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Anxiety-related shifts in smell function in children and adolescents. 儿童和青少年嗅觉功能的焦虑相关变化。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab051
Bernadette M Cortese, Thomas W Uhde, Aicko Y Schumann, Lisa M McTeague, Christopher T Sege, Casey D Calhoun, Carla Kmett Danielson

Anxious adults show changes in smell function that are consistent with a durable shift in sensitivity toward particular odorants and away from others. Little is known regarding the development of these changes, including whether they exist in youth, are stable during the transition from childhood to adolescence, and whether odorant properties (e.g. trigeminal features, hedonic valence) affect anxiety-related differences in detection. To address this, we measured smell detection thresholds to phenyl ethyl alanine (PEA), a rose-like odorant with little trigeminal properties, and guaiacol (GUA), a smoke-like odorant with high trigeminal properties. These thresholds were measured at baseline and after an acute stress challenge, the Trier Social Stress Tests, in 131 healthy youth (in 4th, 7th, and 10th grades, age 9-16 years) that reported normal to elevated levels of anxiety. At baseline, high anxious youth exhibited heightened sensitivity to GUA coupled with reduced sensitivity to PEA, as well as a further exaggeration of this bias with acute stress. Importantly, sex, age, and hedonic valence moderated the relationship between trait anxiety and sensitivity to both odorants. Smell function and its aberrations are often overlooked in the literature on biomarkers of stress and anxiety. Taken together with the extant literature, these findings suggest that greater attention is warranted to characterize potential novel olfactory therapeutic targets-across the lifespan.

焦虑的成年人表现出嗅觉功能的变化,这与对特定气味的敏感性的持久转变是一致的,远离其他气味。关于这些变化的发展,包括它们是否存在于青年时期,在从童年到青春期的过渡期间是否稳定,以及气味特性(例如三叉神经特征,享乐价)是否影响焦虑相关的检测差异,我们知之甚少。为了解决这个问题,我们测量了苯乙基丙氨酸(PEA)的气味检测阈值,PEA是一种玫瑰状气味剂,几乎没有三叉神经特性;GUA是一种烟状气味剂,具有高三叉神经特性。这些阈值是在基线和急性压力挑战(特里尔社会压力测试)后测量的,131名健康青少年(4年级,7年级和10年级,9-16岁)报告焦虑水平正常至升高。在基线时,高焦虑青年表现出对GUA的高度敏感性,同时对PEA的敏感性降低,并且在急性应激时这种偏倚进一步夸大。重要的是,性别、年龄和享乐价调节了特质焦虑和对两种气味的敏感性之间的关系。嗅觉功能及其畸变在压力和焦虑的生物标志物文献中经常被忽视。结合现有文献,这些发现表明,在整个生命周期中,有必要对潜在的新型嗅觉治疗靶点进行更大的关注。
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引用次数: 3
Gender-Dependent Crossmodal Interactions Between Olfactory and Tactile Stimulation Revealed Using the Unimodal Tactile Stimulation Device (UniTaSD). 使用单峰触觉刺激装置(UniTaSD)揭示嗅觉和触觉刺激之间性别依赖的跨模态相互作用。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa077
Rik Sijben, Sonja M Hensel, Rea Rodriguez-Raecke, Jessica Freiherr

Due to the complex stimulation methods required, olfaction and touch are 2 relatively understudied senses in the field of perceptual (neuro-)science. In order to establish a consistent presentation method for the bimodal stimulation of these senses, we combined an olfactometer with the newly developed Unimodal Tactile Stimulation Device. This setup allowed us to study the influence of olfaction on tactile perception and opened up an unexplored field of research by examining the crossmodal influence of tactile stimuli on olfaction. Using a pseudorandomized design, we analyzed how positive or negative tactile and olfactory stimuli influenced the opposing modality's perceived intensity and pleasantness. By asking participants to rate tactile stimuli, we were able to reproduce previously reported differences indicating that bimodal presentation with an olfactory stimulus increases or reduces perceived tactile pleasantness in an odor-dependent manner while highlighting that this effect appears unique to women. Furthermore, we found the first evidence for the influence of tactile stimuli on perceived odor pleasantness, an effect that is also driven primarily by women in our study. Based on these findings we believe that future neurophysiological studies, using controlled stimulus presentation can help unravel how and why olfactory and tactile perception interact in the human brain.

由于需要复杂的刺激方法,嗅觉和触觉是感知(神经)科学领域中研究相对较少的两种感觉。为了建立对这些感官的双峰刺激的一致呈现方法,我们将嗅觉计与新开发的单峰触觉刺激装置结合起来。这种设置使我们能够研究嗅觉对触觉感知的影响,并通过检查触觉刺激对嗅觉的跨模态影响开辟了一个尚未开发的研究领域。采用伪随机设计,我们分析了积极或消极的触觉和嗅觉刺激如何影响对立模态的感知强度和愉悦度。通过要求参与者评价触觉刺激,我们能够重现先前报道的差异,表明嗅觉刺激的双峰呈现以气味依赖的方式增加或减少感知的触觉愉悦感,同时强调这种效果似乎是女性独有的。此外,我们发现了触觉刺激对感知气味愉悦感影响的第一个证据,在我们的研究中,这种影响也主要是由女性驱动的。基于这些发现,我们相信未来的神经生理学研究,使用受控的刺激呈现可以帮助解开人类大脑中嗅觉和触觉感知如何以及为什么相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Maturation of the Olfactory Sensory Neuron and Its Cilia. 嗅觉感觉神经元及其纤毛的成熟。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa070
Timothy S McClintock, Naazneen Khan, Chao Xie, Jeffrey R Martens

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are bipolar neurons, unusual because they turn over continuously and have a multiciliated dendrite. The extensive changes in gene expression accompanying OSN differentiation in mice are largely known, especially the transcriptional regulators responsible for altering gene expression, revealing much about how differentiation proceeds. Basal progenitor cells of the olfactory epithelium transition into nascent OSNs marked by Cxcr4 expression and the initial extension of basal and apical neurites. Nascent OSNs become immature OSNs within 24-48 h. Immature OSN differentiation requires about a week and at least 2 stages. Early-stage immature OSNs initiate expression of genes encoding key transcriptional regulators and structural proteins necessary for further neuritogenesis. Late-stage immature OSNs begin expressing genes encoding proteins important for energy production and neuronal homeostasis that carry over into mature OSNs. The transition to maturity depends on massive expression of one allele of one odorant receptor gene, and this results in expression of the last 8% of genes expressed by mature OSNs. Many of these genes encode proteins necessary for mature function of axons and synapses or for completing the elaboration of non-motile cilia, which began extending from the newly formed dendritic knobs of immature OSNs. The cilia from adjoining OSNs form a meshwork in the olfactory mucus and are the site of olfactory transduction. Immature OSNs also have a primary cilium, but its role is unknown, unlike the critical role in proliferation and differentiation played by the primary cilium of the olfactory epithelium's horizontal basal cell.

嗅觉感觉神经元(OSNs)是双极神经元,不寻常的,因为他们不断翻转,并有一个多分枝树突。随着小鼠OSN分化,基因表达发生了广泛的变化,这在很大程度上是已知的,尤其是负责改变基因表达的转录调控因子,揭示了分化是如何进行的。嗅上皮基底祖细胞向新生的嗅神经细胞过渡,以Cxcr4的表达和基部和顶端神经突的初始延伸为标志。新生OSN在24 ~ 48小时内发育为未成熟OSN,未成熟OSN分化需要1周左右,至少经历2个阶段。早期未成熟的osn启动编码关键转录调节因子和结构蛋白的基因的表达,这些基因是进一步神经细胞形成所必需的。晚期未成熟的osn开始表达编码对能量产生和神经元稳态重要的蛋白质的基因,这些蛋白质会延续到成熟的osn。向成熟的过渡取决于一个气味受体基因的一个等位基因的大量表达,这导致成熟的osn表达的最后8%的基因的表达。这些基因中的许多都编码了轴突和突触成熟功能所必需的蛋白质,或者完成非运动纤毛的精加工,这些纤毛是从未成熟的神经细胞新形成的树突钮开始延伸的。来自相邻osn的纤毛在嗅觉粘液中形成网状结构,是嗅觉转导的部位。未成熟的osn也有初级纤毛,但其作用尚不清楚,不像嗅觉上皮水平基底细胞的初级纤毛在增殖和分化中所起的关键作用。
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引用次数: 24
Interactions Between Odorants and Glutathione Transferases in the Human Olfactory Cleft. 气味剂和谷胱甘肽转移酶在人类嗅觉缺陷中的相互作用。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa055
Mathieu Schwartz, Franck Menetrier, Jean-Marie Heydel, Evelyne Chavanne, Philippe Faure, Marc Labrousse, Frédéric Lirussi, Francis Canon, Bengt Mannervik, Loïc Briand, Fabrice Neiers

Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and other proteins, including odorant-binding proteins located in the nasal epithelium and mucus, participate in a series of processes modulating the concentration of odorants in the environment of olfactory receptors (ORs) and finely impact odor perception. These enzymes and transporters are thought to participate in odorant degradation or transport. Odorant biotransformation results in 1) changes in the odorant quantity up to their clearance and the termination of signaling and 2) the formation of new odorant stimuli (metabolites). Enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 and glutathione transferases (GSTs), have been proposed to participate in odorant clearance in insects and mammals as odorant metabolizing enzymes. This study aims to explore the function of GSTs in human olfaction. Using immunohistochemical methods, GSTs were found to be localized in human tissues surrounding the olfactory epithelium. Then, the activity of 2 members of the GST family toward odorants was measured using heterologously expressed enzymes. The interactions/reactions with odorants were further characterized using a combination of enzymatic techniques. Furthermore, the structure of the complex between human GSTA1 and the glutathione conjugate of an odorant was determined by X-ray crystallography. Our results strongly suggest the role of human GSTs in the modulation of odorant availability to ORs in the peripheral olfactory process.

异生物代谢酶和其他蛋白质,包括位于鼻上皮和粘液中的气味结合蛋白,参与一系列调节嗅觉受体(ORs)环境中气味浓度的过程,并精细地影响气味感知。这些酶和转运体被认为参与了气味的降解或运输。气味的生物转化导致1)气味量的变化,直到它们的清除和信号的终止;2)形成新的气味刺激(代谢物)。酶,如细胞色素P450和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GSTs),已被提出作为气味代谢酶参与昆虫和哺乳动物的气味清除。本研究旨在探讨GSTs在人类嗅觉中的功能。利用免疫组织化学方法,发现GSTs定位于人嗅上皮周围组织。然后,利用异源表达酶测定了GST家族2个成员对气味剂的活性。结合酶技术进一步表征了与气味剂的相互作用/反应。此外,用x射线晶体学测定了人GSTA1与一种气味剂的结合物谷胱甘肽之间的复合物的结构。我们的研究结果强烈表明,人类gst在周围嗅觉过程中调节气味可获得性的作用。
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引用次数: 17
CRISPR/Cas 9-Mediated Mutations as a New Tool for Studying Taste in Honeybees. CRISPR/ cas9介导的突变作为研究蜜蜂味觉的新工具。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa063
Laura Değirmenci, Dietmar Geiger, Fábio Luiz Rogé Ferreira, Alexander Keller, Beate Krischke, Martin Beye, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Ricarda Scheiner

Honeybees rely on nectar as their main source of carbohydrates. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose are the main components of plant nectars. Intriguingly, honeybees express only 3 putative sugar receptors (AmGr1, AmGr2, and AmGr3), which is in stark contrast to many other insects and vertebrates. The sugar receptors are only partially characterized. AmGr1 detects different sugars including sucrose and glucose. AmGr2 is assumed to act as a co-receptor only, while AmGr3 is assumedly a fructose receptor. We show that honeybee gustatory receptor AmGr3 is highly specialized for fructose perception when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. When we introduced nonsense mutations to the respective AmGr3 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 in eggs of female workers, the resulting mutants displayed almost a complete loss of responsiveness to fructose. In contrast, responses to sucrose were normal. Nonsense mutations introduced by CRISPR/Cas9 in honeybees can thus induce a measurable behavioral change and serve to characterize the function of taste receptors in vivo. CRISPR/Cas9 is an excellent novel tool for characterizing honeybee taste receptors in vivo. Biophysical receptor characterization in Xenopus oocytes and nonsense mutation of AmGr3 in honeybees unequivocally demonstrate that this receptor is highly specific for fructose.

蜜蜂以花蜜为主要的碳水化合物来源。蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖是植物花蜜的主要成分。有趣的是,蜜蜂只表达3种假定的糖受体(AmGr1, AmGr2和AmGr3),这与许多其他昆虫和脊椎动物形成鲜明对比。糖受体仅被部分表征。AmGr1检测不同的糖,包括蔗糖和葡萄糖。AmGr2被认为仅作为一个共受体,而AmGr3被认为是一个果糖受体。我们表明,当非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达时,蜜蜂味觉受体AmGr3是高度专门化的果糖感知。当我们使用CRISPR/Cas9在雌性工蜂的卵中引入相应的AmGr3基因无义突变时,产生的突变体几乎完全丧失了对果糖的反应性。相反,对蔗糖的反应是正常的。因此,CRISPR/Cas9在蜜蜂中引入的无义突变可以诱导可测量的行为变化,并用于表征体内味觉受体的功能。CRISPR/Cas9是表征蜜蜂体内味觉受体的一种极好的新工具。非洲爪蟾卵母细胞的生物物理受体特征和蜜蜂AmGr3的无义突变明确表明,该受体对果糖具有高度特异性。
{"title":"CRISPR/Cas 9-Mediated Mutations as a New Tool for Studying Taste in Honeybees.","authors":"Laura Değirmenci,&nbsp;Dietmar Geiger,&nbsp;Fábio Luiz Rogé Ferreira,&nbsp;Alexander Keller,&nbsp;Beate Krischke,&nbsp;Martin Beye,&nbsp;Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter,&nbsp;Ricarda Scheiner","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaa063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Honeybees rely on nectar as their main source of carbohydrates. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose are the main components of plant nectars. Intriguingly, honeybees express only 3 putative sugar receptors (AmGr1, AmGr2, and AmGr3), which is in stark contrast to many other insects and vertebrates. The sugar receptors are only partially characterized. AmGr1 detects different sugars including sucrose and glucose. AmGr2 is assumed to act as a co-receptor only, while AmGr3 is assumedly a fructose receptor. We show that honeybee gustatory receptor AmGr3 is highly specialized for fructose perception when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. When we introduced nonsense mutations to the respective AmGr3 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 in eggs of female workers, the resulting mutants displayed almost a complete loss of responsiveness to fructose. In contrast, responses to sucrose were normal. Nonsense mutations introduced by CRISPR/Cas9 in honeybees can thus induce a measurable behavioral change and serve to characterize the function of taste receptors in vivo. CRISPR/Cas9 is an excellent novel tool for characterizing honeybee taste receptors in vivo. Biophysical receptor characterization in Xenopus oocytes and nonsense mutation of AmGr3 in honeybees unequivocally demonstrate that this receptor is highly specific for fructose.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":"45 8","pages":"655-666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/chemse/bjaa063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38513294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Ibuprofen, a Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug, is a Potent Inhibitor of the Human Sweet Taste Receptor. 布洛芬,一种非甾体抗炎药,是人类甜味受体的有效抑制剂。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa057
Tomoya Nakagita, Chiaki Taketani, Masataka Narukawa, Takatsugu Hirokawa, Takuya Kobayashi, Takumi Misaka

A sweet taste receptor is composed of heterodimeric G-protein-coupled receptors T1R2 and T1R3. Although there are many sweet tastants, only a few compounds have been reported as negative allosteric modulators (NAMs), such as lactisole, its structural derivative 2,4-DP, and gymnemic acid. In this study, candidates for NAMs of the sweet taste receptor were explored, focusing on the structural motif of lactisole. Ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has an α-methylacetic acid moiety, and this structure is also shared by lactisole and 2,4-DP. When ibuprofen was applied together with 1 mM aspartame to the cells that stably expressed the sweet taste receptor, it inhibited the receptor activity in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 value of ibuprofen against the human sweet taste receptor was calculated as approximately 12 μM, and it was almost equal to that of 2,4-DP, which is known as the most potent NAM for the receptor to date. On the other hand, when the inhibitory activities of other profens were examined, naproxen also showed relatively potent NAM activity against the receptor. The results from both mutant analysis for the transmembrane domain (TMD) of T1R3 and docking simulation strongly suggest that ibuprofen and naproxen interact with T1R3-TMD, similar to lactisole and 2,4-DP. However, although 2,4-DP and ibuprofen had almost the same inhibitory activities, these activities were acquired by filling different spaces of the ligand pocket of T1R3-TMD; this knowledge could lead to the rational design of a novel NAM against the sweet taste receptor.

甜味受体由异二聚体g蛋白偶联受体T1R2和T1R3组成。虽然有许多甜味剂,但只有少数化合物被报道为负变构调节剂(NAMs),如乳酸酯,其结构衍生物2,4- dp和裸子酸。在这项研究中,甜味受体的候选名称进行了探索,重点是乳酸酯的结构基序。布洛芬是一种非甾体抗炎药(NSAID),具有α-甲基乙酸部分,该结构也为乳酸酯和2,4- dp所共有。当布洛芬与1 mM阿斯巴甜一起作用于稳定表达甜味受体的细胞时,它以剂量依赖的方式抑制受体活性。布洛芬对人类甜味受体的IC50值约为12 μM,与2,4- dp的IC50值相当,后者被认为是迄今为止对该受体最有效的NAM。另一方面,当检测其他干扰素的抑制活性时,萘普生对受体也表现出相对较强的NAM活性。T1R3的跨膜结构域(TMD)突变体分析和对接模拟结果强烈表明,布洛芬和萘普生与T1R3-TMD相互作用,类似于乳酸酯和2,4- dp。然而,尽管2,4- dp和布洛芬具有几乎相同的抑制活性,但这些活性是通过填充T1R3-TMD的配体口袋的不同空间获得的;这一知识可能导致对甜味受体的新型NAM的合理设计。
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引用次数: 5
Odor-Mediated Group Organization and Coordination in the Termite-Raiding Ant Megaponera analis (Mayr). 气味介导的蚁群组织与协调(Mayr)。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa058
Abdullahi A Yusuf, Erik T Frank, Ayuka T Fombong, Christian W W Pirk, Robin M Crewe, Thomas Schmitt, Martin Strube-Bloss, Ian Gordon, Baldwyn Torto

Visual and olfactory communications are vital for coordinated group hunting in most animals. To hunt for prey, the group-raiding termite specialist ant Megaponera analis, which lacks good vision, must first confirm the presence or absence of conspecific raiders. Here, we show that M. analis uses olfactory cues for intraspecific communication and showed greater preference for conspecific odors over clean air (blank) or odors from its termite prey. Chemical analysis of ant volatiles identified predominantly short-chained hydrocarbons. Electrophysiological analysis revealed differential sensory detection of the odor compounds, which were confirmed in behavioral olfactometric choice assays with odor bouquets collected from major and minor castes and the 2 most dominant volatiles and n-undecane n-tridecane. A comparative analysis of the cuticular hydrocarbon profile with those of the short-chained odor bouquet of different populations shows a high divergence in the long-chained profile and a much-conserved short-chained odor bouquet. This suggests that there is less selection pressure for divergence and individual recognition in the short- than the long-chained odor profiles. We conclude that olfactory communication serves as an alternative to visual or sound communication, especially during group raids in M. analis when ants are not in direct contact with one another.

对于大多数动物来说,视觉和嗅觉交流对于协调集体狩猎至关重要。为了寻找猎物,群袭白蚁专家、缺乏良好视力的巨角蚁分析蚁必须首先确认是否存在同种入侵者。在这里,我们发现M. analis使用嗅觉线索进行种内交流,并表现出对同种气味的更大偏好,而不是清洁空气(空白)或白蚁猎物的气味。化学分析发现蚂蚁挥发物主要是短链烃。电生理分析揭示了气味化合物的不同感官检测,这在行为嗅觉选择实验中得到了证实,该实验采用了主要种姓和次要种姓收集的气味花束,以及2种最主要的挥发物和正十一烷和正十三烷。对不同种群的短链气味谱和长链气味谱进行了比较分析,结果表明,长链气味谱的差异较大,短链气味谱的差异较大。这表明,短链气味的分化和个体识别的选择压力要小于长链气味。我们得出的结论是,嗅觉交流是视觉或声音交流的一种替代方式,特别是在蚁群袭击中,当蚂蚁彼此之间没有直接接触时。
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引用次数: 0
Distinct Populations of Amygdala Somatostatin-Expressing Neurons Project to the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract and Parabrachial Nucleus. 不同群体的杏仁核表达生长抑素的神经元投射到孤立束核和臂旁核。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa059
Jane J Bartonjo, Robert F Lundy

Rostral forebrain structures, such as the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), send projections to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) that modulate taste-elicited responses. However, the proportion of forebrain-induced excitatory and inhibitory effects often differs when taste cell recording changes from the NST to the PBN. The present study investigated whether this descending influence might originate from a shared or distinct population of neurons marked by expression of somatostatin (Sst). In Sst-reporter mice, the retrograde tracers' cholera toxin subunit B AlexaFluor-488 and -647 conjugates were injected into the taste-responsive regions of the NST and the ipsilateral PBN. In Sst-cre mice, the cre-dependent retrograde tracers' enhanced yellow fluorescent protein Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and mCherry fluorescent protein HSV were injected into the NST and the ipsilateral PBN. The results showed that ~40% of CeA-to-PBN neurons expressed Sst compared with ~ 23% of CeA-to-NST neurons. For both the CeA Sst-positive and -negative populations, the vast majority projected to the NST or PBN but not both nuclei. Thus, a subset of CeA-to-NST and CeA-to-PBN neurons are marked by Sst expression and are largely distinct from one another. Separate populations of CeA/Sst neurons projecting to the NST and PBN suggest that differential modulation of taste processing might, in part, rely on differences in local brainstem/forebrain synaptic connections.

吻侧前脑结构,如杏仁核中央核(CeA),向孤立束核(NST)和臂旁核(PBN)发送投射,调节味觉引起的反应。然而,当味觉细胞记录从NST到PBN的变化时,前脑诱导的兴奋和抑制作用的比例往往不同。本研究调查了这种下降影响是否可能源于共同的或不同的神经元群体,这些神经元群体以生长抑素(Sst)的表达为标志。在sst报告小鼠中,将逆行示踪剂的霍乱毒素亚基B AlexaFluor-488和-647偶联物注射到NST和同侧PBN的味觉反应区域。在Sst-cre小鼠中,将re依赖性逆行示踪剂增强的黄色荧光蛋白单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)和mCherry荧光蛋白HSV注射到NST和同侧PBN中。结果表明,约40%的CeA-to-PBN神经元表达Sst,而约23%的CeA-to-NST神经元表达Sst。对于CeA sst阳性和阴性人群,绝大多数预测到NST或PBN,而不是两个细胞核。因此,CeA-to-NST和CeA-to-PBN神经元的一个子集以Sst表达为标志,并且在很大程度上彼此不同。CeA/Sst神经元投射到NST和PBN的不同群体表明,味觉加工的不同调节可能部分依赖于局部脑干/前脑突触连接的差异。
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引用次数: 9
Mixtures of Sweeteners and Maltodextrin Enhance Flavor and Intake of Alcohol in Adolescent Rats. 甜味剂和麦芽糖糊精的混合物提高青春期大鼠的风味和酒精摄入量。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa056
Alice Sardarian, Sophia Liu, Steven L Youngentob, John I Glendinning

Sweet flavorants enhance palatability and intake of alcohol in adolescent humans. We asked whether sweet flavorants have similar effects in adolescent rats. The inherent flavor of ethanol in adolescent rats is thought to consist of an aversive odor, bitter/sweet taste, and burning sensation. In Experiment 1, we compared ingestive responses of adolescent rats to 10% ethanol solutions with or without added flavorants using brief-access lick tests. We used 4 flavorants, which contained mixtures of saccharin and sucrose or saccharin, sucrose, and maltodextrin. The rats approached (and initiated licking from) the flavored ethanol solutions more quickly than they did unflavored ethanol, indicating that the flavorants attenuated the aversive odor of ethanol. The rats also licked at higher rates for the flavored than unflavored ethanol solutions, indicating that the flavorants increased the naso-oral acceptability of ethanol. In Experiment 2, we offered rats chow, water, and a flavored or unflavored ethanol solution every other day for 8 days. The rats consistently consumed substantially more of the flavored ethanol solutions than unflavored ethanol across the 8 days. When we switched the rats from the flavored to unflavored ethanol for 3 days, daily intake of ethanol plummeted. We conclude that sweet and sweet/maltodextrin flavorants promote high daily intake of ethanol in adolescent rats (i.e., 6-10 g/kg) and that they do so in large part by improving the naso-oral sensory attributes of ethanol.

在青少年中,甜味能增强适口性和酒精摄入量。我们想知道甜味是否对青春期大鼠有类似的影响。在青春期大鼠中,乙醇固有的味道被认为是由一种难闻的气味、苦/甜的味道和灼烧感组成的。在实验1中,我们比较了青春期大鼠对添加或不添加调味剂的10%乙醇溶液的摄入反应。我们使用了4种调味剂,它们含有糖精和蔗糖或糖精、蔗糖和麦芽糖糊精的混合物。老鼠接近(并开始舔舐)有味道的乙醇溶液比没有味道的乙醇溶液要快,这表明有味道的乙醇减轻了乙醇的难闻气味。老鼠对加味乙醇溶液的舔舐率也高于无味乙醇溶液,这表明加味剂增加了乙醇的鼻口可接受性。在实验2中,我们每隔一天给大鼠喂食食物、水和调味或无味的乙醇溶液,持续8天。在8天的时间里,大鼠摄入的加味乙醇溶液明显多于无味乙醇溶液。当我们把老鼠从有味道的乙醇换成无味道的乙醇3天后,每天的乙醇摄入量急剧下降。我们得出结论,甜味和甜味/麦芽糊精调味剂促进青春期大鼠每天高乙醇摄入量(即6-10 g/kg),并且它们在很大程度上是通过改善乙醇的鼻-口感官特性来实现的。
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引用次数: 3
How Ambient Environment Influences Olfactory Orientation in Search and Rescue Dogs. 环境对搜救犬嗅觉定向的影响。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa060
Judy Jinn, Erin G Connor, Lucia F Jacobs

Under natural conditions, an animal orienting to an air-borne odor plume must contend with the shifting influence of meteorological variables, such as air temperature, humidity, and wind speed, on the location and the detectability of the plume. Despite their importance, the natural statistics of such variables are difficult to reproduce in the laboratory and hence few studies have investigated strategies of olfactory orientation by mobile animals under different meteorological conditions. Using trained search and rescue dogs, we quantified the olfactory orientation behaviors of dogs searching for a trail (aged 1-3 h) of a hidden human subject in a natural landscape, under a range of meteorological conditions. Dogs were highly successful in locating the human target hidden 800 m from the start location (93% success). Humidity and air temperature had a significant effect on search strategy: as air conditions became cooler and more humid, dogs searched significantly closer to the experimental trail. Dogs also modified their speed and head position according to their search location distance from the experimental trail. When close to the trail, dogs searched with their head up and ran quickly but when their search took them farther from the trail, they were more likely to search with their nose to the ground, moving more slowly. This study of a mammalian species responding to localized shifts in ambient conditions lays the foundation for future studies of olfactory orientation, and the development of a highly tractable mammalian species for such research.

在自然条件下,对空气中气味羽流进行定位的动物必须应对气象变量的变化影响,如空气温度、湿度和风速,这些因素会影响羽流的位置和可探测性。尽管它们很重要,但这些变量的自然统计数据很难在实验室中重现,因此很少有研究调查了不同气象条件下移动动物的嗅觉定向策略。使用训练有素的搜救犬,我们量化了在自然景观中,在一系列气象条件下寻找隐藏人类受试者踪迹(1-3小时)的狗的嗅觉定向行为。犬类在定位隐藏在起始位置800米处的人类目标方面非常成功(93%的成功率)。湿度和空气温度对搜索策略有显著影响:当空气变得更冷、更潮湿时,狗狗搜索的地方明显更靠近实验轨迹。狗也会根据它们的搜索位置与实验轨迹的距离来调整它们的速度和头的位置。当狗靠近线索时,它们会抬起头来搜索,跑得很快,但当它们远离线索时,它们更有可能把鼻子贴着地面搜索,移动得更慢。这一对哺乳动物物种对环境条件局部变化的响应的研究为未来嗅觉定向的研究奠定了基础,并为此类研究开发了高度可驯化的哺乳动物物种。
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引用次数: 19
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Chemical Senses
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