We utilized a novel all-in-one method to fabricate porous polyethersulfone (PES) membranes containing bimetallic PdIn as catalyst and a cationic ionomer to introduce charged surface groups. Our fabrication is based on in situ solidification of dissolved palladium and indium ions in a PES-ionomer casting-reaction solution, directly followed by preparation of porous catalytic membranes through film casting and phase separation in water. We employed as-prepared membranes in the catalytic reduction of NO3− (50 mg/L, 0.81 mM) to NH3 in water using formic acid (FA) as electron source. The in situ solidification of PdCl42− and In3+ generated PdIn species with the highest catalytic activity, compared to Pd2+ and In3+ or a sequential solidification of Pd followed by In. Moreover, positively charged ionomer in a Pd3In1-PES membrane boosted NO3− conversion rate in flow-through at pH 7 from 2.5 to 17 mmol/m2h and NH3 selectivity from 4 % to 34 %, likely by promoting interaction between nitrate and formate anions with catalyst sites. Reducing the flow rate from 100 to 50 L/m2h further enhanced NH3 selectivity to 55 % (NH3 production rate of 189 µg/h mg), illustrating that a longer residence time in the membrane promotes NH3 formation. Additionally, we achieved 90 % electron efficiency for NO3− reduction with FA in flow-through compared to 60 % in batch, highlighting that a short contact time between catalyst and FA limits excess consumption through dehydrogenation. Finally, we demonstrated continuous NH3 production from NO3− for 11 h of flow-through, and found indications that PdIn catalyzes NO3− reduction through an electron/oxygen transfer cycle.
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