This paper aimed at characterizing waste snail shells found in South-West, Nigeria for potential industrial applications. Snail shells which represent the bio-shell waste of snails' remnants from restaurants, eateries or snail sellers constitute a serious degree of environmental threat with little or no economic value; their effective utilization can bring immense economic prosperity. Snail shells were obtained from two selected region of South-Western part of Nigeria. The obtained snail sells were thoroughly washed to remove adhered dirt and later dried in an electric powered oven at 110 o C for 6h. The dried shells were then crushed and further pulverized to obtain powder snail shells (SS p ) and labeled samples SS p A and SS p B respectively. The chemical composition of the samples was determined by Energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) while the phase constituent was analyzed using X-ray diffractometer. The results showed that SS p A consist mainly calcium (Ca) 83.38% while sample SS p B contains higher calcium (Ca) content of 85.04%. However, X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicate predominant phase of calcite for the samples. This indicates that the snail shell powder is suitable for industrial applications such as filler in paper and ceramic industry. Keywords: Snail shell; chemical composition; phase constituent; calcite phase. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-6-03 Publication date: July 31 st 2020
本文的目的是表征在尼日利亚西南部发现的废蜗牛壳，为潜在的工业应用。蜗牛壳是餐馆、食肆或售卖蜗牛的商贩所丢弃的蜗牛残渣的生物壳废物，对环境构成严重威胁，几乎没有经济价值;它们的有效利用可以带来巨大的经济繁荣。蜗牛壳是从尼日利亚西南部两个选定的地区获得的。将获得的螺壳彻底清洗以去除附着的污垢，然后在110℃的电烤箱中干燥6小时。将干燥后的螺壳粉碎粉碎，得到螺壳粉(SS p)，标记样品SS p A和SS p B。用能量色散x射线(SEM/EDX)测定了样品的化学成分，并用x射线衍射仪分析了样品的相组成。结果表明，样品SS p A主要含钙83.38%，样品SS p B含钙85.04%。然而，x射线衍射(XRD)表明样品的优势相为方解石。这表明螺壳粉适用于造纸、陶瓷等行业的填料。关键词:螺壳;化学成分;相组成;方解石的阶段。出版日期:2020年7月31日
{"title":"Chemical and Phase Characterization of Snail Shell (Archachatina Marginata) as Bio-Waste from South-West in Nigeria for Industrial Applications","authors":"H. T. Owoyemi, Akinwumi Gbenga Owoyemi","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-6-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-6-03","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aimed at characterizing waste snail shells found in South-West, Nigeria for potential industrial applications. Snail shells which represent the bio-shell waste of snails' remnants from restaurants, eateries or snail sellers constitute a serious degree of environmental threat with little or no economic value; their effective utilization can bring immense economic prosperity. Snail shells were obtained from two selected region of South-Western part of Nigeria. The obtained snail sells were thoroughly washed to remove adhered dirt and later dried in an electric powered oven at 110 o C for 6h. The dried shells were then crushed and further pulverized to obtain powder snail shells (SS p ) and labeled samples SS p A and SS p B respectively. The chemical composition of the samples was determined by Energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) while the phase constituent was analyzed using X-ray diffractometer. The results showed that SS p A consist mainly calcium (Ca) 83.38% while sample SS p B contains higher calcium (Ca) content of 85.04%. However, X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicate predominant phase of calcite for the samples. This indicates that the snail shell powder is suitable for industrial applications such as filler in paper and ceramic industry. Keywords: Snail shell; chemical composition; phase constituent; calcite phase. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-6-03 Publication date: July 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"521 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76708550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alkaline paper has advantages in their high shelf life (permanence) compared to paper made in acidic conditions. The conversion from acidic papermaking process to alkaline process is a major change experienced by the paper industry. In alkaline papermaking, one of the internal sizing agent used is Alkylketene Dimer (AKD). This additive is used to improve the resistance of paper to liquid penetration. Changes to the use of sizing agents are also followed by other changes; one of them is the change in the retention aids used. The use of Cationic Polyacrylamide (C-PAM) as retention aid on alkaline papermaking which is sized by AKD has been investigated. In this study, 100% Leaf Bleached Kraft Pulp (LBKP) as a fiber source was refined in a laboratory beater up to 400 mLCSF of freeness and then mixed with paper additives i.e. 0.1% AKD as sizing agent, 15% calcium carbonate as filler and 1% cationic starch as dry strength agent. The addition of C-PAM was varied in the range of 0% - 0.4% based on dry weight of fiber. After being mixed thoroughly, the handsheets of 60 g/m2 grammage were made and then tested for tensile strength and water absorption (Cobb-60). The addition of 0.1% C-PAM resulted paper with good tensile strength and improved the resistance to liquid penetration. Keywords: Alkaline paper, AKD sizing, C-PAM, tensile strength, water absorption (Cobb-60) DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-6-04 Publication date: July 31 st 2020
{"title":"The Effect of Cationic Polyacrylamide as Retention Aid for Alkaline Papermaking","authors":"N. Elyani, L. Indriati","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-6-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-6-04","url":null,"abstract":"Alkaline paper has advantages in their high shelf life (permanence) compared to paper made in acidic conditions. The conversion from acidic papermaking process to alkaline process is a major change experienced by the paper industry. In alkaline papermaking, one of the internal sizing agent used is Alkylketene Dimer (AKD). This additive is used to improve the resistance of paper to liquid penetration. Changes to the use of sizing agents are also followed by other changes; one of them is the change in the retention aids used. The use of Cationic Polyacrylamide (C-PAM) as retention aid on alkaline papermaking which is sized by AKD has been investigated. In this study, 100% Leaf Bleached Kraft Pulp (LBKP) as a fiber source was refined in a laboratory beater up to 400 mLCSF of freeness and then mixed with paper additives i.e. 0.1% AKD as sizing agent, 15% calcium carbonate as filler and 1% cationic starch as dry strength agent. The addition of C-PAM was varied in the range of 0% - 0.4% based on dry weight of fiber. After being mixed thoroughly, the handsheets of 60 g/m2 grammage were made and then tested for tensile strength and water absorption (Cobb-60). The addition of 0.1% C-PAM resulted paper with good tensile strength and improved the resistance to liquid penetration. Keywords: Alkaline paper, AKD sizing, C-PAM, tensile strength, water absorption (Cobb-60) DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-6-04 Publication date: July 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85585115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prunus africana is one of the most popular to treat benign prostate hyperplasia (BHP), and to treat diarrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, infertility, irregular menstruation, kidney disease, disorders, fevers, obesity, pneumonia, hypertension, antigonorrheic, antimalarial, chest pain; other various diseases. The air dried and powdered plant material (200g) was first soaked with 500 mL n-hexane for 72 hours and yielded 1.3 g of n-hexane extract. Marc was soaked with 400 mL of ethyl acetate for 72 hours and afforded 2g of ethyl acetate extract. Finally, Marc was soaked with 400mL of methanol and yielded 12.6 g of methanol extract. The ethyl acetate extract of the root bark of P. africana afforded a compound coded as AYU . Its Structural determination was accomplished by means of spectroscopic techniques, namely IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and DEPT-135. The compound, AYU was isolated and characterized from the root bark of P. african . It was shown that spot on TLC only up on spraying 1% vanillin sulphuric acid and after heating for a few minutes. Generally, chromatographic techniques like PTLC and HPLC are required to isolate more compounds from leaves of P. africana . Also MS and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques are needed to fully characterize the isolated compound. Keywords: P.africana; benign prostate hyperplasia; characterization; chromatographic techniques; spectroscopic techniques. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-6-02 Publication date: July 31 st 2020
{"title":"Phytochemical Investigation and Characterization on the Root Bark Extract of Prunus Africana","authors":"Teshale Ayano Begeno","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-6-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-6-02","url":null,"abstract":"Prunus africana is one of the most popular to treat benign prostate hyperplasia (BHP), and to treat diarrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, infertility, irregular menstruation, kidney disease, disorders, fevers, obesity, pneumonia, hypertension, antigonorrheic, antimalarial, chest pain; other various diseases. The air dried and powdered plant material (200g) was first soaked with 500 mL n-hexane for 72 hours and yielded 1.3 g of n-hexane extract. Marc was soaked with 400 mL of ethyl acetate for 72 hours and afforded 2g of ethyl acetate extract. Finally, Marc was soaked with 400mL of methanol and yielded 12.6 g of methanol extract. The ethyl acetate extract of the root bark of P. africana afforded a compound coded as AYU . Its Structural determination was accomplished by means of spectroscopic techniques, namely IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and DEPT-135. The compound, AYU was isolated and characterized from the root bark of P. african . It was shown that spot on TLC only up on spraying 1% vanillin sulphuric acid and after heating for a few minutes. Generally, chromatographic techniques like PTLC and HPLC are required to isolate more compounds from leaves of P. africana . Also MS and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques are needed to fully characterize the isolated compound. Keywords: P.africana; benign prostate hyperplasia; characterization; chromatographic techniques; spectroscopic techniques. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-6-02 Publication date: July 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80697681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Doaa Khalid Mezaal, E. F. Al-Jumaili, Ahmed Majeed Al-Shammari
Sixty-four isolate were klebsiella pneumoniae. Fourteen bacteria isolates “ Kelbsiella species” were taken from soil and water hospital in the period between October to December 2018, those isolated were cultured on a blood agar to test their ability to hydrolytic due to formation the inhibition zone . Twenty one isolates of K. pneumoniae were selected to be cultured in mineral salt agar for testing their efficiency to produce laccase enzyme .The efficient isolate was diagnosed depending on phenotypic, microscopic and biochemical tests to be Klebsiella pneumoniae K7. Laccases (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductases; EC: 1.10.3.2) are subfamily of multicopper oxidases (MCOs) from Klebsiella pneumoniae K7 has been partially characterized by many researchers. In this paper, we purified laccase to homogeneity from Klebsiella pneumoniae K7 with about 10.82 ; 5.12 purification fold and a 34.14; 21.46% recovery by ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatographic respectively. The molecular weight of the Laccase as determined by gel filtration chromatography using Sephacryl S-200 gel was 120 KDalton. Keywords: Laccases , Klebsiella pneumoniae, molecular weight, purification. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/10-5-03 Publication date: May 31 st 2020
{"title":"Production and Purification of Laccase Enzyme by Klebsiella pneumoniae K7","authors":"Doaa Khalid Mezaal, E. F. Al-Jumaili, Ahmed Majeed Al-Shammari","doi":"10.7176/cmr/10-5-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/10-5-03","url":null,"abstract":"Sixty-four isolate were klebsiella pneumoniae. Fourteen bacteria isolates “ Kelbsiella species” were taken from soil and water hospital in the period between October to December 2018, those isolated were cultured on a blood agar to test their ability to hydrolytic due to formation the inhibition zone . Twenty one isolates of K. pneumoniae were selected to be cultured in mineral salt agar for testing their efficiency to produce laccase enzyme .The efficient isolate was diagnosed depending on phenotypic, microscopic and biochemical tests to be Klebsiella pneumoniae K7. Laccases (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductases; EC: 1.10.3.2) are subfamily of multicopper oxidases (MCOs) from Klebsiella pneumoniae K7 has been partially characterized by many researchers. In this paper, we purified laccase to homogeneity from Klebsiella pneumoniae K7 with about 10.82 ; 5.12 purification fold and a 34.14; 21.46% recovery by ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatographic respectively. The molecular weight of the Laccase as determined by gel filtration chromatography using Sephacryl S-200 gel was 120 KDalton. Keywords: Laccases , Klebsiella pneumoniae, molecular weight, purification. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/10-5-03 Publication date: May 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81794155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of transparent oxides (TCO) is of great scientific importance due to its wide scientific applications. Therefore, our study came to some of the physical properties of the compounds of both pure aluminum oxide and europium doped aluminum oxide. By measuring the infrared spectrum of pure aluminum oxide, it is found that there are five vibratory frequencies, namely:(3523 – 3457 – 2450 – 1647 – 719) cm- 1 and five vibratory frequencies for europium doped aluminum oxide at 0.003%:(3518 – 3435 – 3175 – 2385 – 1580) cm- 1 The study showed that the absorbance values, the absorption coefficient, the refractive index and the optical length were in the europium doped sample by 0.003% greater than that of the pure aluminum oxide compound and are respectively: α=34.96 cm-1 n=5.68.Keywords: aluminum oxide - Infrared spectrum - absorption coefficient - refractive index - Optical conductivityDOI: 10.7176/CMR/10-5-01Publication date:May 31st 2020
{"title":"Studying the Infrared Spectroscopy of the Pure Aluminum Oxide and Europium Doped Aluminum Oxide Compounds","authors":"Ahmad Khoudro","doi":"10.7176/cmr/10-5-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/10-5-01","url":null,"abstract":"The study of transparent oxides (TCO) is of great scientific importance due to its wide scientific applications. Therefore, our study came to some of the physical properties of the compounds of both pure aluminum oxide and europium doped aluminum oxide. By measuring the infrared spectrum of pure aluminum oxide, it is found that there are five vibratory frequencies, namely:(3523 – 3457 – 2450 – 1647 – 719) cm- 1 and five vibratory frequencies for europium doped aluminum oxide at 0.003%:(3518 – 3435 – 3175 – 2385 – 1580) cm- 1 The study showed that the absorbance values, the absorption coefficient, the refractive index and the optical length were in the europium doped sample by 0.003% greater than that of the pure aluminum oxide compound and are respectively: α=34.96 cm-1 n=5.68.Keywords: aluminum oxide - Infrared spectrum - absorption coefficient - refractive index - Optical conductivityDOI: 10.7176/CMR/10-5-01Publication date:May 31st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87346251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human exposure to heavy metals has significant harmful health effects and might be associated with the risk of blood abnormalities and biological parameters. The wasteful in the use of these metals was reached a high level of risk, leaving a huge burden on the environment. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate any changes in the hematological and biochemical profile with the blood lead level among employees occupationally exposed to gasoline in different gas stations in Riyadh City. The exposed group included 35 gas station employees. They were compared to a corresponding group of healthy 35 male at the Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences. The number of white blood cells, platelets, lymph, mean corpuscular volume, liver enzymes, Alanine transaminase, Aspartate Aminotransferase, and creatinine mean corpuscular hemoglobin were significantly higher with relatively small decreased in red blood cells, Haemoglobin, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and Hematocrit with increasing in the level of lead in gas stations employees compared to the control group. Keywords: Lead, CBC, ALT, AST, creatinine. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-4-03 Publication date: April 30 th 2020
{"title":"Biochemical and Haematological Parameters Among Gas Station Employees","authors":"H. Ahmed","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-4-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-4-03","url":null,"abstract":"Human exposure to heavy metals has significant harmful health effects and might be associated with the risk of blood abnormalities and biological parameters. The wasteful in the use of these metals was reached a high level of risk, leaving a huge burden on the environment. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate any changes in the hematological and biochemical profile with the blood lead level among employees occupationally exposed to gasoline in different gas stations in Riyadh City. The exposed group included 35 gas station employees. They were compared to a corresponding group of healthy 35 male at the Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences. The number of white blood cells, platelets, lymph, mean corpuscular volume, liver enzymes, Alanine transaminase, Aspartate Aminotransferase, and creatinine mean corpuscular hemoglobin were significantly higher with relatively small decreased in red blood cells, Haemoglobin, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and Hematocrit with increasing in the level of lead in gas stations employees compared to the control group. Keywords: Lead, CBC, ALT, AST, creatinine. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-4-03 Publication date: April 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82992220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fe , Sb doped tin oxide transparent conducting powder were prepared by solid state reaction method. Structural properties of the samples were investigated as a function of various Fe , Sb doping levels (x=0.00-0.01-0.06). The results of x-ray diffraction have shown that the samples are polycrystalline structure in tetragonal phase with preferential orientations along the (110) for all samples.The relative intensities, distance between crystalline planes (d), crystallite size (D), dislocation density (ẟ) and lattice parameters (a), (c). Keywords : powder, Iron and Antimony doped Tin Oxide, solid state reaction, Structural properties. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-4-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2020
{"title":"The Influence of Fe , Sb doping on the Structural Properties of SnO2 Powder. Comparative Study","authors":"Ahmad Khoudro","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-4-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-4-01","url":null,"abstract":"Fe , Sb doped tin oxide transparent conducting powder were prepared by solid state reaction method. Structural properties of the samples were investigated as a function of various Fe , Sb doping levels (x=0.00-0.01-0.06). The results of x-ray diffraction have shown that the samples are polycrystalline structure in tetragonal phase with preferential orientations along the (110) for all samples.The relative intensities, distance between crystalline planes (d), crystallite size (D), dislocation density (ẟ) and lattice parameters (a), (c). Keywords : powder, Iron and Antimony doped Tin Oxide, solid state reaction, Structural properties. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-4-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"204 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80307491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil contamination by heavy metals is increasing day by day. In this study, pollution indices which include geo-accumulation index (I-geo), enrichment factor (EF), environmental risk factor (ERF), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (CD), contamination/pollution index (C/PI) and pollution load index (PLI) among others were used. The City was divided into four zones; Northwest (NW), Northeast (NE), Southwest (SW) and Southeast (SE). The average total levels of heavy metals in soil samples analyzed in SE, SW, NE, NW and control were 143.1, 118.6, 129.1, 143.3 and 0.85 mg/kg respectively. The levels of Cd in soils from all the zones were greater than the target values. The results of the I-geo ranged between highly polluted to very highly polluted. The CF showed very high level of contamination for all the heavy metals in all the zones. The C/PI values were less than 1 (contamination range) for all the heavy metals in all zones except for Cd which was greater than 1 (pollution range) in all zones. The negative values of ERF recorded for all the metals in all zones implied that the heavy metals analyzed may present potential environmental threat. The PLI values were 331.08, 313.12, 287.54 and 313.86 for NW, NE, SW and SE respectively. This study revealed that automobile workshop is one of the major sources of anthropogenic soil pollution in Benin City and its environs. Keywords : Automobile Workshop, Heavy Metals, Pollution Indices and Soil. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-4-04 Publication date: April 30 th 2020
{"title":"Pollution Indices as a Tool for the Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil of Automobile Workshops in Benin City","authors":"B. Anegbe, J. Okuo, F. Okieimen, Endurance Idu","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-4-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-4-04","url":null,"abstract":"Soil contamination by heavy metals is increasing day by day. In this study, pollution indices which include geo-accumulation index (I-geo), enrichment factor (EF), environmental risk factor (ERF), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (CD), contamination/pollution index (C/PI) and pollution load index (PLI) among others were used. The City was divided into four zones; Northwest (NW), Northeast (NE), Southwest (SW) and Southeast (SE). The average total levels of heavy metals in soil samples analyzed in SE, SW, NE, NW and control were 143.1, 118.6, 129.1, 143.3 and 0.85 mg/kg respectively. The levels of Cd in soils from all the zones were greater than the target values. The results of the I-geo ranged between highly polluted to very highly polluted. The CF showed very high level of contamination for all the heavy metals in all the zones. The C/PI values were less than 1 (contamination range) for all the heavy metals in all zones except for Cd which was greater than 1 (pollution range) in all zones. The negative values of ERF recorded for all the metals in all zones implied that the heavy metals analyzed may present potential environmental threat. The PLI values were 331.08, 313.12, 287.54 and 313.86 for NW, NE, SW and SE respectively. This study revealed that automobile workshop is one of the major sources of anthropogenic soil pollution in Benin City and its environs. Keywords : Automobile Workshop, Heavy Metals, Pollution Indices and Soil. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-4-04 Publication date: April 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79920118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the synthesis, characterization, and thermal properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (MMA) polymer/clay based nanocomposites were investigated by in situ polymerization. At the characterizations of nanomaterials FTIR, XRD, and thermal techniques were used. It was determined from XRD and TGA measurements that the morphology of nanocomposites was exfoliated when the clay content in the polymer matrix was kept at 3% and 5%. From thermal analysis, a positive correlation was observed between the clay ratio and thermal stability of nanomaterials. Keywords: Polymer/clay nanocomposite, organoclay, thermal stability, in-situ polymerization, methyl methacrylate. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-3-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2020
{"title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Properties of Poly(MMA)/Organoclay Nanocomposites","authors":"N. Çankaya","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-3-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-3-02","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the synthesis, characterization, and thermal properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (MMA) polymer/clay based nanocomposites were investigated by in situ polymerization. At the characterizations of nanomaterials FTIR, XRD, and thermal techniques were used. It was determined from XRD and TGA measurements that the morphology of nanocomposites was exfoliated when the clay content in the polymer matrix was kept at 3% and 5%. From thermal analysis, a positive correlation was observed between the clay ratio and thermal stability of nanomaterials. Keywords: Polymer/clay nanocomposite, organoclay, thermal stability, in-situ polymerization, methyl methacrylate. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-3-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"229 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80200096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. O. Chike, N. Iheaturu, B. C. Aharanwa, L. Ezeamaku, N. Ojinmah, C. Uwakwe, C. I. Ojiaku
The production of drilling mud using pectin extracted from Citrus Sinensis peels was carried out. The extraction was carried out using water-hot acid technique which is a conventional method, and the extracted pectin was pre-gelatinized using calcium water. The pre-gelatinized pectin biopolymer was used to prepare drilling mud. Filter loss method was used to determine the filtration properties of the mud at 25°C and 200°C and 0.1g/mol concentration of pectin polymer was compared to the filtration behavior of hydroxyl propyl starch modified drilling mud. Our results showed that the pectin biopolymer mud (PPM) has better filtration control behavior than the hydroxyl propyl starch modified drilling mud (CMM). The study also showed that highest sorptivity value of 21.25 was obtained with PPM at 200°C, while the highest diffusivity value of 0.424 was obtained with CMM at 200°C. Keywords: Pectin, Citrus, Biopolymer, Sorptivity, Diffusivity, Drilling mud, Filtration DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-3-03 Publication date: March 31 st 2020
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