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Liking of salt is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. 喜盐与抑郁、焦虑和压力有关。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad038
Celeste Ferraris, Christopher J Scarlett, Tamara Bucher, Emma L Beckett

Early research has shown variations in salt taste qualities in depression, anxiety, and stress. These studies evaluated changes to salt taste intensity and liking (pleasantness) of salt solutions but not of salty foods. Therefore, an Australian population survey (n = 424) was conducted where participants rated recalled intensity and liking of salt index foods and completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to measure these states. Standard least squares regression (post hoc Tukey's HSD) compared means between groups, and nominal logistic regression assessed differences in distributions between categories. Higher salt liking was found in participants with DASS-21 scores indicative of severe depression (68.3 vs. 60.0, P = 0.005) and severe anxiety (68.4 vs. 60.0, P = 0.001) in comparison to those with normal scores, in all models. Higher salt liking was found in participants with DASS-21 scores indicative of moderate stress (67.7 vs. 60.2, P = 0.009) in the unadjusted model only. Higher salt liking was found in females with DASS-21 scores indicative of anxiety and stress, and in males with indicative depression and anxiety. No relationships between salt taste intensity ratings and the mood states were found. Results indicate that liking salty foods is positively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress scores. Further research on the relationships between salt liking and intake of salt and salty foods, and the biological mechanisms of these mood states are needed to direct the application of findings toward potential new risk assessment measures, dietary interventions, or therapeutics.

早期研究表明,在抑郁、焦虑和压力中,盐的味道会发生变化。这些研究评估了盐的味道强度和对盐溶液的喜好(愉悦感)的变化,而不是对含盐食物的喜好。因此,进行了一项澳大利亚人口调查(n=424),参与者对回忆强度和对盐指数食物的喜爱程度进行了评分,并完成了抑郁、焦虑和压力量表(DAS-21)来测量这些状态。标准最小二乘回归(post-hoc Tukey’s HSD)比较了各组之间的平均值,标称逻辑回归评估了类别之间分布的差异。在所有模型中,与评分正常的参与者相比,DAS-21评分表示严重抑郁(68.3 vs.60.0,p=0.005)和严重焦虑(68.4 vs.60.00,p=0.001)的参与者更喜欢盐。在未经调整的模型中,DAS-21评分表明中度压力的参与者更喜欢盐(67.7对60.2,p=0.009)。DAS-21评分表明焦虑和压力的女性和抑郁和焦虑的男性更喜欢盐。盐味强度等级与情绪状态之间没有关系。结果表明,喜欢咸味食物与抑郁、焦虑和压力评分呈正相关。需要进一步研究喜盐与盐和含盐食物摄入之间的关系,以及这些情绪状态的生物学机制,以指导将研究结果应用于潜在的新风险评估措施、饮食干预或治疗。
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引用次数: 0
Expression of taste sentinels, T1R, T2R, and PLCβ2, on the passageway for olfactory signals in zebrafish. 味觉哨兵T1R、T2R和PLCß2在斑马鱼嗅觉信号通路上的表达。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad040
Günes Birdal, Percival P D'Gama, Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi, Sigrun I Korsching

The senses of taste and smell detect overlapping sets of chemical compounds in fish, e.g. amino acids are detected by both senses. However, so far taste and smell organs appeared morphologically to be very distinct, with a specialized olfactory epithelium for detection of odors and taste buds located in the oral cavity and lip for detection of tastants. Here, we report dense clusters of cells expressing T1R and T2R receptors as well as their signal transduction molecule PLCβ2 in nostrils of zebrafish, i.e. on the entrance funnel through which odor molecules must pass to be detected by olfactory sensory neurons. Quantitative evaluation shows the density of these chemosensory cells in the nostrils to be as high or higher than that in the established taste organs oral cavity and lower lip. Hydrodynamic flow is maximal at the nostril rim enabling high throughput chemosensation in this organ. Taken together, our results suggest a sentinel function for these chemosensory cells in the nostril.

味觉和嗅觉检测鱼类中重叠的化学化合物,例如氨基酸由两种感官检测。然而,到目前为止,味觉和嗅觉器官在形态上似乎非常不同,有专门的嗅觉上皮用于检测气味,味蕾位于口腔和嘴唇中用于检测味觉物质。在这里,我们报道了斑马鱼鼻孔中表达T1R和T2R受体及其信号转导分子PLCß2的密集细胞簇,即气味分子必须穿过的入口漏斗上,才能被嗅觉神经元检测到。定量评估显示,鼻孔中这些化学感觉细胞的密度与口腔和下唇中已建立的味觉器官中的密度一样高或更高。鼻孔边缘的流体动力学流量最大,从而实现该器官的高通量化学补偿。总之,我们的研究结果表明鼻孔中这些化学感觉细胞具有前哨功能。
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引用次数: 0
Ablation of AQP5 gene in mice leads to olfactory dysfunction caused by hyposecretion of Bowman's gland. 小鼠 AQP5 基因的消减会导致鲍曼腺分泌不足引起嗅觉功能障碍。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad030
Xinnan Zhao, Gang Liu, Xin Yu, Xiaohan Yang, Wenting Gao, Zinan Zhao, Tonghui Ma, Jianmei Ma

Smell detection depends on nasal airflow, which can make absorption of odors to the olfactory epithelium by diffusion through the mucus layer. The odors then act on the chemo-sensitive epithelium of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Therefore, any pathological changes in the olfactory area, for instance, dry nose caused by Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) may interfere with olfactory function. SS is an autoimmune disease in which aquaporin (AQP) 5 autoantibodies have been detected in the serum. However, the expression of AQP5 in olfactory mucosa and its function in olfaction is still unknown. Based on the study of the expression characteristics of AQP5 protein in the nasal mucosa, the olfaction dysfunction in AQP5 knockout (KO) mice was found by olfactory behavior analysis, which was accompanied by reduced secretion volume of Bowman's gland by using in vitro secretion measure system, and the change of acid mucin in nasal mucus layer was identified. By excluding the possibility that olfactory disturbance was caused by changes in OSNs, the result indicated that AQP5 contributes to olfactory functions by regulating the volume and composition of OE mucus layer, which is the medium for the dissolution of odor molecules. Our results indicate that AQP5 can affect the olfactory functions by regulating the water supply of BGs and the mucus layer upper the OE that can explain the olfactory loss in the patients of SS, and AQP5 KO mice might be used as an ideal model to study the olfactory dysfunction.

嗅觉检测依赖于鼻腔气流,气流可以通过粘液层的扩散将气味吸收到嗅觉上皮。然后,气味会作用于嗅觉神经元(OSN)的化学敏感上皮细胞。因此,嗅觉区域的任何病理变化,例如斯约格伦综合症(SS)引起的鼻腔干燥,都可能干扰嗅觉功能。斯琼格伦综合征是一种自身免疫性疾病,血清中可检测到水蒸发蛋白(AQP)5自身抗体。然而,AQP5 在嗅觉粘膜中的表达及其在嗅觉中的功能尚不清楚。基于对 AQP5 蛋白在鼻粘膜中表达特征的研究,通过嗅觉行为分析发现 AQP5 基因敲除(KO)小鼠的嗅觉功能障碍,同时利用体外分泌测量系统发现鲍曼腺分泌量减少,鼻粘膜层中的酸性粘蛋白也发生了变化。结果表明,AQP5 通过调节作为气味分子溶解介质的鼻腔粘液层的容量和成分,对嗅觉功能做出了贡献。我们的研究结果表明,AQP5可通过调节BGs和OE上部粘液层的水分供应来影响嗅觉功能,这可以解释SS患者嗅觉缺失的原因,AQP5 KO小鼠可作为研究嗅觉功能障碍的理想模型。
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引用次数: 0
A mobile APP-based, customizable automated device for self-administered olfactory testing and an implementation of smell identification test. 基于移动 APP 的可定制自动设备,用于自控嗅觉测试和气味识别测试的实施。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad022
Zhihao Lan, Qing X Yang, Zhi-Hong Lyu, Cailing Feng, Liansheng Wang, Baowei Ji, Xuefei Yu, Sherman Xuegang Xin

Olfactory tests are used for the evaluation of ability to detect and identify common odors in humans psychophysically. Olfactory tests are currently administered by professionals with a set of given odorants. Manual administration of such tests can be labor and cost intensive and data collected as such are confounded with experimental variables, which adds personnel costs and introduces potential errors and data variability. For large-scale and longitudinal studies, manually recorded data must be collected and compiled from multiple sites. It is difficult to standardize the way data are collected and recorded. There is a need for a computerized smell test system for psychophysical and clinical applications. A mobile digital olfactory testing system (DOTS) was developed, consisting of an odor delivery system (DOTS-ODD) and a mobile application program (DOTS-APP) connected wirelessly. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was implemented in DOTS and compared to its commercial product on a cohort of 80 normosmic subjects and a clinical cohort of 12 Parkinson's disease patients. A test-retest was conducted on 29 subjects of the normal cohort. The smell identification scores obtained from the DOTS and standard UPSIT commercial test are highly correlated (r = 0.714, P < 0.001), and test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.807 (r = 0.807, P < 0.001). The DOTS is customizable and mobile compatible, which allows for the implementation of standardized olfactory tests and the customization of investigators' experimental paradigms. The DOTS-APP on mobile devices offers capabilities for a broad range of on-site, online, or remote clinical and scientific chemosensory applications.

嗅觉测试用于从心理生理上评估人类检测和识别常见气味的能力。目前,嗅觉测试是由专业人员通过一组给定的气味来进行的。人工进行此类测试需要大量的人力和成本,收集到的数据会与实验变量相混淆,从而增加人员成本,并带来潜在的误差和数据变异。对于大规模和纵向研究,必须从多个地点收集和汇编人工记录的数据。数据收集和记录方式很难标准化。心理物理学和临床应用需要一种计算机化的嗅觉测试系统。我们开发了一种移动数字嗅觉测试系统(DOTS),它由无线连接的气味传递系统(DOTS-ODD)和移动应用程序(DOTS-APP)组成。宾夕法尼亚大学嗅觉识别测试在 DOTS 中实施,并在 80 名正常人和 12 名帕金森病患者的临床队列中与其商业产品进行比较。对正常人群中的 29 名受试者进行了重复测试。从 DOTS 和标准 UPSIT 商业测试中获得的气味识别分数高度相关(r = 0.714,P<0.05)。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of zinc deficiency on the regeneration of olfactory epithelium in mice. 缺锌对小鼠嗅上皮再生的影响。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad023
Hiroyuki Ikushima, Jun Suzuki, Tomotaka Hemmi, Ryoukichi Ikeda, Yuta Kobayashi, Nobuo Ohta, Yukio Katori

The olfactory epithelium can regenerate after damage; however, the regeneration process is affected by various factors, such as viral infections, head trauma, and medications. Zinc is an essential trace element that has important roles in organ development, growth, and maturation. Zinc also helps regulate neurotransmission in the brain; nevertheless, its relationship with olfactory epithelium regeneration remains unclear. Therefore, we used a severe zinc deficiency mouse model to investigate the effects of zinc deficiency on olfactory epithelium regeneration. Male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were divided into zinc-deficient and control diet groups at the age of 4 weeks, and methimazole was administered at the age of 8 weeks to induce severe olfactory epithelium damage. We evaluated the olfactory epithelium before and 7, 14, and 28 days after methimazole administration by histologically analyzing paraffin sections. RNA sequencing was also performed at the age of 8 weeks before methimazole administration to examine changes in gene expression caused by zinc deficiency. In the zinc-deficient group, the regenerated olfactory epithelium thickness was decreased at all time points, and the numbers of Ki-67-positive, GAP43-positive, and olfactory marker protein-positive cells (i.e. proliferating cells, immature olfactory neurons, and mature olfactory neurons, respectively) failed to increase at some time points. Additionally, RNA sequencing revealed several changes in gene expression, such as a decrease in the expression of extracellular matrix-related genes and an increase in that of inflammatory response-related genes, in the zinc-deficient group. Therefore, zinc deficiency delays olfactory epithelium regeneration after damage in mice.

嗅觉上皮损伤后可再生;然而,再生过程受到多种因素的影响,如病毒感染、头部创伤和药物治疗。锌是人体必需的微量元素,在器官发育、生长和成熟过程中起着重要作用。锌还有助于调节大脑中的神经传递;然而,其与嗅上皮再生的关系尚不清楚。因此,我们采用严重缺锌小鼠模型来研究缺锌对嗅上皮再生的影响。雄性野生型C57BL/6小鼠在4周龄时分为缺锌组和对照组,8周龄时给予甲巯咪唑诱导重度嗅上皮损伤。我们通过石蜡切片的组织学分析,对甲巯咪唑给药前、给药后7天、14天和28天的嗅上皮进行了评估。在甲巯咪唑给药前8周进行RNA测序,以检测缺锌引起的基因表达变化。缺锌组再生嗅上皮厚度在各时间点均呈下降趋势,ki -67阳性、gap43阳性和嗅觉标记蛋白阳性细胞(分别为增殖细胞、未成熟嗅神经元和成熟嗅神经元)数量在部分时间点未增加。此外,RNA测序显示,在缺锌组中,基因表达发生了一些变化,如细胞外基质相关基因表达减少,炎症反应相关基因表达增加。因此,缺锌会延缓小鼠嗅觉上皮损伤后的再生。
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引用次数: 0
Umami taste perception and preferences of the domestic cat (Felis catus), an obligate carnivore. 专性食肉动物家猫(Felis catus)的鲜味感知和偏好。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad026
Scott J McGrane, Matthew Gibbs, Carlos Hernangomez de Alvaro, Nicola Dunlop, Marcel Winnig, Boris Klebansky, Daniel Waller

The domestic cat (Felis catus) is an obligate carnivore, and as such has a meat-based diet. Several studies on the taste perception of cats have been reported, indicating that their sense of taste has evolved based on their carnivorous diet. Here, we propose that umami (mediated by Tas1r1-Tas1r3) is the main appetitive taste modality for the domestic cat by characterizing the umami taste of a range of nucleotides, amino acids, and their mixtures for cats obtained using complementary methods. We show for the first time that cats express Tas1r1 in taste papillae. The cat umami receptor responds to a range of nucleotides as agonists, with the purine nucleotides having the highest activity. Their umami receptor does not respond to any amino acids alone; however, 11 l-amino acids with a range of chemical characteristics act as enhancers in combination with a nucleotide. l-Glutamic acid and l-Aspartic acid are not active as either agonists or enhancers of the cat umami receptor due to changes in key binding residues at positions 170 and 302. Overall, cats have an appetitive behavioral response for nucleotides, l-amino acids, and their mixtures. We postulate that the renowned palatability of tuna for cats may be due, at least in part, to its specific combination of high levels of inosine monophosphate and free l-Histidine that produces a strong synergistic umami taste enhancement. These results demonstrate the critical role that the umami receptor plays in enabling cats to detect key taste compounds present in meat.

家猫(Felis catus)是专性食肉动物,因此以肉类为基础的饮食。据报道,几项关于猫的味觉的研究表明,它们的味觉是基于它们的食肉性饮食而进化的。在这里,我们提出鲜味(由Tas1r1-Tas1r3介导)是家猫的主要食欲味觉形态,通过描述一系列核苷酸、氨基酸及其混合物的鲜味,猫使用互补方法获得。我们首次发现猫在味觉乳头中表达Tas1r1。猫鲜味受体对一系列核苷酸作为激动剂作出反应,嘌呤核苷酸具有最高的活性。它们的鲜味受体对任何氨基酸都没有反应;然而,11种具有一系列化学特性的l-氨基酸在与核苷酸结合时起促进作用。l-谷氨酸和l-天冬氨酸作为猫鲜味受体的激动剂或增强剂没有活性,这是由于170和302位置的关键结合残基发生了变化。总的来说,猫对核苷酸、l-氨基酸及其混合物有食欲行为反应。我们假设,金枪鱼对猫来说是出了名的适口性,至少部分是由于其高水平的肌苷单磷酸和游离l-组氨酸的特定组合,产生了强大的增效鲜味增强。这些结果证明了鲜味受体在猫检测肉中存在的关键味道化合物方面所起的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Selective pressure on a saccharin intake phenotype and its correlates: a replication study. 糖精摄入表型的选择压力及其相关因素:一项重复研究。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad021
Nancy K Dess, Clinton D Chapman, Paulina M Jacobi

The Occidental High- and Low-Saccharin rats (respectively, HiS and LoS lines) were selectively bred for decades to examine mechanisms and correlates of a saccharin intake phenotype. Observed line differences ranged from taste and eating to drug self-administration and defensive behavior, paralleling human research on relationships between gustation, personality, and psychopathology. The original lines were terminated in 2019, and replicate lines (HiS-R and LoS-R) were selectively bred for 5 generations to test for reproducible, rapid selection for the phenotype and its correlates. The line differences chosen for replication included intake of tastants (saccharin, sugars, quinine-adulterated sucrose, sodium chloride, and ethanol) and foods (cheese, peas, Spam, and chocolate) and several noningestive behaviors (deprivation-induced hyperactivity, acoustic startle, and open field behavior). The HiS-R and LoS-R lines diverged on intake of saccharin, disaccharides, quinine-adulterated sucrose, sodium chloride, and complex foods, and open field behavior. Differences from the original lines also were observed. Reasons for and implications of the pattern of replication and lack thereof in 5 generations are discussed.

西方高糖精和低糖精大鼠(分别为HiS和LoS系)经过几十年的选择性繁殖,以研究糖精摄入表型的机制和相关因素。观察到的谱系差异范围从味觉和饮食到药物自我管理和防御行为,与人类对味觉、人格和精神病理之间关系的研究相平行。在2019年终止了原始品系,并对重复品系(HiS-R和LoS-R)进行了5代的选择性繁殖,以测试表型及其相关因素的可重复性、快速选择。选择用于复制的品系差异包括味觉剂(糖精、糖、奎宁掺假的蔗糖、氯化钠和乙醇)和食物(奶酪、豌豆、午餐肉和巧克力)的摄入量以及几种非摄食行为(剥夺引起的多动症、声惊吓和开阔区域行为)。HiS-R和LoS-R谱线在糖、双糖、奎宁掺杂蔗糖、氯化钠和复合食物的摄取量和野外行为上存在差异。还观察到与原始线条的差异。讨论了5代复制模式及其缺失的原因和意义。
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引用次数: 0
The psychophysical assessment of gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19. 新冠肺炎患者味觉功能障碍的心理生理评估。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad011
Constantin A Hintschich, David T Liu, Thomas Hummel
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引用次数: 0
What's New at Chemical Senses? 化学感官有什么新发现?
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad025
Steven D Munger
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引用次数: 0
Vitamin C deficiency in osteogenic disorder Shionogi/Shi Jcl-od/od rats: effects on sour taste preferences, lick rates, chorda tympani nerve responses, and taste transduction elements. 维生素C缺乏对成骨障碍大鼠的影响:对酸味偏好、舔食率、鼓索神经反应和味觉传导元件的影响。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad008
Toshiaki Yasuo, Fumihiko Nakamura, Takeshi Suwabe, Noritaka Sako

Animals use sour taste to avoid spoiled food and to choose foods containing vitamins and minerals. To investigate the response to sour taste substances during vitamin C (ascorbic acid; AA) deficiency, we conducted behavioral, neural, anatomical, and molecular biological experiments with osteogenic disorder Shionogi/Shi Jcl-od/od rats, which lack the ability to synthesize AA. Rats had higher 3 mM citric acid and 10 mM AA preference scores when AA-deficient than when replete. Licking rates for sour taste solutions [AA, citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, and HCl] were significantly increased during AA deficiency relative to pre- and postdeficiency. Chorda tympani nerve recordings were conducted to evaluate organic acid taste responses in the AA-deficient and replete rats. Nerve responses to citric acid, acetic acid, and tartaric acid were significantly diminished in AA-deficient rats relative to replete controls. There was no significant difference in the number of fungiform papillae taste buds per unit area in the AA-deficient rats relative to the replete rats. However, mRNA expression levels of Gnat3 (NM_173139.1), Trpm5 (NM_001191896.1), Tas1r1 (NM_053305.1), Car4 (NM_019174.3), and Gad1 (NM_017007.1) in fungiform papillae taste bud cells from AA-deficient rats were significantly lower than those in replete rats. Our data suggest that AA deficiency decreases avoidance of acids and reduces chorda tympani nerve responses to acids. AA deficiency downregulates some taste-related genes in fungiform papillae taste bud cells. However, the results also reveal that the mRNA expression of some putative sour taste receptors in fungiform papillae taste bud cells is not affected by AA deficiency.

动物用酸味来避免变质的食物,并选择含有维生素和矿物质的食物。探讨维生素C(抗坏血酸)过程中对酸味物质的反应;我们对缺乏AA合成能力的成骨障碍大鼠Shionogi/Shi Jcl-od/od进行了行为学、神经学、解剖学和分子生物学实验。AA缺乏时大鼠的3 mM柠檬酸和10 mM AA偏好评分高于补充时。酸味溶液[AA、柠檬酸、乙酸、酒石酸和盐酸]的舔食率在AA缺乏期间与缺乏前后相比显著增加。通过记录鼓室索神经来评价aa缺乏和aa充足大鼠的有机酸味觉反应。aa缺乏大鼠对柠檬酸、乙酸和酒石酸的神经反应明显减弱。aa缺乏大鼠的单位面积蕈状乳头味蕾数量与饱食大鼠无显著差异。然而,在aa缺失大鼠的菌状乳头味蕾细胞中,Gnat3 (NM_173139.1)、Trpm5 (NM_001191896.1)、Tas1r1 (NM_053305.1)、Car4 (NM_019174.3)和Gad1 (NM_017007.1)的mRNA表达量显著低于aa缺失大鼠。我们的数据表明,AA缺乏降低了对酸的回避,减少了鼓室索神经对酸的反应。AA缺乏可下调真菌状乳头味蕾细胞中部分味觉相关基因的表达。然而,结果也表明,真菌状乳头味蕾细胞中一些假定的酸味受体的mRNA表达不受AA缺乏的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Chemical Senses
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