H. Hiba, N. Reem, M. Esaifan, R. Alomari, M. Hourani, H. Khoury
This work presents an exploration of the use of hydroxysodalite zeolite prepared from basalt rich in calc-plagioclaseby alkali activation for removal of some heavy metals from aqueous medium. The preliminary results of batch and column experiments indicated a quantitative and fast removal of the three investigated ions, Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ from aqueous solutions. The data from the batch experiments and the column experiments jointly support the notion that hydroxysodalite zeolite prepared from basalt rich in calc-plagioclase is an efficient adsorbent for the investigated heavy metals. Almost quantitative removal of the ions was achieved within a period of 15 min of exposure of the solution to the adsorbent in batch experiments and through passing a small column filled with the adsorbent. The highest removal efficiency by the zeolite prepared from basalt rich in calc-plagioclase of the three tested heavy metal Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ were 99.98% ,99.76% and 99.93 % respectively. Keywords: hydroxysodalite zeolite, basalt utilization, heavy ions removal, pollution remediation DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-09 Publication date: November 30 th 2020
{"title":"A Preliminary study of removal of some heavy metals from aqueous medium by a mesoporous hydroxysodalite zeolite prepared from basalt rich in calc-plagioclaseby alkali activation","authors":"H. Hiba, N. Reem, M. Esaifan, R. Alomari, M. Hourani, H. Khoury","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-7-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-7-09","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents an exploration of the use of hydroxysodalite zeolite prepared from basalt rich in calc-plagioclaseby alkali activation for removal of some heavy metals from aqueous medium. The preliminary results of batch and column experiments indicated a quantitative and fast removal of the three investigated ions, Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ from aqueous solutions. The data from the batch experiments and the column experiments jointly support the notion that hydroxysodalite zeolite prepared from basalt rich in calc-plagioclase is an efficient adsorbent for the investigated heavy metals. Almost quantitative removal of the ions was achieved within a period of 15 min of exposure of the solution to the adsorbent in batch experiments and through passing a small column filled with the adsorbent. The highest removal efficiency by the zeolite prepared from basalt rich in calc-plagioclase of the three tested heavy metal Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ were 99.98% ,99.76% and 99.93 % respectively. Keywords: hydroxysodalite zeolite, basalt utilization, heavy ions removal, pollution remediation DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-09 Publication date: November 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82813006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Okafor, C. M. Umenne, B. I. Tabugbo, C. P. Okonkwo, J. N. Obiefuna, U. W. Okafor, R. I. Anyalebechi
The potentiality of diethylamine as deproteination and deacetylation agent in the extraction of chitosan from Scylla serrata (giant mud crab) shell was investigated. The aim was to find an alternative agent to inorganic alkalis as possible replacement for use in the production of high quality chitosan with the right stability. Pretreatment of the shell was carried out and followed by demineralization using hydrochloric acid. Diethylamine was used for deproteination and deacetylation by modifying some published protocols. Moisture, ash, fat and protein contents of the extracts were determined using their respective standard methods. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) technique was used for spectroscopic analysis. Scylla serrata shell was composed of 14.25% protein, 32.84% mineral (CaCO 3 ), 31.52% chitin and 21.39% chitosan. Moisture, ash, fat and protein contents of chitin extracted from Scylla serrata shell were 2.35%, 3.03%, 1.79% and 3.85% respectively while those of chitosan were 1.65%, 3.84%, 0.53% and 2.80% respectively. Degree of deacetylation (DDA) and carbon to nitrogen ratio were 69.24% and 5.67 respectively. FTIR spectra of the extracted chitin and chitosan from Scylla serrata showed the presence of some active compounds of carbonyl, amide, amine and hydroxyl groups. However, CH 3 waging along chain (952 cm -1 ), CO stretching at 1026 cm -1 and 1073 cm -1 , and amide II band (1563 cm -1 ) were not found in the extracted chitin while HPO 4 2- and amide III were also not found in the extracted chitosan. These moieties were present in the standard chitin and chitosan respectively. This study has shown that diethylamine (organic base) has great potential as agent of deproteination and deacetylation in the extraction of chitosan from Scylla serrata . Consequently, academic activity in the area of investigation of the stability of the extracted chitosan from Scylla serrata using diethylamine as deproteination and deacetylation agent is strongly recommended. Keywords : Diethylamine, deproteination, deacetylation, chitin and chitosan, Scylla serrata shell. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-07 Publication date: October 31st 2020
研究了二乙胺作为脱蛋白和脱乙酰剂从大泥蟹壳中提取壳聚糖的可能性。目的是寻找一种无机碱的替代品，作为生产高质量壳聚糖的可能替代品，并具有适当的稳定性。对壳进行预处理，然后用盐酸脱矿。通过修改一些已发表的方案，使用二乙胺进行脱蛋白和去乙酰化。采用各自的标准方法测定提取物的水分、灰分、脂肪和蛋白质含量。采用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)技术进行光谱分析。Scylla serrata外壳由14.25%的蛋白质、32.84%的矿物(caco3)、31.52%的甲壳素和21.39%的壳聚糖组成。壳聚糖的水分、灰分、脂肪和蛋白质含量分别为1.65%、3.84%、0.53%和2.80%，壳聚糖的水分、灰分、脂肪和蛋白质含量分别为2.35%、3.03%、1.79%和3.85%。脱乙酰度(DDA)和碳氮比分别为69.24%和5.67。经红外光谱分析，锡拉壳聚糖和几丁质均含有羰基、酰胺、胺和羟基等活性化合物。壳聚糖中不存在ch3沿链延伸(952 cm -1)， CO在1026 cm -1和1073 cm -1处伸展，以及酰胺II带(1563 cm -1)，壳聚糖中不存在HPO 42 -和酰胺III。这些部分分别存在于标准甲壳素和壳聚糖中。本研究表明，二乙胺(有机碱)作为脱蛋白和脱乙酰剂在锡拉壳聚糖的提取中具有很大的潜力。因此，强烈建议开展以二乙胺为脱蛋白和脱乙酰剂对锡拉壳聚糖提取液稳定性的研究。关键词:二乙胺，脱蛋白，脱乙酰，几丁质和壳聚糖，锯齿锡拉壳DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-07出版日期:2020年10月31日
{"title":"Potentiality of Diethylamine as Agent of Deproteination and Deacetylation in the Extraction of Chitosan from Scylla serrata Shell","authors":"V. Okafor, C. M. Umenne, B. I. Tabugbo, C. P. Okonkwo, J. N. Obiefuna, U. W. Okafor, R. I. Anyalebechi","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-7-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-7-07","url":null,"abstract":"The potentiality of diethylamine as deproteination and deacetylation agent in the extraction of chitosan from Scylla serrata (giant mud crab) shell was investigated. The aim was to find an alternative agent to inorganic alkalis as possible replacement for use in the production of high quality chitosan with the right stability. Pretreatment of the shell was carried out and followed by demineralization using hydrochloric acid. Diethylamine was used for deproteination and deacetylation by modifying some published protocols. Moisture, ash, fat and protein contents of the extracts were determined using their respective standard methods. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) technique was used for spectroscopic analysis. Scylla serrata shell was composed of 14.25% protein, 32.84% mineral (CaCO 3 ), 31.52% chitin and 21.39% chitosan. Moisture, ash, fat and protein contents of chitin extracted from Scylla serrata shell were 2.35%, 3.03%, 1.79% and 3.85% respectively while those of chitosan were 1.65%, 3.84%, 0.53% and 2.80% respectively. Degree of deacetylation (DDA) and carbon to nitrogen ratio were 69.24% and 5.67 respectively. FTIR spectra of the extracted chitin and chitosan from Scylla serrata showed the presence of some active compounds of carbonyl, amide, amine and hydroxyl groups. However, CH 3 waging along chain (952 cm -1 ), CO stretching at 1026 cm -1 and 1073 cm -1 , and amide II band (1563 cm -1 ) were not found in the extracted chitin while HPO 4 2- and amide III were also not found in the extracted chitosan. These moieties were present in the standard chitin and chitosan respectively. This study has shown that diethylamine (organic base) has great potential as agent of deproteination and deacetylation in the extraction of chitosan from Scylla serrata . Consequently, academic activity in the area of investigation of the stability of the extracted chitosan from Scylla serrata using diethylamine as deproteination and deacetylation agent is strongly recommended. Keywords : Diethylamine, deproteination, deacetylation, chitin and chitosan, Scylla serrata shell. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-07 Publication date: October 31st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85422154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inside a ladle there is one component of the material that often gets damaged, namely the Holding Magnet Type LS50, which has corrosion (damage) on the surface due to temperatures that reaches 1500 °C with a time limit of 150 minutes. Test shows the material contained in the Holding Magnet Type LS50 are steel, copper (CuZn), and magnet. The Steel of Holding Magnet Type LS50 has a chemical composition with the main ingredient of iron (Fe) around 97.961% and other elements such as carbon, silicon, manganese, chromium and other alloy elements. As for the microstructure, CuZn has a microstructure in the form of an α (alpha) phase and a s (betha) phase. The average of Holding Magnet hardness test results shows only CuZn experienced a very drastic decrease in the hardness value due to continuous heat exposure while the temperature for CuZn melting point is only 1084 ° C. Keywords: Chemical Composition, Metallography, Hardness. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-08 Publication date: October 31st 2020
{"title":"Changes in Mechanical Properties of Holding Magnet Type LS50 in Liquid Metal Transfer Ladle Due to Repeated Use","authors":"Sumiyanto, Harwan Ahyadi, Rudi Sapura, Djoko Suprijatmono","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-7-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-7-08","url":null,"abstract":"Inside a ladle there is one component of the material that often gets damaged, namely the Holding Magnet Type LS50, which has corrosion (damage) on the surface due to temperatures that reaches 1500 °C with a time limit of 150 minutes. Test shows the material contained in the Holding Magnet Type LS50 are steel, copper (CuZn), and magnet. The Steel of Holding Magnet Type LS50 has a chemical composition with the main ingredient of iron (Fe) around 97.961% and other elements such as carbon, silicon, manganese, chromium and other alloy elements. As for the microstructure, CuZn has a microstructure in the form of an α (alpha) phase and a s (betha) phase. The average of Holding Magnet hardness test results shows only CuZn experienced a very drastic decrease in the hardness value due to continuous heat exposure while the temperature for CuZn melting point is only 1084 ° C. Keywords: Chemical Composition, Metallography, Hardness. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-08 Publication date: October 31st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88774135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanocrystalline PbS thin films were deposited on glass substrates with various deposition times using chemical bath deposition technique. PbS thin films were prepared by using a solution of Lead nitrate and thiourea by using NaOH salt as a complexing agent and ammonia solution as a pH adjuster at 65 0 C. The study was carried out for thickness in the range of (0.16-1.03m). The structural properties were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the films exhibit the cubic face centered structure. The crystalline sizes of the films increased with increasing film thickness. The morphological properties were studied by SEM and showed that films were well adherent to the substrate, uniform, small crystal size and covered the entire substrate surface completely. The optical properties of these films have been studied and show that PbS thin films have the values of energy gap varied between (0.88-1.34 eV) with increasing film thickness. Keywords: CBD, XRD, band gap, PbS thin film DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-01 Publication date: September 30 th 2020
{"title":"Effects of Thickness on Optical and Structural Properties of Lead Sulphide (PbS) Thin Film Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD)","authors":"Bayisa Batu","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-7-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-7-01","url":null,"abstract":"Nanocrystalline PbS thin films were deposited on glass substrates with various deposition times using chemical bath deposition technique. PbS thin films were prepared by using a solution of Lead nitrate and thiourea by using NaOH salt as a complexing agent and ammonia solution as a pH adjuster at 65 0 C. The study was carried out for thickness in the range of (0.16-1.03m). The structural properties were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the films exhibit the cubic face centered structure. The crystalline sizes of the films increased with increasing film thickness. The morphological properties were studied by SEM and showed that films were well adherent to the substrate, uniform, small crystal size and covered the entire substrate surface completely. The optical properties of these films have been studied and show that PbS thin films have the values of energy gap varied between (0.88-1.34 eV) with increasing film thickness. Keywords: CBD, XRD, band gap, PbS thin film DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-01 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72858268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. O. Matthew, O. T. Sanya, Nimota Bisola Mohammed
This work investigates the influence of pore nature on thermal conductivity of insulating refractory brick. The starting material used to compose the insulating bricks is kaolinite clay while saw dust of different grain sizes was used as combustible. Six sample batches of insulating brick were formulated with addition of fine saw dust particles (0 – 125 mm) and coarse saw dust particles (154 – 180 mm) at varying weight percent of 10, 25 and 50 respectively. The formulated samples were mixed with solution of sodium silicate dissolved in water as binder. The mixed samples were then pressed inside mould using hydraulic pressing machine under a load of 10 MPa. The pressed samples were left to dry at ambient temperature and later sintered in an electric muffle furnace at 1000 o C. Properties such as bulk density, porosity, thermal conductivity and morphology were investigated to assess the performance of the developed insulating bricks. The results showed that porosity increases with increase in amount of saw dust particles while the bulk density decreases. However, samples with fine saw dust particles exhibited higher porosity. In terms of thermal conductivity, samples with fine saw dust particles exhibited superior thermal value of less than 0.25 W/mK making them better suitable for insulation purpose. The morphology showed a well bonded structure of was dust within the clay matrix with several pores. Keywords: Pore size; Thermal conductivity, Kaolinite clay, Insulating brick DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-03 Publication date: September 30 th 2020
{"title":"Influence of Pore Nature on the Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Refractory Brick","authors":"G. O. Matthew, O. T. Sanya, Nimota Bisola Mohammed","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-7-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-7-03","url":null,"abstract":"This work investigates the influence of pore nature on thermal conductivity of insulating refractory brick. The starting material used to compose the insulating bricks is kaolinite clay while saw dust of different grain sizes was used as combustible. Six sample batches of insulating brick were formulated with addition of fine saw dust particles (0 – 125 mm) and coarse saw dust particles (154 – 180 mm) at varying weight percent of 10, 25 and 50 respectively. The formulated samples were mixed with solution of sodium silicate dissolved in water as binder. The mixed samples were then pressed inside mould using hydraulic pressing machine under a load of 10 MPa. The pressed samples were left to dry at ambient temperature and later sintered in an electric muffle furnace at 1000 o C. Properties such as bulk density, porosity, thermal conductivity and morphology were investigated to assess the performance of the developed insulating bricks. The results showed that porosity increases with increase in amount of saw dust particles while the bulk density decreases. However, samples with fine saw dust particles exhibited higher porosity. In terms of thermal conductivity, samples with fine saw dust particles exhibited superior thermal value of less than 0.25 W/mK making them better suitable for insulation purpose. The morphology showed a well bonded structure of was dust within the clay matrix with several pores. Keywords: Pore size; Thermal conductivity, Kaolinite clay, Insulating brick DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-03 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86093641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Sofiyev, Neşet Neşetoğlu, Ibrahim Danış, Cem Kaplan, Merve Arslan, S. Aslan, D. Unal
Personalized therapy (PM) has the potential to adapt treatment with the best response and highest safety to provide better patient care. Key data is drug concentration of biological materials such as plasma and serum.Individual drug therapy means, choice of a drug and its dose regime should fit every individual specifically. Thus efficacy of a drug treatment would improve significantly. When developing an analytical method for (Therapeutic drug monitoring) TDM, it is important to choose a clinically relevant calibration range. This quantitation range should be built around the proposed target concentration, covering majority of samples as seen in the clinic (Ciocan-Cartita et al. 2019).Inter-individual variability in Pharmacokinetic variables may affect the blood concentration of drug so TDM approaches could solve the dosing problem.To achieve individual drug therapy with a reasonably predictive outcome, one must further account for different patterns of drug response among geographically and ethnically distinct populations. Keywords: LC-MS/MS, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Lenalidomide, Anastrozole DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-05 Publication date: September 30 th 2020
个性化治疗(PM)具有适应治疗的潜力，具有最佳的反应和最高的安全性，以提供更好的患者护理。关键数据是血浆和血清等生物材料的药物浓度。个体化药物治疗意味着，药物的选择及其剂量方案应具体适合每个人。因此，药物治疗的疗效将显著提高。在开发TDM(治疗药物监测)分析方法时，选择与临床相关的校准范围非常重要。该定量范围应围绕拟议的目标浓度建立，涵盖临床中看到的大多数样品(Ciocan-Cartita et al. 2019)。药代动力学变量的个体差异可能影响药物的血药浓度，因此TDM方法可以解决给药问题。为了实现具有合理预测结果的个体化药物治疗，必须进一步考虑在地理和种族上不同的人群中药物反应的不同模式。关键词:LC-MS/MS，治疗药物监测，来那度胺，阿那曲唑DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-05出版日期:2020年9月30日
{"title":"The Importance of Analytical Chemistry in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Personalized Medicine","authors":"H. Sofiyev, Neşet Neşetoğlu, Ibrahim Danış, Cem Kaplan, Merve Arslan, S. Aslan, D. Unal","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-7-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-7-05","url":null,"abstract":"Personalized therapy (PM) has the potential to adapt treatment with the best response and highest safety to provide better patient care. Key data is drug concentration of biological materials such as plasma and serum.Individual drug therapy means, choice of a drug and its dose regime should fit every individual specifically. Thus efficacy of a drug treatment would improve significantly. When developing an analytical method for (Therapeutic drug monitoring) TDM, it is important to choose a clinically relevant calibration range. This quantitation range should be built around the proposed target concentration, covering majority of samples as seen in the clinic (Ciocan-Cartita et al. 2019).Inter-individual variability in Pharmacokinetic variables may affect the blood concentration of drug so TDM approaches could solve the dosing problem.To achieve individual drug therapy with a reasonably predictive outcome, one must further account for different patterns of drug response among geographically and ethnically distinct populations. Keywords: LC-MS/MS, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Lenalidomide, Anastrozole DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-05 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91114630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrazones are strong reducing agents. Some hydrazones like hydrazine are is highly toxic and unstable and are therefore found dissolved in water. Chicken dung contains amines and uric acid that are potential sources of hydrazones. This paper reports on the use of chicken dung as an important raw material for the industrial hydrazones. In this study, we investigated the conversion of amine to amide compounds in chicken dung and later chlorine treatment to produce impure hydrazones. In the preparation, 1.0 kg of the chicken dung was soaked in 2.0 litres of distilled water for fifteen days. After filtration, the leachate obtained was treated with chlorine gas. The chemical conversion of the compounds in the chicken dung leachate before and after chlorination was monitored using FT-IR and MS. A sample of pure hydrazine hydrate was analyzed using the two techniques and the spectra obtained was used as a reference standard. The findings of this study indicate that chicken dung is rich in amine-containing compounds that can be converted to amide derivatives under ambient conditions. A comparison of FT-IR and MS data before and after chlorination indicated the formation of hydrazones. The findings of this study provide some scientific rationale for using chicken dung as an alternative source of industrial hydrazones. Keywords: Hydrazones, amines, amides, chicken dung. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-02 Publication date: September 30 th 2020
{"title":"Impure Hydrazone Preparation from Chicken Dung","authors":"P. Kugeria, P. Njoroge, Sylvia Opiyo, I. Mwangi","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-7-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-7-02","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrazones are strong reducing agents. Some hydrazones like hydrazine are is highly toxic and unstable and are therefore found dissolved in water. Chicken dung contains amines and uric acid that are potential sources of hydrazones. This paper reports on the use of chicken dung as an important raw material for the industrial hydrazones. In this study, we investigated the conversion of amine to amide compounds in chicken dung and later chlorine treatment to produce impure hydrazones. In the preparation, 1.0 kg of the chicken dung was soaked in 2.0 litres of distilled water for fifteen days. After filtration, the leachate obtained was treated with chlorine gas. The chemical conversion of the compounds in the chicken dung leachate before and after chlorination was monitored using FT-IR and MS. A sample of pure hydrazine hydrate was analyzed using the two techniques and the spectra obtained was used as a reference standard. The findings of this study indicate that chicken dung is rich in amine-containing compounds that can be converted to amide derivatives under ambient conditions. A comparison of FT-IR and MS data before and after chlorination indicated the formation of hydrazones. The findings of this study provide some scientific rationale for using chicken dung as an alternative source of industrial hydrazones. Keywords: Hydrazones, amines, amides, chicken dung. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-02 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90710781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yayra Tuani, Seth Amo-Koi, D. Mingle, A. Gordon, A. Asor
The availability of reliable and fast analytical method is crucial for the quality control of multi-API in a single dosage form. Herein, two methods have been developed and validated for the determination of Cyproheptadine hydrochloride (CH), Thiamine mononitrate (Vit. B 1 ), Calcium pantothenate (Vit. B 5 ) and Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vit. B 6 ) in uncoated tablets. To assay the vitamins, a mobile phase combination of Phosphate buffer pH 3.5 and Methanol in the ratio 93:7, using Eurospher ODS (150 x 4.5mm) as the stationary phase with a flow rate set at 1.0 mL/min at ambient temperature conditions was adopted. Wavelength of detection was 270 nm with a run time of 0.00 to 5.50 minutes for Thiamine mononitrate and Pyridoxine hydrochloride, and 205 nm from 5.50 to 11.00 minutes for Calcium pantothenate. A good resolution and a short run time of 11 minutes were achieved with the validated conditions. The retention times of Thiamine mononitrate, Pyridoxine hydrochloride and Calcium pantothenate were 2.823±0.020, 4.184±0.007 and 10.025±0.015 respectively. The mobile phase for Cyproheptadine HCl was methanol and an ion-pairing solution (70:30), set at a flow rate of 1mL/min, a runtime of 8 minutes, an injection volume of 20 µL and a wavelength of 285 nm using Eurospher ODS (150 x 4.5 mm) as the stationary phase. The retention time for Cyproheptadine HCl was 4.961±0.006. Both methods were found to be specific, robust, accurate and precise over the concentration ranges of 0.0192 mg/mL–0.0288 mg/mL for Thiamine mononitrate, 0.0128–0.0192 mg/mL for Pyridoxine hydrochloride, 0.032–0.048 mg/mL for Calcium pantothenate and 0.032-0.048 mg/mL for Cyproheptadine hydrochloride. The Correlation Coefficient (r 2 ) for Cyproheptadine hydrochloride, Thiamine mononitrate, Pyridoxine hydrochloride and Calcium pantothenate were greater than 0.999. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate simple HPLC methods for the estimation of Cyproheptadine hydrochloride, Vitamins B 1 , B 5 and B 6 in combined dosage forms. The proposed methods were found to be precise, specific, accurate and robust for the estimation of Cyproheptadine hydrochloride, Vitamins B 1 , B 5 and B 6. Keywords: Cyproheptadine hydrochloride, Thiamine mononitrate, Pyridoxine hydrochloride, Calcium pantothenate, RP-HPLC, Validation DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-6-06 Publication date: August 31 st 2020
{"title":"Stability-Indicating HPLC Methods for the Quantification of Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride, Vitamins B1, B5 And B6 in Tablets using RP-HPLC with UV Detection","authors":"Yayra Tuani, Seth Amo-Koi, D. Mingle, A. Gordon, A. Asor","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-6-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-6-06","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of reliable and fast analytical method is crucial for the quality control of multi-API in a single dosage form. Herein, two methods have been developed and validated for the determination of Cyproheptadine hydrochloride (CH), Thiamine mononitrate (Vit. B 1 ), Calcium pantothenate (Vit. B 5 ) and Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vit. B 6 ) in uncoated tablets. To assay the vitamins, a mobile phase combination of Phosphate buffer pH 3.5 and Methanol in the ratio 93:7, using Eurospher ODS (150 x 4.5mm) as the stationary phase with a flow rate set at 1.0 mL/min at ambient temperature conditions was adopted. Wavelength of detection was 270 nm with a run time of 0.00 to 5.50 minutes for Thiamine mononitrate and Pyridoxine hydrochloride, and 205 nm from 5.50 to 11.00 minutes for Calcium pantothenate. A good resolution and a short run time of 11 minutes were achieved with the validated conditions. The retention times of Thiamine mononitrate, Pyridoxine hydrochloride and Calcium pantothenate were 2.823±0.020, 4.184±0.007 and 10.025±0.015 respectively. The mobile phase for Cyproheptadine HCl was methanol and an ion-pairing solution (70:30), set at a flow rate of 1mL/min, a runtime of 8 minutes, an injection volume of 20 µL and a wavelength of 285 nm using Eurospher ODS (150 x 4.5 mm) as the stationary phase. The retention time for Cyproheptadine HCl was 4.961±0.006. Both methods were found to be specific, robust, accurate and precise over the concentration ranges of 0.0192 mg/mL–0.0288 mg/mL for Thiamine mononitrate, 0.0128–0.0192 mg/mL for Pyridoxine hydrochloride, 0.032–0.048 mg/mL for Calcium pantothenate and 0.032-0.048 mg/mL for Cyproheptadine hydrochloride. The Correlation Coefficient (r 2 ) for Cyproheptadine hydrochloride, Thiamine mononitrate, Pyridoxine hydrochloride and Calcium pantothenate were greater than 0.999. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate simple HPLC methods for the estimation of Cyproheptadine hydrochloride, Vitamins B 1 , B 5 and B 6 in combined dosage forms. The proposed methods were found to be precise, specific, accurate and robust for the estimation of Cyproheptadine hydrochloride, Vitamins B 1 , B 5 and B 6. Keywords: Cyproheptadine hydrochloride, Thiamine mononitrate, Pyridoxine hydrochloride, Calcium pantothenate, RP-HPLC, Validation DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-6-06 Publication date: August 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85133569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Onisoman Chuks Zudonu, Emmanuel F. Ikwut, Josiah Nkop Ekpeno, Charles Onyije
The study determined the effect of problem-based learning strategy on chemistry students’ academic achievement in SSII in Ahoada West local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Two research questions and two hypotheses were used for the study. A quasi experimental, pre-test and post-test design was employed for the study. A total of 80 SSII Chemistry students out of 312 from ten senior secondary schools in Ahoada West LGA were selected through stratified random sampling technique as the sample for this study. One instrument was utilized for this study; namely, Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT) developed by the researchers and was validated by three experts, two from Chemistry education unit and one from research method unit. All from the department of science education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and was used for data collection. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was established using 20 SSII Chemistry students from a different secondary school that is not part of the study, but the students do possess the same status. Cronbach’s alpha reliability estimate was used to determine the internal consistency of the items which was found to be 0.81. The data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and ANCOVA. The study showed that students in the experimental group achieved significantly higher mean scores than students in the control group. P=0.000 0.05. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended among others that Chemistry teachers should be encouraged to utilized PBL strategy as a means of instructions since it enhanced achievement of students in Chemistry. Keywords: Problem-Based Learning, Academic Achievement, Senior Secondary School II Students, Gender, Chemistry DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-6-05 Publication date: August 31 st 2020
{"title":"Appraisal of Effect of Problem-Based Learning Strategy on Chemistry Students’ Academic Achievement in Senior Secondary Two in Mole Concept in Ahoada West Local Government Area, Rivers State","authors":"Onisoman Chuks Zudonu, Emmanuel F. Ikwut, Josiah Nkop Ekpeno, Charles Onyije","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-6-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-6-05","url":null,"abstract":"The study determined the effect of problem-based learning strategy on chemistry students’ academic achievement in SSII in Ahoada West local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Two research questions and two hypotheses were used for the study. A quasi experimental, pre-test and post-test design was employed for the study. A total of 80 SSII Chemistry students out of 312 from ten senior secondary schools in Ahoada West LGA were selected through stratified random sampling technique as the sample for this study. One instrument was utilized for this study; namely, Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT) developed by the researchers and was validated by three experts, two from Chemistry education unit and one from research method unit. All from the department of science education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and was used for data collection. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was established using 20 SSII Chemistry students from a different secondary school that is not part of the study, but the students do possess the same status. Cronbach’s alpha reliability estimate was used to determine the internal consistency of the items which was found to be 0.81. The data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and ANCOVA. The study showed that students in the experimental group achieved significantly higher mean scores than students in the control group. P=0.000 0.05. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended among others that Chemistry teachers should be encouraged to utilized PBL strategy as a means of instructions since it enhanced achievement of students in Chemistry. Keywords: Problem-Based Learning, Academic Achievement, Senior Secondary School II Students, Gender, Chemistry DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-6-05 Publication date: August 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88323401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The nanocrystals of semiconducting metal oxides have attracted great attention because of their interesting properties. Therefore, our study of some physical properties of the pure and Sb doping Tin Oxide powder , The measurement of the infrared spectrum of pure tin oxide powder shows vibrational frequencies (415.585 - 574.683 - 1641.13 – 2125.3- 3432.67) cm -1 and for Sb doping tin oxide ;(x=0.03) shows vibration frequencies and the most prominent is ( 573.719 – 941.092 – 1384.64 – 1637.27 – 3415.56 ) cm -1 , the study showed that the greatest value of the absorbance and absorption coefficient was in doping sample respectively A = 0.819, α = 18.839 cm -1 corresponding to the wavenumber ʋ = 573.719 cm -1 , the greatest value of the optical conductivity was in pure sample 0.0831(Ωcm) -1 corresponding to the wavenumber ʋ = 3432.67 cm -1 and the refractive index for pure tin oxide ranged from [1.832 - 2.371]. As for the Sb doping Tin Oxide powder, the refractive index value was between [1.122 – 2.152 ].
{"title":"Studying the Infrared Spectroscopy of the SnO2:Sb (x = 0.00, 0.03) Powders","authors":"Ahmad Khoudro, Salama abu alshamlat","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-6-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-6-01","url":null,"abstract":"The nanocrystals of semiconducting metal oxides have attracted great attention because of their interesting properties. Therefore, our study of some physical properties of the pure and Sb doping Tin Oxide powder , The measurement of the infrared spectrum of pure tin oxide powder shows vibrational frequencies (415.585 - 574.683 - 1641.13 – 2125.3- 3432.67) cm -1 and for Sb doping tin oxide ;(x=0.03) shows vibration frequencies and the most prominent is ( 573.719 – 941.092 – 1384.64 – 1637.27 – 3415.56 ) cm -1 , the study showed that the greatest value of the absorbance and absorption coefficient was in doping sample respectively A = 0.819, α = 18.839 cm -1 corresponding to the wavenumber ʋ = 573.719 cm -1 , the greatest value of the optical conductivity was in pure sample 0.0831(Ωcm) -1 corresponding to the wavenumber ʋ = 3432.67 cm -1 and the refractive index for pure tin oxide ranged from [1.832 - 2.371]. As for the Sb doping Tin Oxide powder, the refractive index value was between [1.122 – 2.152 ].","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79270676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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