Canadian Journal of Public Health最新文献

{"title":"Psychological symptoms associated with self-reported events of COVID-19 contact, symptoms, or diagnosis: a large community-based survey among adults in Quebec, Canada","authors":"Mélissa Généreux, Elsa Landaverde","doi":"10.17269/s41997-022-00637-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-022-00637-5","url":null,"abstract":"Psychological consequences of COVID-19 contact, symptoms, or diagnosis are being increasingly reported. Few studies have examined the psychological effects tied to these events, using an unaffected comparison group. Most did not consider confounding factors like fear and stigma. This study aims to (1) identify individual characteristics associated with COVID-19 contact/symptoms or diagnosis and (2) examine the independent association between COVID-19 contact/symptoms or diagnosis and psychological symptoms. From September 2020 to February 2021, 20,327 adults participated in community-based surveys in Quebec. Using repeated cross-sectional online questionnaire, data were collected on probable generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depression episode (MDE), using the GAD-7 and the PHQ-9 scales, respectively. Self-reported events of (1) contact with a case or symptoms of COVID-19, and (2) diagnosis of COVID-19 were examined, along with several sociodemographic and pandemic-related factors. COVID-19 contact, symptoms, or diagnosis was more frequent in young adults, healthcare or social services workers, adults living with children, and those reporting a greater sense of threat, stigma, financial losses, or daily stress. COVID-19 contact or symptoms and diagnosis were associated with probable MDE relative to the unaffected group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.12–1.39 and aOR:1.82, 95% CI: 1.48–2.2, respectively). Suicidal thoughts and psychomotor retardation were the symptoms most closely associated with a COVID-19 diagnosis. Results from this study stress the need for better understanding, recognition, and support for people suffering from psychological symptoms following a COVID-19 diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":9525,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Public Health","volume":"61 1","pages":"394 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88528188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"School water, sanitation, and hygiene inequalities: a bane of sustainable development goal six in Nigeria","authors":"O. Z. Wada, D. Olawade, E. Oladeji, Aminat Opeyemi Amusa, E. Oloruntoba","doi":"10.17269/s41997-022-00633-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-022-00633-9","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of school water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in achieving the Sustainable Development Goal targets 6.1 and 6.2 in developing countries cannot be overemphasized. However, widespread WASH inequalities remain an impediment to achieving the targets by 2030. Hence, this study was conducted to examine current school-WASH disparities among public and private schools in a low-income Nigerian community using mixed methods. The cross-sectional survey utilized multi-stage sampling to select 400 students from five public and five private schools in Akinyele, Ibadan. Semi-structured questionnaires and observational checklists were used to obtain data. Inferential statistics were measured at a 95% confidence interval. Independent variables like the students’ sociodemographic characteristics, school type, and available WASH facilities were associated with dependent variables like respondents’ hand hygiene and sanitation practices and WASH-associated knowledge and attitude to examine existing inequalities. Classifying the available WASH facilities based on the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, none of the public schools provided any sanitation and hygiene service, while all the private schools provided both services. Furthermore, the private-school students had significantly better WASH knowledge (p<0.001; Ƞ2p=0.152) and attitude (p<0.001; Ƞ2p=0.036) compared with the public-school students. Also, a significantly higher portion of public-school students practiced open defecation at school (p<0.001; odds ratio (OR)=7.4; confidence interval (CI)=4.1–13.5) and at home (p<0.001; OR=7.8; CI=3.7–16.7). WASH disparities among socioeconomic groups remain a persistent challenge. Sole reliance on the Government to narrow the inequalities has persistently proven unfruitful. There is a need to empower local community stakeholders to facilitate sustainable school-WASH interventions.","PeriodicalId":9525,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Public Health","volume":"6 5 1","pages":"622 - 635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80350758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among blood donors in Québec: an update from a serial cross-sectional study","authors":"A. Lewin, G. De Serres, Y. Grégoire, J. Perreault, M. Drouin, Marie-Josée Fournier, Tony Tremblay, J. Beaudoin, A. Boivin, G. Goyette, A. Finzi, R. Bazin, M. Germain, G. Delage, C. Renaud","doi":"10.17269/s41997-022-00622-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-022-00622-y","url":null,"abstract":"We previously estimated the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies following the first pandemic wave at 2.23% in Québec, Canada. Following the much bigger second wave in fall 2020 and early 2021, we estimated the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 in Québec during the first months of 2021. Blood samples from regular, asymptomatic (for ≥ 14 days) donors were collected between January 25, 2021 and March 11, 2021. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that captures antibodies directed against the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (and hence cannot discriminate between infection- and vaccine-induced seropositivity). Seroprevalence estimates were adjusted for regional distribution, age, and sex. Samples from 7924 eligible donors were analyzed, including 620 (7.8%) vaccinated donors and 7046 (88.9%) unvaccinated donors (vaccination status unknown for 258 (3.3%) donors). Overall, median age was 51 years; 46.4% of donors were female. The adjusted seroprevalence was 10.5% (95% CI = 9.7–11.3) in the unvaccinated population and 14.7% (95% CI = 13.8–15.6) in the overall population. Seroprevalence gradually decreased with age and was higher among donors who self-identified as having a racial/ethnic background other than white, both in the overall and in the unvaccinated populations. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies significantly increased in Québec since spring 2020, with younger persons and ethnic minorities being disproportionately affected. When compared with the cumulative incidence rate reported by public health authorities (i.e., 3.3% as of March 11, 2021), these results suggest that a substantial proportion of infections remain undetected despite improvements in access to COVID-19 testing.","PeriodicalId":9525,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Public Health","volume":"24 1","pages":"385 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85073092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and implementation of a Heat Alert and Response System in rural British Columbia","authors":"H. Deegan, J. Green, Sylvia El Kurdi, Michelle Allen, S. Pollock","doi":"10.17269/s41997-022-00611-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-022-00611-1","url":null,"abstract":"In 2018, a regional health authority in British Columbia (BC) initiated a multi-year project to support planning and response to extreme heat. Climate projections indicate that temperatures in the southern interior of BC will continue to increase, with concomitant negative impacts on human health. Successful climate change adaptation must include cross-sectoral action, inclusive of the health sector, to plan for and respond to climate-related events, including extreme heat. The objective of this project was to support the development and implementation of a Heat Alert and Response System (HARS) in a small, rural community. The health authority facilitated collaboration among provincial and local governments, community organizations, and First Nations partners to assess community assets, draft a plan for extreme heat, and prepare for a community-supported response during heat events. Stakeholders expressed the importance of utilizing existing partnerships and community resources, such as physical and procedural infrastructure, in which to embed the HARS. It was imperative that the plan be simple, concise, and considerate of the community’s unique context. Educational materials and a tailored method of dissemination were important for collective and individual risk mitigation. A community-driven approach that utilized existing assets allowed for integration of HARS within municipal response plans and established infrastructure. The result is a sustainable public health intervention that has the potential to mitigate the negative health effects of extreme heat. Knowledge acquired through this initiative is informing similar HARS planning processes in other rural BC communities.","PeriodicalId":9525,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Public Health","volume":"124 1","pages":"446 - 454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77336809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global health for all by 2030","authors":"S. Elliott","doi":"10.17269/s41997-022-00623-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-022-00623-x","url":null,"abstract":"As a professor of medical/health geography for 30-plus years, I have been teaching my students about global environment and public health. I may not have always called it that, but that’s what it is. And over the years, I have exhausted my students with three mantras: all health is global health; global health is public health; and the more things change, the more they stay the same. The current (yes, current) COVID-19 pandemic has vindicated these mantras and helped students see that yes, they did learn something in those lectures (phew!). Geographers and historians have much in common, looking at relationships between humans and the environments within which they live work and play—across space, and over time. As such, medical geographers begin teaching their discipline by first looking historically at health and illness. Many draw specifically on John Snow, seen as the grandparent of epidemiology as well as medical geography, given that he was the first to say: what if we put the incidences of mortality from cholera (ca. 1850 London) on a map to see if they create a pattern and then let’s see if that pattern points us toward a cause or determining factor? (Johnson, 2006). And like many historians, medical geographers sometimes turn to historical fiction to entertain their students with concepts and ideas that explain patterns and processes producing health and illness. This medical geographer often quotes from one of the most romantic books ever written—Love in the Time of Cholera by Gabriel Garcia Marquez (Garcia Marquez, 2003; listed in IMDB as source of one of the most romantic love scenes ever filmed)—which demonstrates the concept of diffusion of infectious disease, understandings of which are still manifest in the COVID-19 pandemic, vis-à-vis current global travel restrictions. Oh, they might have been slightly different back then—in the case of cholera in GarciaMarquez’ book, the ship in the Panama Canal ca. 1850 could not come into port until the yellow flag could be lowered indicating there was no more cholera on the ship, those affected either having recovered or (more likely) having died and been put overboard. But the concept remains the same. With few exceptions (Atiim & Elliott, 2016), we thought we were through the 5 stage of the epidemiologic transition (if you’ve never watched this video by Hans Rosling, “200 Countries, 200 years, 4 minutes”, you are missing out! www. youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo), but we now realize that global health is topsy-turvy: infectious disease has re-emerged as a priority public health issue in the entire world, INCLUDING THE DEVELOPED WORLD, while in developing countries, we continue to see the rise of non-communicable diseases, like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke (Gouda et al., 2019). Does that mean those developing countries are now developed? Or that all health is global health? As a result of globalization in general, we see these shifts in public and population health ha","PeriodicalId":9525,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Public Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"175 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89583325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The economic burden of excessive sugar consumption in Canada: should the scope of preventive action be broadened?","authors":"Siyuan Liu, L. Munasinghe, K. Maximova, Jennifer P. Taylor, A. Ohinmaa, P. Veugelers","doi":"10.17269/s41997-022-00615-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-022-00615-x","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive sugar consumption is an established risk factor for various chronic diseases (CDs). No earlier study has quantified its economic burden in terms of health care costs for treatment and management of CDs, and costs associated with lost productivity and premature mortality. This information, however, is essential to public health decision-makers when planning and prioritizing interventions. The present study aimed to estimate the economic burden of excessive free sugar consumption in Canada. Free sugars refer to all monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods plus sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, and fruit juice. Based on free sugar consumption reported in the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey–Nutrition and established risk estimates for 16 main CDs, we calculated the avoidable direct health care costs and indirect costs. If Canadians were to comply with the free sugar recommendation (consumption below 10% of total energy intake (TEI)), an estimated $2.5 billion (95% CI: 1.5, 3.6) in direct health care and indirect costs could have been avoided in 2019. For the stricter recommendation (consumption below 5% of TEI), this was $5.0 billion (95% CI: 3.1, 6.9). Excessive free sugar in our diet has an enormous economic burden that is larger than that of any food group and 3 to 6 times that of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Public health interventions to reduce sugar consumption should therefore consider going beyond taxation of SSBs to target a broader set of products, in order to more effectively reduce the public health and economic burden of CDs.","PeriodicalId":9525,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Public Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"331 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77076653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De-problematizing masculinity among heterosexual African, Caribbean, and Black male youth and men","authors":"J. Etowa, D. Kakuru, Akalewold T Gebremeskel, E. Etowa, Bagnini Kohoun","doi":"10.17269/s41997-021-00596-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-021-00596-3","url":null,"abstract":"The dominant discourse in literature often constructs heterosexual African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) masculinity as inherently problematic and in need of “correction, repair, or rescue.” This discourse privileges hegemonic male standards and conceals the power relations that shape racialized masculinities. Our study of self-identified heterosexual ACB men and male youth examines how performative and perceptual attenuations of hegemonic masculinity can moderate social and behavioural vulnerabilities in the context of HIV prevention, transmission, and survival. We used descriptive qualitative methods informed by community-based participatory research. Individual in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 63 ACB men and male youth (aged 16 and above) residing in Ottawa, Canada, including community leaders, HIV service providers, and decision makers. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed with NVivo software. Member-checking, peer debriefing, and external audit ensured trustworthiness of data. ACB men and male youth define masculinity by their ability to provide for, protect, love, and lead their families. Within ACB cultures, men demonstrate their masculinity through their traditional role as family breadwinners, and are expected to be strong, bold, and responsible. This positive view of masculinity is potentially beneficial to the well-being of ACB men and male youth, and challenges mainstream notions of Black masculinity as uncontrolled, risky, toxic, or even predatory. A positive view of masculinity among ACB heterosexual men and youth could support future practice and policy interventions aimed at strengthening community responses to HIV and health.","PeriodicalId":9525,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Public Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"611 - 621"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88387263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the health equity and the human rights of Canadians with dementia through a social determinants approach: a call to action in the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Juanita Bacsu, M. O'connell, M. Wighton","doi":"10.17269/s41997-022-00618-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-022-00618-8","url":null,"abstract":"In 2019, the Canadian Government released a national dementia strategy that identified the need to address the health inequity (e.g., avoidable, unfair, and unjust differences in health outcomes) and improve the human rights of people living with dementia. However, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having an inequitable impact on people with dementia in terms of mortality and human rights violations. As the new Omicron COVID-19 variant approaches its peak, our commentary highlights the need for urgent action to support people living with dementia and their care partners. More specifically, we argue that reducing COVID-19 inequities requires addressing underlying population-level factors known as the social determinants of health. Health disparities cannot be rectified merely by looking at mortality rates of people with dementia. Thus, we believe that improving the COVID-19 outcomes of people with dementia requires addressing key determinants such as where people live, their social supports, and having equitable access to healthcare services. Drawing on Canadian-based examples, we conclude that COVID-19 policy responses to the pandemic must be informed by evidence-informed research and collaborative partnerships that embrace the lived experience of diverse people living with dementia and their care partners.","PeriodicalId":9525,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Public Health","volume":"15 1","pages":"204 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88234882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Practice report: an Alberta Métis model for COVID-19 vaccine delivery","authors":"K. D. King, Reagan Bartel, A. James, S. MacDonald","doi":"10.17269/s41997-022-00619-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-022-00619-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9525,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Public Health","volume":"87 1","pages":"322 - 322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83438474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The epidemiological impact of the Canadian COVID Alert app","authors":"Shuo Sun, Mairead Shaw, E. Moodie, D. Ruths","doi":"10.17269/s41997-022-00632-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-022-00632-w","url":null,"abstract":"We analyzed the effectiveness of the Canadian COVID Alert app on reducing COVID-19 infections and deaths due to the COVID-19 virus. Two separate but complementary approaches were taken. First, we undertook a comparative study to assess how the adoption and usage of the COVID Alert app compared to those of similar apps deployed in other regions. Next, we used data from the COVID Alert server and a range of plausible parameter values to estimate the numbers of infections and deaths averted in Canada using a model that combines information on number of notifications, secondary attack rate, expected fraction of transmissions that could be prevented, quarantine effectiveness, and expected size of the full transmission chain in the absence of exposure notification. The comparative analysis revealed that the COVID Alert app had among the lowest adoption levels among apps that reported usage. Our model indicates that use of the COVID Alert app averted between 6284 and 10,894 infections across the six Canadian provinces where app usage was highest during the March–July 2021 period. This range is equivalent to 1.6–2.9% of the total recorded infections across Canada in that time. Using province-specific case fatality rates, 57–101 deaths were averted during the same period. The number of cases and deaths averted was greatest in Ontario, whereas the proportion of cases and deaths averted was greatest in Newfoundland and Labrador. App impact measures were reported so rarely and so inconsistently by other regions that the relative assessment of impact is inconclusive. While the nationwide rates are low, provinces with widespread adoption of the app showed high ratios of averted cases and deaths (upper bound was greater than 60% of averted cases). This finding suggests that the COVID Alert app, when adopted at sufficient levels, can be an effective public health tool for combatting a pandemic such as COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":9525,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Public Health","volume":"10 1","pages":"519 - 527"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90751825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}