{"title":"Stem and Leaf Anatomy of Saruma henryi Oliv., Including Observations on Raylessness in the Aristolochiaceae","authors":"W. Dickison","doi":"10.2307/2996773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996773","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996773","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68410799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MCCARTHY, B. C. AND D. R. BAILEY. (Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979). Composition, structure, and disturbance history of Crabtree Woods: an old-growth forest of western Maryland. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 350-365. 1996.-Crabtree Woods is an old stand of mixed Appalachian hardwoods which has been identified as one of the finest examples of this vegetation type in Maryland. Because few botanical studies have been conducted on the Allegheny Plateau of Maryland and because the old-growth nature of this stand is unique in its present landscape, we undertook this study to describe the composition, structure, and disturbance history of the stand. A one hectare permanent plot was established in which all trees, saplings, snags, and logs were quantified. Woody seedlings and herbs were subsampled from 25 quadrats to describe the understory. Increment cores were obtained from all Quercus rubra trees within the plot and used for dendroecological analysis. The stand shows many structural and compositional features characteristic of old-growth forest. The overstory was dominated by Acer saccharum, Q. rubra, and Tilia americana. The stand exhibited a reverse-J diameter distribution typical of old forests and a number of trees were observed to have a diameter >100 cm DBH. Acer saccharum and Hamamelis virginiana were the prominent understory constituents. Quercus rubra was essentially absent from seedling and sapling size classes and does not appear to be regenerating. Logs and snags were abundant and occurred in a variety of decay states and diameter classes. Thirty-nine species of herbs were discovered, with Dicentra canadensis, Urtica dioica, and Impatiens pallida being the most abundant. Stem increment analysis shows multiple periods of recruitment likely associated with gap dynamics. However, certain synchronous releases suggest possible light anthropogenic disturbance (e.g., selective cutting or chestnut salvage).
麦卡锡，b.c.和贝利博士。(美国俄亥俄大学环境与植物生物系，俄亥俄州雅典45701-2979)克拉柏树林的组成、结构和扰动史:马里兰州西部的一种原始森林。公牛。托里机器人。俱乐部123:350-365。1996.crabtree Woods是一个古老的混合阿巴拉契亚硬木林，被认为是马里兰州这种植被类型中最好的例子之一。由于在马里兰州阿勒格尼高原进行的植物学研究很少，并且由于该林分的古老生长性质在其当前景观中具有独特性，因此我们进行了这项研究，以描述该林分的组成，结构和干扰历史。建立了一个1公顷的永久地块，对所有树木、树苗、树枝和原木进行了量化。从25个样方取样木本幼苗和草本植物来描述林下植被。从样地内所有栎树获得增量岩心，用于树木生态学分析。林分表现出许多原生林的结构和组成特征。上层林分以糖槭、红木和美洲椴为主。林分直径呈典型的老林的倒j型分布，有一些林木的直径达到100 ~ 100 cm DBH。糖槭和金缕梅是主要的林下成分。红栎在苗木和幼树大小等级中基本不存在，也不表现出再生的迹象。原木和残障丰富，且发生在不同的衰变状态和直径级。共发现草本植物39种，以加拿大凤仙花(Dicentra canadensis)、荨麻(Urtica diotica)和凤仙花(Impatiens pallida)最多。Stem增量分析显示，多个招聘周期可能与差距动态有关。然而，某些同步释放表明可能有轻微的人为干扰(例如，选择性切割或栗子残留)。
{"title":"Composition, structure, and disturbance history of Crabtree Woods: an old-growth forest of western Maryland'","authors":"B. Mccarthy, D. Bailey, D. Bailey","doi":"10.2307/2996783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996783","url":null,"abstract":"MCCARTHY, B. C. AND D. R. BAILEY. (Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979). Composition, structure, and disturbance history of Crabtree Woods: an old-growth forest of western Maryland. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 350-365. 1996.-Crabtree Woods is an old stand of mixed Appalachian hardwoods which has been identified as one of the finest examples of this vegetation type in Maryland. Because few botanical studies have been conducted on the Allegheny Plateau of Maryland and because the old-growth nature of this stand is unique in its present landscape, we undertook this study to describe the composition, structure, and disturbance history of the stand. A one hectare permanent plot was established in which all trees, saplings, snags, and logs were quantified. Woody seedlings and herbs were subsampled from 25 quadrats to describe the understory. Increment cores were obtained from all Quercus rubra trees within the plot and used for dendroecological analysis. The stand shows many structural and compositional features characteristic of old-growth forest. The overstory was dominated by Acer saccharum, Q. rubra, and Tilia americana. The stand exhibited a reverse-J diameter distribution typical of old forests and a number of trees were observed to have a diameter >100 cm DBH. Acer saccharum and Hamamelis virginiana were the prominent understory constituents. Quercus rubra was essentially absent from seedling and sapling size classes and does not appear to be regenerating. Logs and snags were abundant and occurred in a variety of decay states and diameter classes. Thirty-nine species of herbs were discovered, with Dicentra canadensis, Urtica dioica, and Impatiens pallida being the most abundant. Stem increment analysis shows multiple periods of recruitment likely associated with gap dynamics. However, certain synchronous releases suggest possible light anthropogenic disturbance (e.g., selective cutting or chestnut salvage).","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996783","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68411553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TESTER, J. R. (Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108). Effects of fire frequency on plant species in oak savanna in east-central Minnesota. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 304-308. 1996.-From 1964 through 1984, nine forest sites, ranging in size from 2.6 to 27.5 ha, were each burned from two to 19 times. Percent cover of 13 of 14 true-prairie grasses was positively correlated with burn frequency. Of these, eight have C4 and six have C3 photosynthetic pathways. Cover of 34 of 39 true-prairie forbs, and of Amorpha canescens, increased with frequency of burning. All except Aster oolentangiensis are C3 species. Cover of six of seven native, not prairie, species, all C3, decreased with increasing burn frequency. These data suggest that the adaptation of true-prairie species to repeated burning outweighs the effects of their photosynthetic pathways.
{"title":"Effects of Fire Frequency on Plant Species in Oak Savanna in East-Central Minnesota","authors":"J. Tester","doi":"10.2307/2996779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996779","url":null,"abstract":"TESTER, J. R. (Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108). Effects of fire frequency on plant species in oak savanna in east-central Minnesota. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 304-308. 1996.-From 1964 through 1984, nine forest sites, ranging in size from 2.6 to 27.5 ha, were each burned from two to 19 times. Percent cover of 13 of 14 true-prairie grasses was positively correlated with burn frequency. Of these, eight have C4 and six have C3 photosynthetic pathways. Cover of 34 of 39 true-prairie forbs, and of Amorpha canescens, increased with frequency of burning. All except Aster oolentangiensis are C3 species. Cover of six of seven native, not prairie, species, all C3, decreased with increasing burn frequency. These data suggest that the adaptation of true-prairie species to repeated burning outweighs the effects of their photosynthetic pathways.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68410632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CRUDEN, R. W., A. M. MCCLAIN (Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242) AND G. P. SHRIVASTAVA (School of Environmental Biology, APS. University, Rewa (M.P.), India 486 001). Pollination biology and breeding system of Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 273-280. 1996.-Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara and Grande is widely naturalized in the northeastern 1/4 of the United States and adjacent Canada, where it is an aggressive invader of moist woods. The plants are facultatively xenogamous, and the white flowers attract a variety of short-tongued bees and flies. High fruit and seed set by open-pollinated, emasculated flowers demonstrated that flower visitors move pollen between flowers. Cross-pollination resulted from the bees visiting only one or two flowers per plant. High fruit and seed set by bagged flowers demonstrated that flowers self-pollinate in the absence of pollinators. The nectar contained 51% fructose, 44% glucose, and little sucrose, which is typical of the nectars of flowers pollinated by short-tongued bees. The nectar contained no free amino acids, but did contain numbers of peptides, which, when hydrolyzed, yielded most of the amino acids present in floral nectars.
CRUDEN, R. W.， A. M. MCCLAIN(美国爱荷华大学生物科学系，爱荷华州爱荷华市52242)和G. P. SHRIVASTAVA(美国爱荷华大学环境生物学院，美国爱荷华州爱荷华市52242)印度雷瓦大学，印度486001)。芸苔科小葱(Alliaria petiolata)的传粉生物学及育种系统。公牛。托里机器人。俱乐部123:273-280。1996.——小葱属(alliaria petiolata)卡瓦拉和格兰德在美国东北部四分之一的地区和邻近的加拿大被广泛归化，在那里它是潮湿森林的侵略性入侵者。这些植物是兼性异种交配的，白色的花朵吸引了各种短舌蜜蜂和苍蝇。由开放授粉、阉割的花所形成的高果实和种子表明，访花者在花之间传播花粉。异花授粉是由于蜜蜂每株植物只访问一到两朵花。在无传粉者的情况下，袋装花的高结果和高结实率表明花是自花传粉的。花蜜含有51%的果糖，44%的葡萄糖和少量的蔗糖，这是由短舌蜜蜂授粉的花的典型花蜜。花蜜不含游离氨基酸，但含有一定数量的肽，这些肽在水解后产生了花蜜中存在的大部分氨基酸。
{"title":"Pollination biology and breeding system of Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae)","authors":"R. Cruden, A. M. McClain, G. P. Shrivastava","doi":"10.2307/2996775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996775","url":null,"abstract":"CRUDEN, R. W., A. M. MCCLAIN (Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242) AND G. P. SHRIVASTAVA (School of Environmental Biology, APS. University, Rewa (M.P.), India 486 001). Pollination biology and breeding system of Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 273-280. 1996.-Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara and Grande is widely naturalized in the northeastern 1/4 of the United States and adjacent Canada, where it is an aggressive invader of moist woods. The plants are facultatively xenogamous, and the white flowers attract a variety of short-tongued bees and flies. High fruit and seed set by open-pollinated, emasculated flowers demonstrated that flower visitors move pollen between flowers. Cross-pollination resulted from the bees visiting only one or two flowers per plant. High fruit and seed set by bagged flowers demonstrated that flowers self-pollinate in the absence of pollinators. The nectar contained 51% fructose, 44% glucose, and little sucrose, which is typical of the nectars of flowers pollinated by short-tongued bees. The nectar contained no free amino acids, but did contain numbers of peptides, which, when hydrolyzed, yielded most of the amino acids present in floral nectars.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996775","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68411019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WALTERS, B. B. AND E. W. STILES (Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855). Effect of canopy gaps and flower patch size on pollinator visitation of Impatiens capensis. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123:184-188. 1996.-We measured pollinator visits of Impatiens capensis flowers found in different-sized patches beneath canopy gaps and beneath closed canopy in a mature, old-growth deciduous forest in New Jersey. Honeybees, bumblebees and halictid bees made up the majority of visitors. Visitation rates per flower increased slightly, but not significantly, in relation to flower patch size (number of open flowers) and floral density. By contrast, pollinator visitation rates, floral density and seed production per pod were all significantly higher in patches located beneath forest canopy gaps compared to patches located beneath closed canopy.
{"title":"Effect of canopy gaps and flower patch size on pollinator visitation of Impatiens capensis","authors":"B. B. Walters, E. Stiles","doi":"10.2307/2996793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996793","url":null,"abstract":"WALTERS, B. B. AND E. W. STILES (Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855). Effect of canopy gaps and flower patch size on pollinator visitation of Impatiens capensis. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123:184-188. 1996.-We measured pollinator visits of Impatiens capensis flowers found in different-sized patches beneath canopy gaps and beneath closed canopy in a mature, old-growth deciduous forest in New Jersey. Honeybees, bumblebees and halictid bees made up the majority of visitors. Visitation rates per flower increased slightly, but not significantly, in relation to flower patch size (number of open flowers) and floral density. By contrast, pollinator visitation rates, floral density and seed production per pod were all significantly higher in patches located beneath forest canopy gaps compared to patches located beneath closed canopy.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68411159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BARDEN, L. S. (Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223). A comparison of growth efficiency of plants on the east and west sides of a forest canopy gap. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123:240-242. 1996.-The theoretical distribution of light in a circular forest canopy gap is symmetrically equal on the east and west sides of the gap. However, small plants on the west side of the gap receive maximum light in the morning when air temperature and vapor pressure deficit are relatively low, while plants on the east side receive maximum light in the afternoon when temperature and VPD are high. To test the hypothesis that plants on the west side of a gap are able to use light more efficiently, Microstegium vimineum, a shade-adapted annual grass, was grown in pots in a forest canopy gap, both in the actual open gap and in the extended gap. In the actual gap there was no difference in growth efficiency. However, in the extended gap growth efficiency was 39% greater on the west side than on the east side under equal light (integrated photon flux density). Thus, asymmetry of microclimate on the east and west sides of a canopy gap causes an east-west asymmetry in plant growth efficiency and may induce asymmetry in species composition of understory vegetation.
{"title":"A comparison of growth efficiency of plants on the east and west sides of a forest canopy gap","authors":"L. S. Barden","doi":"10.2307/2996799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996799","url":null,"abstract":"BARDEN, L. S. (Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223). A comparison of growth efficiency of plants on the east and west sides of a forest canopy gap. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123:240-242. 1996.-The theoretical distribution of light in a circular forest canopy gap is symmetrically equal on the east and west sides of the gap. However, small plants on the west side of the gap receive maximum light in the morning when air temperature and vapor pressure deficit are relatively low, while plants on the east side receive maximum light in the afternoon when temperature and VPD are high. To test the hypothesis that plants on the west side of a gap are able to use light more efficiently, Microstegium vimineum, a shade-adapted annual grass, was grown in pots in a forest canopy gap, both in the actual open gap and in the extended gap. In the actual gap there was no difference in growth efficiency. However, in the extended gap growth efficiency was 39% greater on the west side than on the east side under equal light (integrated photon flux density). Thus, asymmetry of microclimate on the east and west sides of a canopy gap causes an east-west asymmetry in plant growth efficiency and may induce asymmetry in species composition of understory vegetation.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996799","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68411375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WYCKOFF, PETER H. AND SARA L. WEBB (Biology Department, Drew University, Madison NJ 07940). Understory influence of the invasive Norway maple (Acer platanoides). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123:197-205. 1996.Norway maple (Acer platanoides) is invasive within a Fagus grandifolia-Acer saccharum-Quercus spp. forest preserve in New Jersey. To assess the community-level consequences of this invasion, we compared understory composition, richness, and structure beneath canopies of invasive Acer platanoides and of native Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia. Understory species richness was significantly lower beneath Acer platanoides and highest beneath Fagus grandifolia. Stem densities were high beneath Acer platanoides but consisted primarily of its own seedlings and saplings. When these Acer platanoides stems were removed from the analysis, there was a trend toward lower stem densities beneath the exotic tree compared with the native canopies. Individual shrub and forb species were too patchy for any canopy affinities to demonstrate significance within this small forest preserve, with two exceptions: Epifagus virginiana, a beech (Fagus) root parasite, was less abundant under Acer platanoides than under either Fagus grandifolia or Acer saccharum; and the shrub Lindera benzoin was less abundant under Acer platanoides and Fagus grandifolia than under Acer saccharum. Among tree seedlings, the exotic Acer platanoides far outnumbered all others, beneath its own canopy and also beneath the two native trees. A surprising paucity of Fagus grandifolia reproduction seems unrelated to the biological invasion. Acer saccharum has some prospects for self-replacement judging from sapling distributions but has sparse reproduction under the other canopy species relative to its exotic congener.
{"title":"Understory influence of the invasive Norway maple (Acer platanoides).","authors":"P. Wyckoff, S. Webb","doi":"10.2307/2996795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996795","url":null,"abstract":"WYCKOFF, PETER H. AND SARA L. WEBB (Biology Department, Drew University, Madison NJ 07940). Understory influence of the invasive Norway maple (Acer platanoides). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123:197-205. 1996.Norway maple (Acer platanoides) is invasive within a Fagus grandifolia-Acer saccharum-Quercus spp. forest preserve in New Jersey. To assess the community-level consequences of this invasion, we compared understory composition, richness, and structure beneath canopies of invasive Acer platanoides and of native Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia. Understory species richness was significantly lower beneath Acer platanoides and highest beneath Fagus grandifolia. Stem densities were high beneath Acer platanoides but consisted primarily of its own seedlings and saplings. When these Acer platanoides stems were removed from the analysis, there was a trend toward lower stem densities beneath the exotic tree compared with the native canopies. Individual shrub and forb species were too patchy for any canopy affinities to demonstrate significance within this small forest preserve, with two exceptions: Epifagus virginiana, a beech (Fagus) root parasite, was less abundant under Acer platanoides than under either Fagus grandifolia or Acer saccharum; and the shrub Lindera benzoin was less abundant under Acer platanoides and Fagus grandifolia than under Acer saccharum. Among tree seedlings, the exotic Acer platanoides far outnumbered all others, beneath its own canopy and also beneath the two native trees. A surprising paucity of Fagus grandifolia reproduction seems unrelated to the biological invasion. Acer saccharum has some prospects for self-replacement judging from sapling distributions but has sparse reproduction under the other canopy species relative to its exotic congener.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996795","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68411228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WYATr, R. (Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602), C. T IVEY AND S. R. LiPOW (Department of Botany, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602). The breeding system of desert milkweed, Asclepias subulata. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 180-183. 1996.-Like most other species of Asclepias, A. subulata is largely genetically self-incompatible; of 99 cross-pollinations, 15 were successful, versus only 1 of 99 self-pollinations. The number of apparently viable seeds per cross-pollinated fruit was unexpectedly variable and low, averaging 98.5, as was percent seed germination, which averaged 58.3%. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that self-pollen tubes grew as rapidly as outcross-pollen tubes and entered the micropyles of ovules within the ovary. It appears that this unusual late-acting form of self-incompatibility, which is characteristic of milkweeds, arose early in the basal Asclepiadaceae/Apocynaceae clade and has been retained in both morphologically plesiomorphic and apomorphic lineages.
WYATr, R.(美国佐治亚大学生态学研究所，雅典，佐治亚州30602)，C. T . IVEY, S. R. LiPOW(美国佐治亚大学植物系，雅典，佐治亚州30602)。沙漠马利筋(Asclepias subulata)的繁殖系统。公牛。托里机器人。俱乐部123:180-183。1996.像大多数其他种类的Asclepias一样，A. subulata在基因上很大程度上是自交不亲和的;在99次异花授粉中，15次成功，而99次自花授粉中只有1次成功。每个异花授粉的果实中明显有活力的种子数量出乎意料地变化和低，平均为98.5个，种子发芽率也很低，平均为58.3%。荧光显微镜观察发现，自交花粉管的生长速度与异交花粉管一样快，并进入子房内胚珠的珠孔。乳草的这种不寻常的晚期自交不亲和形式似乎出现在早期的基础Asclepiadaceae/Apocynaceae分支中，并保留在形态上的多形和无形谱系中。
{"title":"The breeding system of desert milkweed, Asclepias subulata","authors":"R. Wyatt, C. Ivey, S. Lipow, C. Ivey","doi":"10.2307/2996792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996792","url":null,"abstract":"WYATr, R. (Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602), C. T IVEY AND S. R. LiPOW (Department of Botany, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602). The breeding system of desert milkweed, Asclepias subulata. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 180-183. 1996.-Like most other species of Asclepias, A. subulata is largely genetically self-incompatible; of 99 cross-pollinations, 15 were successful, versus only 1 of 99 self-pollinations. The number of apparently viable seeds per cross-pollinated fruit was unexpectedly variable and low, averaging 98.5, as was percent seed germination, which averaged 58.3%. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that self-pollen tubes grew as rapidly as outcross-pollen tubes and entered the micropyles of ovules within the ovary. It appears that this unusual late-acting form of self-incompatibility, which is characteristic of milkweeds, arose early in the basal Asclepiadaceae/Apocynaceae clade and has been retained in both morphologically plesiomorphic and apomorphic lineages.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68411147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Icones Pleurothallidium. XII. Systematics of Brachionidium. Addenda to Dresslerella, Platystele and Porroglossum (Orchidaceae).","authors":"K. Barringer, C. Luer","doi":"10.2307/2996801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996801","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68411487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Manual of California Vegetation.","authors":"A. Greller, J. O. Sawyer, T. Keeler-Wolf","doi":"10.2307/2996802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996802","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68411635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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