Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention最新文献

Background: Risk factors have a limited ability to predict individuals at high risk of developing ovarian cancer among average-risk women, highlighting the need for discovery of novel biomarkers. In the UK Biobank, we investigated serum biomarkers commonly measured in clinical laboratory tests and ovarian cancer risk.

Methods: We conducted a prospective analysis of 20 serum biomarkers and ovarian cancer risk in 232,037 female UK Biobank participants (including 1,122 incident ovarian cancer cases diagnosed from 2006 to 2020). Multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations between biomarkers and ovarian cancer risk overall and by histotype. FDR was used to account for multiple testing.

Results: Overall, higher levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 [RRquartile 4 vs. 1 = 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.60-0.87; P-trend = 0.002/FDR = 0.04], HbA1c (RRquartile 4 vs. 1 = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.62-0.89; P-trend = 0.002/FDR = 0.04), and alanine aminotransferase (RRquartile 4 vs. 1 = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63-0.91; P-trend = 0.002/FDR = 0.04) were significantly associated with lower ovarian cancer risk. When stratified by histotype, higher IGF1 levels were associated with lower risk of serous (RRquartile 4 vs. 1 = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58-0.91; P-trend = 0.01/FDR = 0.20) and clear cell tumors (RRquartile 4 vs. 1 = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.07-0.49; P-trend = 0.001/FDR = 0.02), and higher HbA1c levels were associated with lower risk of serous tumors (RRquartile 4 vs. 1 = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59-0.90; P-trend = 0.004/FDR = 0.08).

Conclusions: We observed that higher levels of circulating IGF1, HbA1c, and alanine aminotransferase were associated with lower ovarian cancer risk.

Impact: These results suggest metabolism of glucose/amino acid and insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway may be contributing to ovarian carcinogenesis. Further research is needed to replicate our findings and elucidate how systemic changes in metabolism impact ovarian carcinogenesis.

Background: Assessing breast cancer risks from lifestyle and reproductive factors is critical for developing population-specific risk prediction tools. However, limited studies have evaluated these risks in recent Asian birth cohorts.

Methods: We systematically reviewed articles published from January 2010 to December 2023, examining breast cancer risk factors in Asian women. Data were described narratively, estimates pooled, and prevalence and attributable proportions compared across Asian populations.

Results: Of the 128 studies reviewed, 103 reported adjusted effect sizes for meta-analysis. Lifestyle and reproductive factors were predictive of breast cancer risk in Asian women, with varying impacts on premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Relative risks were similar within Asian populations and in comparison to European populations, except for menarche, menopause, and hormone receptor therapy. However, risk factor distributions differed across populations. While alcohol intake (21%) and oral contraceptive use (20%) emerged as the most attributable modifiable risk factors in Europeans, passive smoking (24%) and higher BMI (17%, ≥24 kg/m2 among postmenopausal women) were predominant in Asians.

Conclusions: Our study shows that while the effects of lifestyle and reproductive breast cancer risk factors are largely similar across different populations, their distributions vary.

Impact: Our analysis underscores the importance of considering population-specific risk factor distributions when developing risk prediction tools for Asian populations.

Background: Tobacco biomarkers reflect smoking intensity and are used to assess cessation status. No study has evaluated variation by Latino heritage.

Methods: Data from the 2007-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to evaluate geometric mean concentrations of serum cotinine and urinary total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), stratified by smoking status and race and ethnicity, and receiver operating characteristic curves estimated values to distinguish smokers from non-smokers by race and ethnicity and Latino heritage.

Results: The sample (n=18,597) was 50.1% female, 16.6% Latino (58.6% Mexican, 10.4% Central American, 9.1% South American, 7.3% Puerto Rican, 3.5% Dominican, 2.7% Cuban, 8.4% Other Latinos, overall), 12.7% Black, and 70.7% White. Black non-smokers and smokers had the highest cotinine concentrations (0.1 ng/mL and 177.1 ng/mL) and among non-smokers, Black individuals had the highest NNAL concentrations (1.4 pg/mL). Latino smokers had the lowest cotinine (32.7 ng/mL) and NNAL (63.9 pg/mL) concentrations. Among Latino smokers, Puerto Rican individuals had higher concentrations of cotinine (100.0 ng/mL) and NNAL (136.4 pg/mL). Cotinine levels defining smoking (Black: 9.1 ng/mL, Latino: 0.9 ng/mL, White: 3.8 ng/mL) and NNAL (Black: 24.1 pg/mL, Latino: 5.7 pg/mL, White: 15.5 pg/mL) varied. Puerto Rican adults (cotinine: 8.5 ng/mL, NNAL: 17.2 pg/mL) had higher levels than Central American (cotinine: 1.0 ng/mL, NNAL: 5.5 pg/mL) and Mexican (cotinine: 0.9 ng/mL, NNAL: 6.0 pg/mL) adults.

Conclusions: Cotinine and NNAL concentrations that define smoking differed by race and ethnicity and by heritage among Latinos, showing meaningful differences.

Impact: Cessation interventions with biomarker validation need to consider Latino heritage.

Background: Several studies have suggested an association between infertility and risk of endometrial cancer. However, most studies have evaluated this relationship in premenopausal people, yet the mean age of endometrial cancer is 60 years old, after the average age of menopause.

Methods: Our study included Women's Health Initiative participants who self-reported whether they had a history of infertility. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between infertility and incident endometrial cancer. Given that all infertility diagnoses occurred prior to study enrollment, we conducted secondary analyses using logistic regression examining prevalent endometrial cancer cases diagnosed before study baseline.

Results: Approximately 18% of participants reported a history of infertility. No statistically significant association was observed between infertility and risk of incident endometrial cancer overall (incident cases=1622; hazard ratio [HR]=1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.99-1.26). While point estimates suggested an increase in risk of endometrial cancer among women with BMI ≥25 (HR=1.15; 95% CI=0.99-1.33), none of the associations were statistically significant. There was an association between history of infertility and prevalent endometrial cancer cases (odds ratio [OR]=1.19; 95% CI=1.06-1.34), with the strongest association for infertility diagnosis due to endometriosis (OR=2.42; 95% CI=1.83-3.19).

Conclusions: In a population of postmenopausal participants, we observed a modest, but not statistically significant, association between overall infertility and incident endometrial cancer, with the suggestion of a higher risk among those with a BMI ≥25.

Impact: Our findings highlight, as observed in previous studies, that risk factors for endometrial cancer may vary by body mass index.

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the oral cavity in young adults represent a heterogeneous entity. New prognostic biomarkers are described in the literature. The aim was to identify emerging biomarkers and prognostic stratification factors of young population. Clinical, biological, microbiological, histopathological, and molecular markers statistically associated with overall and disease-free survival (OS) and validated in literature. Young adults < 40 years who were non-smokers showed a marginally worse prognosis, while age < 30 years was unfavorable compared to > 30 years. High rate of Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was associated with decreased 5-year disease-specific survival, PDL1 expression correlated with improved OS and recurrence-free survival, presence of Fusobacterium, Mutations in p53, Cyclin D1, and VEGF was associated with reduced OS. Combining these markers in young adult oral cavity SCCs should be used to adapt the intensification of therapy in addition to the TNM classification and minor histo-prognostic factors.