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Correction to: RIPK1 prevents TRADD-driven, but TNFR1 independent, apoptosis during development. 更正为RIPK1 可防止发育过程中由 TRADD 驱动但独立于 TNFR1 的细胞凋亡。
IF 13.7 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01401-7
Holly Anderton, Esther Bandala-Sanchez, Daniel S Simpson, James A Rickard, Ashley P Ng, Ladina Di Rago, Cathrine Hall, James E Vince, John Silke, Gianmaria Liccardi, Rebecca Feltham
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引用次数: 0
Localized release of muscle-generated BDNF regulates the initial formation of postsynaptic apparatus at neuromuscular synapses 肌肉产生的 BDNF 的局部释放调节神经肌肉突触后装置的初步形成
IF 12.4 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01404-4
Jinkai Zhang, Hiu-Lam Rachel Kwan, Chi Bun Chan, Chi Wai Lee

Growing evidence indicates that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is produced in contracting skeletal muscles and is secreted as a myokine that plays an important role in muscle metabolism. However, the involvement of muscle-generated BDNF and the regulation of its vesicular trafficking, localization, proteolytic processing, and spatially restricted release during the development of vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) remain largely unknown. In this study, we first reported that BDNF is spatially associated with the actin-rich core domain of podosome-like structures (PLSs) at topologically complex acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters in cultured Xenopus muscle cells. The release of spatially localized BDNF is tightly controlled by activity-regulated mechanisms in a calcium-dependent manner. Live-cell time-lapse imaging further showed that BDNF-containing vesicles are transported to and captured at PLSs in both aneural and synaptic AChR clusters for spatially restricted release. Functionally, BDNF knockdown or furin-mediated endoproteolytic activity inhibition significantly suppresses aneural AChR cluster formation, which in turn affects synaptic AChR clustering induced by nerve innervation or agrin-coated beads. Lastly, skeletal muscle-specific BDNF knockout (MBKO) mice exhibit structural defects in the formation of aneural AChR clusters and their subsequent recruitment to nerve-induced synaptic AChR clusters during the initial stages of NMJ development in vivo. Together, this study demonstrated the regulatory roles of PLSs in the intracellular trafficking, spatial localization, and activity-dependent release of BDNF in muscle cells and revealed the involvement of muscle-generated BDNF and its proteolytic conversion in regulating the initial formation of aneural and synaptic AChR clusters during early NMJ development in vitro and in vivo.

越来越多的证据表明,脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)在收缩的骨骼肌中产生,并作为肌动素分泌,在肌肉代谢中发挥重要作用。然而,在脊椎动物神经肌肉接头(NMJs)的发育过程中,肌肉产生的 BDNF 的参与及其囊泡运输、定位、蛋白水解处理和空间限制释放的调控在很大程度上仍然未知。在这项研究中,我们首次报道了 BDNF 在培养的爪蟾肌肉细胞中与拓扑结构复杂的乙酰胆碱受体(AChR)簇的荚膜样结构(PLSs)富含肌动蛋白的核心结构域存在空间关联。空间定位的 BDNF 的释放受钙依赖性活动调节机制的严格控制。活细胞延时成像进一步表明,含有BDNF的囊泡被运输到神经节和突触AChR簇的PLS并被捕获,以进行空间限制性释放。从功能上讲,敲除 BDNF 或抑制 furin 介导的内切蛋白水解活性可显著抑制神经节 AChR 簇的形成,进而影响神经支配或琼脂糖包被珠诱导的突触 AChR 簇。最后,骨骼肌特异性 BDNF 基因敲除(MBKO)小鼠在体内 NMJ 发育的初始阶段表现出神经节 AChR 簇的形成及其随后被招募到神经诱导的突触 AChR 簇的结构缺陷。总之,这项研究证明了 PLSs 在肌肉细胞内 BDNF 的胞内转运、空间定位和活动依赖性释放中的调控作用,并揭示了肌肉生成的 BDNF 及其蛋白水解转换参与了体外和体内 NMJ 早期发育过程中神经节和突触 AChR 团簇初始形成的调控。
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引用次数: 0
Tufm lactylation regulates neuronal apoptosis by modulating mitophagy in traumatic brain injury. Tufm 乳酰化通过调节创伤性脑损伤中的有丝分裂来调节神经细胞凋亡。
IF 13.7 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01408-0
Weiji Weng, Zhenghui He, Zixuan Ma, Jialin Huang, Yuhan Han, Qiyuan Feng, Wenlan Qi, Yidong Peng, Jiangchang Wang, Jiacheng Gu, Wenye Wang, Yong Lin, Gan Jiang, Jiyao Jiang, Junfeng Feng

Lactates accumulation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is detrimental. However, whether lactylation is triggered and involved in the deterioration of TBI remains unknown. Here, we first report that Tufm lactylation pathway induces neuronal apoptosis in TBI. Lactylation is found significantly increased in brain tissues from patients with TBI and mice with controlled cortical impact (CCI), and in neuronal injury cell models. Tufm, a key factor in mitophagy, is screened and identified to be mostly lactylated. Tufm is detected to be lactylated at K286 and the lactylation inhibits the interaction of Tufm and Tomm40 on mitochondria. The mitochondrial distribution of Tufm is then inhibited. Consequently, Tufm-mediated mitophagy is suppressed while mitochondria-induced neuronal apoptosis is increased. In contrast, the knockin of a lactylation-deficient TufmK286R mutant in mice rescues the mitochondrial distribution of Tufm and Tufm-mediated mitophagy, and improves functional outcome after CCI. Likewise, mild hypothermia, as a critical therapeutic method in neuroprotection, helps in downregulating Tufm lactylation, increasing Tufm-mediated mitophagy, mitigating neuronal apoptosis, and eventually ameliorating the outcome of TBI. A novel molecular mechanism in neuronal apoptosis, TBI-initiated Tufm lactylation suppressing mitophagy, is thus revealed.

创伤性脑损伤(TBI)后乳酸堆积是有害的。然而,乳酸化是否会引发并参与创伤性脑损伤的恶化仍是未知数。在此,我们首次报道了 Tufm 乳酸化途径在创伤性脑损伤中诱导神经元凋亡。在 TBI 患者和受控皮质冲击(CCI)小鼠的脑组织中,以及在神经元损伤细胞模型中,发现乳化作用明显增加。Tufm 是有丝分裂过程中的一个关键因子,经筛选和鉴定,Tufm 大部分被乳化。检测到 Tufm 在 K286 处被乳化,乳化抑制了线粒体上 Tufm 和 Tomm40 的相互作用。Tufm 的线粒体分布随之受到抑制。因此,Tufm 介导的有丝分裂受到抑制,而线粒体诱导的神经细胞凋亡增加。相反,在小鼠体内敲入乳酸化缺陷的 TufmK286R 突变体可挽救 Tufm 的线粒体分布和 Tufm 介导的有丝分裂,并改善 CCI 后的功能预后。同样,轻度低温作为神经保护的重要治疗方法,有助于下调 Tufm 乳化,增加 Tufm 介导的有丝分裂,减轻神经元凋亡,最终改善创伤性脑损伤的结果。由此揭示了创伤性脑损伤引发的 Tufm 乳化抑制有丝分裂这一神经元凋亡的新分子机制。
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引用次数: 0
The AKR1C1-CYP1B1-cAMP signaling axis controls tumorigenicity and ferroptosis susceptibility of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. AKR1C1-CYP1B1-cAMP信号轴控制着肝外胆管癌的致瘤性和易感性。
IF 13.7 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01407-1
Chang Liu, Cheng Zhang, Hongkun Wu, Zhibin Zhao, Zhenhua Wang, Xiaomin Zhang, Jieli Yang, Wenlong Yu, Zhexiong Lian, Minghui Gao, Lin Zhou

Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC), a highly malignant type of cancer with increasing incidence, has a poor prognosis due to limited treatment options. Based on genomic analysis of ECC patient samples, here we report that aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 (AKR1C1) is highly expressed in human ECC tissues and closely associated with ECC progression and poor prognosis. Intriguingly, we show that inducible AKR1C1 knockdown triggers ECC cells to undergo ferroptosis. Mechanistically, AKR1C1 degrades the protein stability of the cytochrome P450 family member CYP1B1, a newly discovered mediator of ferroptosis, via ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation. Additionally, AKR1C1 decreases CYP1B1 mRNA level through the transcriptional factor aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Furthermore, the AKR1C1-CYP1B1 axis modulates ferroptosis in ECC cells via the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. Finally, in a xenograft mouse model of ECC, AKR1C1 depletion sensitizes cancer cells to ferroptosis and synergizes with ferroptosis inducers to suppress tumor growth. Therefore, the AKR1C1-CYP1B1-cAMP signaling axis is a promising therapeutic target for ECC treatment, especially in combination with ferroptosis inducers.

肝外胆管癌(ECC)是一种恶性程度很高的癌症,发病率不断上升,但由于治疗方法有限,预后较差。基于对 ECC 患者样本的基因组分析,我们在此报告醛酮还原酶家族 1 成员 C1(AKR1C1)在人类 ECC 组织中高表达,并与 ECC 的进展和不良预后密切相关。耐人寻味的是,我们发现诱导性 AKR1C1 敲除会引发 ECC 细胞发生铁变态反应。从机理上讲,AKR1C1 通过泛素-蛋白酶体降解,降低了细胞色素 P450 家族成员 CYP1B1 蛋白的稳定性,而 CYP1B1 是新发现的铁变态反应介质。此外,AKR1C1 还通过芳基烃受体(AHR)转录因子降低 CYP1B1 mRNA 水平。此外,AKR1C1-CYP1B1 轴还能通过 cAMP-PKA 信号通路调节 ECC 细胞中的铁变态反应。最后,在 ECC 的异种移植小鼠模型中,AKR1C1 的缺失会使癌细胞对铁凋亡敏感,并与铁凋亡诱导剂协同抑制肿瘤生长。因此,AKR1C1-CYP1B1-cAMP 信号轴是治疗 ECC 的一个很有前景的治疗靶点,尤其是与铁变态反应诱导剂联合使用时。
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引用次数: 0
METTL3 confers oxaliplatin resistance through the activation of G6PD-enhanced pentose phosphate pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma METTL3 通过激活肝细胞癌中 G6PD 增强的磷酸戊糖通路赋予奥沙利铂耐药性
IF 12.4 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01406-2
Xiaohan Jin, Yongrui Lv, Fengjie Bie, Jinling Duan, Chao Ma, Miaomiao Dai, Jiewei Chen, Lianghe Lu, Shuidan Xu, Jie Zhou, Si Li, Jiong Bi, Fengwei Wang, Dan Xie, Muyan Cai

Oxaliplatin-based therapeutics is a widely used treatment approach for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients; however, drug resistance poses a significant clinical challenge. Epigenetic modifications have been implicated in the development of drug resistance. In our study, employing siRNA library screening, we identified that silencing the m6A writer METTL3 significantly enhanced the sensitivity to oxaliplatin in both in vivo and in vitro HCC models. Further investigations through combined RNA-seq and non-targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that silencing METTL3 impeded the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), leading to a reduction in NADPH and nucleotide precursors. This disruption induced DNA damage, decreased DNA synthesis, and ultimately resulted in cell cycle arrest. Mechanistically, METTL3 was found to modify E3 ligase TRIM21 near the 3’UTR with N6-methyladenosine, leading to reduced RNA stability upon recognition by YTHDF2. TRIM21, in turn, facilitated the degradation of the rate-limiting enzyme of PPP, G6PD, through the ubiquitination-proteasome pathway. Importantly, high expression of METTL3 was significantly associated with adverse prognosis and oxaliplatin resistance in HCC patients. Notably, treatment with the specific METTL3 inhibitor, STM2457, significantly improved the efficacy of oxaliplatin. These findings underscore the critical role of the METTL3/TRIM21/G6PD axis in driving oxaliplatin resistance and present a promising strategy to overcome chemoresistance in HCC.

以奥沙利铂为基础的疗法是肝细胞癌(HCC)患者广泛采用的一种治疗方法;然而,耐药性构成了重大的临床挑战。表观遗传修饰与耐药性的产生有关。在我们的研究中,通过 siRNA 文库筛选,我们发现在体内和体外 HCC 模型中,沉默 m6A 写作者 METTL3 能显著提高对奥沙利铂的敏感性。通过RNA-seq和非靶向代谢组学分析进行的进一步研究发现,沉默METTL3会阻碍磷酸戊糖途径(PPP),导致NADPH和核苷酸前体的减少。这种破坏会诱发DNA损伤,减少DNA合成,最终导致细胞周期停滞。从机理上讲,研究发现 METTL3 会用 N6-甲基腺苷修饰 3'UTR 附近的 E3 连接酶 TRIM21,导致 YTHDF2 识别后的 RNA 稳定性降低。TRIM21 反过来又促进了 PPP 的限速酶 G6PD 通过泛素化-蛋白酶体途径降解。重要的是,METTL3的高表达与HCC患者的不良预后和奥沙利铂耐药密切相关。值得注意的是,使用特异性 METTL3 抑制剂 STM2457 治疗可显著提高奥沙利铂的疗效。这些发现强调了METTL3/TRIM21/G6PD轴在驱动奥沙利铂耐药中的关键作用,并为克服HCC的化疗耐药提供了一种前景广阔的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Apoptosis signaling is activated as a transient pulse in neurons 凋亡信号在神经元中作为瞬时脉冲被激活
IF 12.4 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01403-5
Keeley L. Spiess, Matthew J. Geden, Selena E. Romero, Emilie Hollville, Elizabeth S. Hammond, Rachel L. Patterson, Quintin B. Girardi, Mohanish Deshmukh

Apoptosis is a fundamental process of all mammalian cells but exactly how it is regulated in different primary cells remains less explored. In most contexts, apoptosis is engaged to eliminate cells. However, postmitotic cells such as neurons must efficiently balance the need for developmental apoptosis versus the physiological needs for their long-term survival. Neurons are capable of reversing the commitment to death even after the point of cytochrome c release. This ability of neurons to recover from an apoptotic signal suggests that activation of the apoptotic pathway in neurons could be much more transient than is currently recognized. Here, we investigated whether the apoptotic pathway in neurons is a persistent signal or a transient pulse in continuous presence of apoptotic stimulus. We have examined this at three key steps in apoptotic signaling: phosphorylation of c-Jun, induction of the BH3-only family proteins and Bax activation. Strikingly, we found all three of these events occur as transient signals following Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) deprivation-induced apoptosis in sympathetic neurons. This transient apoptosis signal would effectively allow neurons to reset and permit recovery if the apoptotic stimulus is reversed. Excitingly, we have also discovered that a neuron’s ability to recover from an apoptotic signal is dependent on expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Bcl-xL. Bcl-xL-deficient neurons lose the ability to recover from NGF deprivation even if NGF is restored. Additionally, we show that recovery from a previous exposure to NGF deprivation is protective against subsequent deprivation. Together, these results define a novel mechanism by which apoptosis is regulated in neurons where the transient pulse of the apoptotic signaling supports neuronal resilience.

细胞凋亡是所有哺乳动物细胞的基本过程,但它在不同原代细胞中究竟是如何调控的,目前仍鲜有研究。在大多数情况下,细胞凋亡是为了消灭细胞。然而,有丝分裂后的细胞(如神经元)必须有效地平衡发育凋亡的需要和长期存活的生理需要。即使在细胞色素 c 释放点之后,神经元也能够逆转死亡承诺。神经元从凋亡信号中恢复的这种能力表明,神经元中凋亡途径的激活可能比目前公认的要短暂得多。在此,我们研究了神经元中的凋亡途径是一个持续的信号,还是在凋亡刺激持续存在时的一个瞬时脉冲。我们从凋亡信号转导的三个关键步骤进行了研究:c-Jun 磷酸化、纯 BH3 家族蛋白诱导和 Bax 激活。令人震惊的是,我们发现在神经生长因子(NGF)剥夺诱导交感神经元凋亡后,所有这三个事件都会以瞬时信号的形式出现。如果凋亡刺激发生逆转,这种瞬时凋亡信号将有效地使神经元复位并允许恢复。令人兴奋的是,我们还发现神经元从凋亡信号中恢复的能力取决于抗凋亡 Bcl-2 家族蛋白 Bcl-xL 的表达。缺乏 Bcl-xL 的神经元即使在 NGF 恢复后也无法从 NGF 缺失中恢复。此外,我们还发现,从之前的 NGF 剥夺中恢复过来的神经元对随后的 NGF 剥夺具有保护作用。这些结果共同定义了神经元凋亡调控的一种新机制,在这种机制中,凋亡信号的短暂脉冲支持神经元的恢复能力。
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引用次数: 0
RIP1 inhibition protects retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma models of ocular injury 抑制 RIP1 可保护青光眼眼损伤模型中的视网膜神经节细胞
IF 12.4 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01390-7
Bo Kyoung Kim, Tatiana Goncharov, Sébastien A. Archaimbault, Filip Roudnicky, Joshua D. Webster, Peter D. Westenskow, Domagoj Vucic

Receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1, RIPK1) is a critical mediator of multiple signaling pathways that promote inflammatory responses and cell death. The kinase activity of RIP1 contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of RIP1 in retinopathies remains unclear. This study demonstrates that RIP1 inhibition protects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in preclinical glaucoma models. Genetic inactivation of RIP1 improves RGC survival and preserves retinal function in the preclinical glaucoma models of optic nerve crush (ONC) and ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI). In addition, the involvement of necroptosis in ONC and IRI glaucoma models was examined by utilizing RIP1 kinase-dead (RIP1-KD), RIP3 knockout (RIP3-KO), and MLKL knockout (MLKL-KO) mice. The number of RGCs, retinal thickness, and visual acuity were rescued in RIP1-kinase-dead (RIP1-KD) mice in both models, while wild-type (WT) mice experienced significant retinal thinning, RGC loss, and vision impairment. RIP3-KO and MLKL-KO mice showed moderate protective effects in the IRI model and limited in the ONC model. Furthermore, we confirmed that a glaucoma causative mutation in optineurin, OPTN-E50K, sensitizes cells to RIP1-mediated inflammatory cell death. RIP1 inhibition reduces RGC death and axonal degeneration following IRI in mice expressing OPTN-WT and OPTN-E50K variant mice. We demonstrate that RIP1 inactivation suppressed microglial infiltration in the RGC layer following glaucomatous damage. Finally, this study highlights that human glaucomatous retinas exhibit elevated levels of TNF and RIP3 mRNA and microglia infiltration, thus demonstrating the role of neuroinflammation in glaucoma pathogenesis. Altogether, these data indicate that RIP1 plays an important role in modulating neuroinflammation and that inhibiting RIP1 activity may provide a neuroprotective therapy for glaucoma.

受体相互作用蛋白 1(RIP1,RIPK1)是促进炎症反应和细胞死亡的多种信号通路的关键介质。RIP1 的激酶活性是多种炎症和神经退行性疾病的发病机制之一。然而,RIP1 在视网膜病变中的作用仍不清楚。本研究证明,在临床前青光眼模型中,抑制 RIP1 可保护视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)。在视神经压迫(ONC)和缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)的临床前青光眼模型中,RIP1基因失活可提高RGC的存活率并保护视网膜功能。此外,还利用RIP1激酶凋亡(RIP1-KD)、RIP3基因敲除(RIP3-KO)和MLKL基因敲除(MLKL-KO)小鼠,研究了坏死凋亡在ONC和IRI青光眼模型中的参与情况。在这两种模型中,RIP1 激酶致死(RIP1-KD)小鼠的 RGC 数量、视网膜厚度和视敏度都得到了挽救,而野生型(WT)小鼠则出现了明显的视网膜变薄、RGC 丢失和视力损伤。RIP3-KO和MLKL-KO小鼠在IRI模型中表现出适度的保护作用,而在ONC模型中则表现出有限的保护作用。此外,我们还证实,青光眼的致病突变视神经蛋白(OPTN-E50K)会使细胞对 RIP1 介导的炎性细胞死亡敏感。在表达 OPTN-WT 和 OPTN-E50K 变异小鼠中,抑制 RIP1 可减少 IRI 后 RGC 的死亡和轴突变性。我们证明,RIP1 失活抑制了青光眼损伤后 RGC 层的小胶质细胞浸润。最后,本研究强调了人类青光眼视网膜表现出 TNF 和 RIP3 mRNA 水平升高以及小胶质细胞浸润,从而证明了神经炎症在青光眼发病机制中的作用。总之,这些数据表明,RIP1 在调节神经炎症中发挥着重要作用,抑制 RIP1 的活性可为青光眼提供神经保护疗法。
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引用次数: 0
TP53: the unluckiest of genes? TP53:最不幸的基因?
IF 12.4 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01391-6
Andreas C. Joerger, Thorsten Stiewe, Thierry Soussi

The transcription factor p53 plays a key role in the cellular defense against cancer development. It is inactivated in virtually every tumor, and in every second tumor this inactivation is due to a mutation in the TP53 gene. In this perspective, we show that this diverse mutational spectrum is unique among all other cancer-associated proteins and discuss what drives the selection of TP53 mutations in cancer. We highlight that several factors conspire to make the p53 protein particularly vulnerable to inactivation by the mutations that constantly plague our genome. It appears that the TP53 gene has emerged as a victim of its own evolutionary past that shaped its structure and function towards a pluripotent tumor suppressor, but came with an increased structural fragility of its DNA-binding domain. TP53 loss of function - with associated dominant-negative effects - is the main mechanism that will impair TP53 tumor suppressive function, regardless of whether a neomorphic phenotype is associated with some of these variants.

转录因子 p53 在细胞抵御癌症发展的过程中发挥着关键作用。几乎在每一种肿瘤中,它都会失活,而在每第二个肿瘤中,这种失活都是由于 TP53 基因突变造成的。在这篇论文中,我们展示了这种多样化的突变谱在所有其他癌症相关蛋白中是独一无二的,并讨论了在癌症中选择 TP53 突变的驱动因素。我们强调,有几个因素共同作用,使 p53 蛋白特别容易因突变而失活,而突变一直困扰着我们的基因组。在过去的进化过程中,TP53 基因的结构和功能被塑造成了多能肿瘤抑制因子,但其 DNA 结合域的结构脆弱性也随之增加。TP53 功能缺失--以及相关的显性阴性效应--是损害 TP53 肿瘤抑制功能的主要机制,无论其中一些变异是否伴有新表型。
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引用次数: 0
Oncometabolites at the crossroads of genetic, epigenetic and ecological alterations in cancer 处于癌症遗传、表观遗传和生态改变交叉口的肿瘤代谢物
IF 12.4 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01402-6
Letizia Lanzetti

By the time a tumor reaches clinical detectability, it contains around 108–109 cells. However, during tumor formation, significant cell loss occurs due to cell death. In some estimates, it could take up to a thousand cell generations, over a ~ 20-year life-span of a tumor, to reach clinical detectability, which would correspond to a “theoretical” generation of ~1030 cells. These rough calculations indicate that cancers are under negative selection. The fact that they thrive implies that they “evolve”, and that their evolutionary trajectories are shaped by the pressure of the environment. Evolvability of a cancer is a function of its heterogeneity, which could be at the genetic, epigenetic, and ecological/microenvironmental levels [1]. These principles were summarized in a proposed classification in which Evo (evolutionary) and Eco (ecological) indexes are used to label cancers [1]. The Evo index addresses cancer cell-autonomous heterogeneity (genetic/epigenetic). The Eco index describes the ecological landscape (non-cell-autonomous) in terms of hazards to cancer survival and resources available. The reciprocal influence of Evo and Eco components is critical, as it can trigger self-sustaining loops that shape cancer evolvability [2]. Among the various hallmarks of cancer [3], metabolic alterations appear unique in that they intersect with both Evo and Eco components. This is partly because altered metabolism leads to the accumulation of oncometabolites. These oncometabolites have traditionally been viewed as mediators of non-cell-autonomous alterations in the cancer microenvironment. However, they are now increasingly recognized as inducers of genetic and epigenetic modifications. Thus, oncometabolites are uniquely positioned at the crossroads of genetic, epigenetic and ecological alterations in cancer. In this review, the mechanisms of action of oncometabolites will be summarized, together with their roles in the Evo and Eco phenotypic components of cancer evolvability. An evolutionary perspective of the impact of oncometabolites on the natural history of cancer will be presented.

当肿瘤达到临床可检测的程度时,它大约包含 108-109 个细胞。然而,在肿瘤形成过程中,由于细胞死亡,细胞会大量丢失。据估计,在肿瘤约 20 年的生命周期中,可能需要经过多达一千代细胞才能达到临床可检测性,这相当于 "理论上 "产生了约 1030 个细胞。这些粗略的计算表明,癌症处于负选择状态。它们能茁壮成长这一事实意味着它们在 "进化",它们的进化轨迹是由环境压力决定的。癌症的可进化性是其异质性的函数,异质性可以是遗传、表观遗传和生态/微环境层面的[1]。这些原则被归纳为一种拟议的分类方法,其中 Evo(进化)和 Eco(生态)指数被用来标记癌症[1]。Evo 指数涉及癌细胞自主异质性(遗传/表观遗传)。生态指数从对癌症生存的危害和可用资源的角度描述生态景观(非细胞自主性)。Evo 和 Eco 成分的相互影响至关重要,因为它可以触发形成癌症可进化性的自我维持循环[2]。在癌症的各种特征中[3],代谢改变似乎是独一无二的,因为它们与 Evo 和 Eco 成分都有交集。这部分是因为代谢改变会导致副代谢物的积累。传统上,人们一直将这些癌上代谢物视为癌症微环境中非细胞自主改变的介质。然而,现在人们越来越认识到它们是遗传和表观遗传修饰的诱导物。因此,癌上代谢物处于癌症遗传、表观遗传和生态改变的交叉口,具有独特的地位。本综述将总结本体代谢物的作用机制,以及它们在癌症可进化性的 Evo 和 Eco 表型中的作用。此外,还将从进化的角度阐述肿瘤代谢物对癌症自然史的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial Expression of Concern: The NAD+ salvage pathway modulates cancer cell viability via p73 社论表达关注:NAD+ 挽救途径通过 p73 调节癌细胞的活力。
IF 13.7 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01382-7
T. Sharif, D.-G. Ahn, R.-Z. Liu, E. Pringle, E. Martell, C. Dai, A. Nunokawa, M. Kwak, D. Clements, J. P. Murphy, C. Dean, P. Marcato, C. McCormick, R. Godbout, S. A. Gujar, P. W. K. Lee
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Cell Death and Differentiation
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