve subjective well-being primarily by mitigating threats to well-being and communities that exhibit more engagement are better able to attract national service programs. Although limited in size, these persistent effects are robust to multiple threats to inference and provide important new evidence on how national service improves communities in the United States.

No systematic study discusses the evolution of fair and equitable benefit-sharing across various areas of international law (environment, human rights, oceans), as well as at different levels of regulation (regional and national laws and guidelines, private law contracts, transboundary codes of conduct, customary laws of indigenous peoples and local communities). This article explores the usefulness of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of norm diffusion for understanding how and why fair and equitable benefit-sharing is articulated in different sites. The article discusses mechanisms, actors and frames in norm diffusion, drawing on literature from sociology, international relations and law. The article uncovers underlying similarities in scholarship on norm diffusion across the disciplines considered. It also reflects on the value of an interdisciplinary approach that encourages legal scholars to consider the implications of power structures in the diffusion of law, while the nuances of legal knowledge may lead other social scientists to revisit accepted findings on norm diffusion. These findings appear particularly useful for informing an assessment of the potential of fair and equitable benefit-sharing to promote the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources in a fair and equitable manner in the face of power asymmetries.

To understand low temperature and osmotic stress signaling in plants, we isolated and characterized two allelic Arabidopsis mutants, los5-1 and los5-2, which are impaired in gene induction by cold and osmotic stresses. Expression of RD29A-LUC (the firefly luciferase reporter gene under the control of the stress-responsive RD29A promoter) in response to cold and salt/drought is reduced in the los5 mutants, but the response to abscisic acid (ABA) remains unaltered. RNA gel blot analysis indicates that the los5 mutation reduces the induction of several stress-responsive genes by cold and severely diminishes or even completely blocks the induction of RD29A, COR15, COR47, RD22, and P5CS by osmotic stresses. los5 mutant plants are compromised in their tolerance to freezing, salt, or drought stress. los5 plants are ABA deficient, as indicated by increased transpirational water loss and reduced accumulation of ABA under drought stress in the mutant. A comparison with another ABA-deficient mutant, aba1, reveals that the impaired low-temperature gene regulation is specific to the los5 mutation. Genetic tests suggest that los5 is allelic to aba3. Map-based cloning reveals that LOS5/ABA3 encodes a molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) sulfurase. MoCo sulfurase catalyzes the generation of the sulfurylated form of MoCo, a cofactor required by aldehyde oxidase that functions in the last step of ABA biosynthesis in plants. The LOS5/ABA3 gene is expressed ubiquitously in different plant parts, and the expression level increases in response to drought, salt, or ABA treatment. Our results show that LOS5/ABA3 is a key regulator of ABA biosynthesis, stress-responsive gene expression, and stress tolerance.