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Ultrastructural localization of calcium homeostasis modulator 1 in mouse taste buds. 钙稳态调节剂 1 在小鼠味蕾中的超微结构定位
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae019
Rio Ikuta, Yuu Kakinohana, Shun Hamada

Taste receptor cells are morphologically classified as types II and III. Type II cells form a unique type of synapses referred to as channel synapses where calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) together with CALHM3 forms voltage-gated channels that release the neurotransmitter, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). To validate the proposed structural model of channel synapses, the ultrastructural localization of CALHM1 in type II cells of both fungiform and circumvallate taste buds was examined. A monoclonal antibody against CALHM1 was developed and its localization was evaluated via immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy using the immunogold-silver labeling technique. CALHM1 was detected as puncta using immunofluorescence and along the presynaptic membrane of channel synapses facing atypical mitochondria, which provide ATP, by immunoelectron microscopy. In addition, it was detected along the plasma membrane lined by subsurface cisternae at sites apposed to afferent nerve fibers. Our results support the validity of a previously proposed structural model for channel synapses and provide insights into the function of subsurface cisternae whose function in taste receptor cells is unknown. We also examined the localization of CALHM1 in hybrid synapses of type III cells, which are conventional chemical synapses accompanied by mitochondria similar to atypical mitochondria of channel synapses. CALHM1 was not detected in the six hybrid synapses examined using immunoelectron microscopy. We further performed double immunolabeling for CALHM1 and Bassoon, which is detected as puncta corresponding to conventional vesicular synapses in type III cells. Our observations suggest that at least some, and probably most, hybrid synapses are not accompanied by CALHM1.

味觉感受器细胞在形态上分为 II 型和 III 型。Ⅱ型细胞形成一种独特的突触,被称为通道突触,其中钙稳态调节器1(CALHM1)与CALHM3一起形成电压门控通道,释放神经递质三磷酸腺苷(ATP)。为了验证所提出的通道突触结构模型,研究人员检测了 CALHM1 在菌形味蕾和环状味蕾 II 型细胞中的超微结构定位。研究人员开发了针对 CALHM1 的单克隆抗体,并利用免疫金银标记技术通过免疫荧光和免疫电镜对其定位进行了评估。通过免疫荧光,CALHM1 以点状形式被检测到;通过免疫电镜,CALHM1 沿通道突触前膜被检测到,通道突触前膜面向提供 ATP 的非典型线粒体。此外,在与传入神经纤维相邻的部位,沿着表面下贮水池内衬的质膜也检测到了这种物质。我们的研究结果支持了之前提出的通道突触结构模型的正确性,并对表面下贮液器的功能提供了见解,而这些贮液器在味觉感受器细胞中的功能尚不清楚。我们还研究了 CALHM1 在 III 型细胞混合突触中的定位情况,这种突触是传统的化学突触,伴有与通道突触的非典型线粒体相似的线粒体。使用免疫电镜检查的六个混合突触中均未检测到 CALHM1。我们进一步对 CALHM1 和巴松进行了双重免疫标记,在 III 型细胞中,巴松被检测为与传统囊泡突触相对应的点。我们的观察结果表明,至少有一部分(可能是大部分)混合突触不伴有 CALHM1。
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引用次数: 0
Smelling of the mothers' diet in amniotic fluid by adult noses. 用成人的鼻子闻羊水中母亲的饮食。
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae003
Janine Gellrich, Pauline Breidel, Cahit Birdir, Elisabeth C Lohrer, Valentin A Schriever

In this study, the transfer of odorants, namely vanilla, and garlic, into the amniotic fluid (AF) during the second trimester was investigated by examination of collected AF samples through healthy adults. Eleven AF samples were collected from pregnant women (aged 32.9 ± 4.9 yr, 16-25 wk of gestation) undergoing diagnostic amniocentesis after eating garlic oil or vanilla powder in high-fat yogurt. The control group did not receive food before amniocentesis. Two vanilla, 3 garlic, and 6 control samples were collected through amniocentesis 60-120 min after ingestion. Samples were collected at -80 °C and carefully defrosted over 12 h at the same time point. Sixteen healthy volunteers (8 males, aged 26.5 ± 5.0 yr) were asked to judge AF samples with potential garlic or vanilla odors from controls in a 2-alternative forced choice (2AFC) paradigm. Judges were able to identify vanilla in the AF samples with an estimated probability of 50%, resulting in a significant P-value of < 0.001. In contrast, the identification of garlic was unsuccessful with a P-value of 0.86, and only 2 judges were able to identify both vanilla and garlic. According to the results of this study, the vanilla odor probably passes into the amniotic fluid.

在这项研究中,我们通过检查收集到的健康成人羊水样本,对气味物质(即香草和大蒜)在妊娠后三个月转移到羊水(AF)中的情况进行了调查。研究人员采集了 11 份羊水样本,这些样本来自接受诊断性羊膜穿刺术的孕妇(年龄为 32.9±4.9 岁,妊娠期为 16 至 25 周),她们在食用大蒜油或高脂酸奶中的香草粉后进行羊水穿刺。对照组在羊膜腔穿刺前没有进食。在进食 60 至 120 分钟后,通过羊膜腔穿刺术采集了两份香草样本、三份大蒜样本和六份对照样本。样本在-80°C下采集,并在同一时间点仔细解冻十二小时。16 名健康志愿者(8 名男性,年龄为 26.5±5.0 岁)被要求在双项强迫选择(2AFC)范式中对具有潜在大蒜或香草气味的 AF 样品与对照组进行判断。判断者能够识别出房颤样本中香草气味的概率估计为 50%,其显著性 p 值为
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引用次数: 0
Odor dilution sorting as a clinical test of olfactory function: normative values and reliability data. 气味稀释分类作为嗅觉功能的临床测试:标准值和可靠性数据。
IF 2.8 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae008
Jörn Lötsch, Anne Wolter, Antje Hähner, Thomas Hummel

Clinical assessment of an individual's sense of smell has gained prominence, but its resource-intensive nature necessitates the exploration of self-administered methods. In this study, a cohort of 68 patients with olfactory loss and 55 controls were assessed using a recently introduced olfactory test. This test involves sorting 2 odorants (eugenol and phenylethyl alcohol) in 5 dilutions according to odor intensity, with an average application time of 3.5 min. The sorting task score, calculated as the mean of Kendall's Tau between the assigned and true dilution orders and normalized to [0,1], identified a cutoff for anosmia at a score ≤ 0.7. This cutoff, which marks the 90th percentile of scores obtained with randomly ordered dilutions, had a balanced accuracy of 89% (78% to 97%) for detecting anosmia, comparable to traditional odor threshold assessments. Retest evaluations suggested a score difference of ±0.15 as a cutoff for clinically significant changes in olfactory function. In conclusion, the olfactory sorting test represents a simple, self-administered approach to the detection of anosmia or preserved olfactory function. With balanced accuracy similar to existing brief olfactory tests, this method offers a practical and user-friendly alternative for screening anosmia, addressing the need for resource-efficient assessments in clinical settings.

对个人嗅觉进行临床评估的重要性日益凸显,但由于其需要耗费大量资源,因此有必要对自测方法进行探索。在这项研究中,我们使用最近推出的嗅觉测试对 68 名嗅觉缺失患者和 55 名对照组进行了评估。该测试包括根据气味强度对五种稀释液中的两种气味(丁香酚、苯乙醇)进行分类,平均测试时间为 3.5 分钟。排序任务得分由指定稀释顺序和真实稀释顺序之间的 Kendall's Tau 平均值计算得出,并归一化为 [0,1]。该临界值是随机稀释顺序所得分数的第 90 百分位数,其检测嗅觉缺失的平衡准确率为 89%(78-97%),与传统的气味阈值评估相当。重测评估表明,± 0.15 的分数差异是嗅觉功能发生临床显著变化的临界值。总之,嗅觉分类测试是检测嗅觉失灵或嗅觉功能受损的一种简单、自我管理的方法。这种方法的平衡准确性与现有的简短嗅觉测试相似,为筛查嗅觉缺失症提供了一种实用且用户友好的替代方法,满足了临床环境中对资源节约型评估的需求。
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引用次数: 0
Legacies of salient environmental experiences-insights from chemosensation. 突出环境体验的遗产--从化学感觉中获得的启示。
IF 2.8 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae002
Brian G Dias

Evidence for parental environments profoundly influencing the physiology, biology, and neurobiology of future generations has been accumulating in the literature. Recent efforts to understand this phenomenon and its underlying mechanisms have sought to use species like rodents and insects to model multi-generational legacies of parental experiences like stress and nutritional exposures. From these studies, we have come to appreciate that parental exposure to salient environmental experiences impacts the cadence of brain development, hormonal responses to stress, and the expression of genes that govern cellular responses to stress in offspring. Recent studies using chemosensory exposure have emerged as a powerful tool to shed new light on how future generations come to be influenced by environments to which parents are exposed. With a specific focus on studies that have leveraged such use of salient chemosensory experiences, this review synthesizes our current understanding of the concept, causes, and consequences of the inheritance of chemosensory legacies by future generations and how this field of inquiry informs the larger picture of how parental experiences can influence offspring biology.

父母的环境对后代的生理学、生物学和神经生物学产生深远影响的证据在文献中不断积累。最近,为了了解这一现象及其内在机制,人们试图利用啮齿动物和昆虫等物种来模拟压力和营养暴露等父母经历对后代的影响。从这些研究中,我们逐渐认识到,父母所接触的显著环境经历会影响后代的大脑发育、荷尔蒙对压力的反应以及支配细胞对压力反应的基因的表达。最近,利用化学感官暴露进行的研究成为一种强有力的工具,可以揭示后代如何受到父母所处环境的影响。本综述特别关注那些利用突出化学感官体验进行的研究,综述了我们目前对后代化学感官遗传的概念、原因和后果的理解,以及这一研究领域如何为父母的经历如何影响后代生物学的更大范围提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Different taste map for amiloride sensitivity, response frequency, and threshold to NaCl in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract in rats. 大鼠孤束喙核中氨苯蝶啶对氯化钠的敏感性、反应频率和阈值的不同味觉图谱
IF 2.8 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae036
Tatsuko Yokota, Katsunari Hiraba

Studies on taste bud cells and brain stem relay nuclei suggest that alternative pathways convey information regarding different taste qualities. Building on the hypothesis that amiloride (epithelial Na channel antagonist)-sensitive neurons respond to palatable salt (low-concentration) and amiloride-insensitive neurons respond to aversive salt (high-concentration), we investigated the histological distribution of taste-sensitive neurons in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract in rats and their NaCl and amiloride sensitivities. We recorded neuronal activity in extracellular single units using multi-barrel glass micropipettes and reconstructed their locations on the rostrocaudal and mediolateral axes. Seventy-three taste-sensitive neurons were categorized into the best-taste category. The amiloride sensitivities of the 31 neurons were examined for 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 M NaCl. The neuronal distribution of amiloride-sensitive neurons was located in the lateral region, while amiloride-insensitive neurons were located in the medial region. The amiloride-sensitive neurons responded to low salt concentrations, signaling the NaCl levels required by body fluids. Amiloride-insensitive neurons were silent at low salt concentrations but may function as warning signals for high salt concentrations. Low-threshold and/or high-response neurons were located in the rostrolateral region. In contrast, high-threshold and/or low-response neurons were located in the caudal-medial region.

对味蕾细胞和脑干中继核的研究表明,不同的味觉质量有不同的信息传递途径。基于阿米洛利(上皮 Na 通道拮抗剂)敏感神经元对适口盐(低浓度)和阿米洛利不敏感神经元对厌恶盐(高浓度)反应的假设,我们研究了大鼠孤束喙核中味觉敏感神经元的组织学分布及其对 NaCl 和阿米洛利的敏感性。我们使用多管玻璃微量滴管记录了细胞外单个单元的神经元活动,并重建了它们在喙尾轴和内外侧轴上的位置。73个味觉敏感神经元被归入最佳味觉类别。对这 31 个神经元的阿米洛利敏感性进行了检测,检测浓度分别为 0.1、0.2、0.4 和 0.8 M NaCl。对阿米洛利敏感的神经元分布在外侧区域,而对阿米洛利不敏感的神经元分布在内侧区域。氨苯蝶啶敏感神经元对低盐浓度有反应,表明体液所需的氯化钠水平。氨苯蝶啶不敏感神经元在低盐浓度时保持沉默,但可能对高盐浓度起警示作用。低阈值和/或高反应神经元位于喙外侧区域。相反,高阈值和/或低反应神经元位于尾内侧区域。
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引用次数: 0
The odor of a nontoxic tetrodotoxin analog, 5,6,11-trideoxytetrodotoxin, is detected by specific olfactory sensory neurons of the green spotted puffers. 绿斑河豚的特定嗅觉神经元能检测到无毒河豚毒素类似物--5,6,11-三脱氧河豚毒素的气味。
IF 2.8 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae021
Takehisa Suzuki, Ryota Nakahigashi, Masaatsu Adachi, Toshio Nishikawa, Hideki Abe

Toxic puffers accumulate tetrodotoxin (TTX), a well-known neurotoxin, by feeding on TTX-bearing organisms and using it to defend themselves from predators. Our previous studies have demonstrated that toxic puffers are attracted to 5,6,11-trideoxytetrodotoxin (TDT), a nontoxic TTX analog that is simultaneously accumulated with TTX in toxic puffers and their prey. In addition, activity labeling using immunohistochemistry targeting neuronal activity marker suggests that TDT activates crypt olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) of the green spotted puffer. However, it remains to be determined whether individual crypt OSNs can physiologically respond to TDT. By employing electroporation to express GCaMP6s in OSNs, we successfully identified a distinct group of oval OSNs that exhibited a specific calcium response when exposed to TDT in green spotted puffers. These oval OSNs showed no response to amino acids (AAs), which serve as food odor cues for teleosts. Furthermore, oval morphology and surface positioning of TDT-sensitive OSNs in the olfactory epithelium closely resemble that of crypt OSNs. These findings further substantiate that TDT is specifically detected by crypt OSNs in green spotted puffer. The TDT odor may act as a chemoattractant for finding conspecific toxic puffers and for feeding TTX-bearing organisms for effective toxification.

毒河豚通过捕食含河豚毒素的生物并利用河豚毒素抵御天敌,从而积累了河豚毒素(TTX),这是一种众所周知的神经毒素。我们之前的研究表明,毒河豚会被 5,6,11-三脱氧河豚毒素(TDT)吸引,TDT 是一种无毒的 TTX 类似物,在毒河豚及其猎物体内与 TTX 同时积累。此外,针对神经元活动标记的免疫组织化学活动标记表明,TDT 能激活绿斑河豚的隐窝嗅觉神经元(OSN)。然而,单个隐窝嗅觉神经元能否对TDT产生生理反应仍有待确定。通过电穿孔在OSNs中表达GCaMP6s,我们成功地鉴定出了一组不同的椭圆形OSNs,当暴露于绿斑河豚的TDT时,这些OSNs会表现出特定的钙反应。这些椭圆形 OSNs 对氨基酸(AAs)没有反应,而氨基酸是远洋鱼类的食物气味线索。此外,嗅上皮中对 TDT 敏感的椭圆形 OSNs 的形态和表面定位与隐窝 OSNs 非常相似。这些发现表明,绿斑河豚的隐窝 OSNs 能特异性地检测到 TDT。TDT气味可能是一种趋化吸引剂,用于寻找同种有毒河鲀,并喂食含TTX的生物以有效解毒。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on olfactory and gustatory capacity. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症(Osas)对嗅觉和味觉能力的影响
IF 3.5 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae022
Eleonora M C Trecca, Pier Gerardo Marano, Ferruccio Madaro, Francesca Fortunato, Daniela R Frisotti, Vito Carlo Alberto Caponio, Matteo Vocale, Michele Cassano

Only a few studies have investigated olfactory function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) using psychophysical testing, and there is a scarcity of data regarding taste evaluation in the existing literature. The primary objectives of this study were to assess both smell and taste in patients with OSAS and to explore the correlation between the severity of symptoms and sensory perception. A total of 85 OSAS patients and a control group comprising 81 subjects were enrolled. Initial assessments included anamnesis, nasal endoscopy, and the completion of questionnaires (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Visual Analogue Scale, Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders, and the importance of olfaction questionnaire). The diagnosis of OSAS was confirmed by polysomnography, while nasal airflow was evaluated using rhinomanometry. Olfaction was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks test, and the Threshold-Discrimination-Identification (TDI) score was calculated. Taste evaluation was conducted in a subgroup of participants (42 patients, 38 controls) using taste strips. The mean TDI score was 31 ± 5.6 for OSAS patients and 35 ± 4.6 for controls, indicating a significant difference (P < 0.001). Similarly, the taste score was 7 ± 3.0 for OSAS patients and 12.6 ± 3.2 for controls (P < 0.001). No correlations were observed between TDI and Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) (r = -0.12; P = 0.28), as well as between the taste score and AHI (r = -0.31; P = 0.22). However, a weak but significant correlation between TDI score and Epworth Sleepiness Scale was detected (r = -0.05; P = 0.002). The study revealed a significant decrease in sensory perception among patients with OSAS, though open questions persist about the pathophysiology.

只有少数研究利用心理物理测试对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症(OSAS)患者的嗅觉功能进行了调查,而现有文献中有关味觉评估的数据也很少。本研究的主要目的是评估 OSAS 患者的嗅觉和味觉,并探讨症状严重程度与感官知觉之间的相关性。研究共招募了 85 名 OSAS 患者和由 81 名受试者组成的对照组。初步评估包括询问病史、鼻内窥镜检查和填写问卷(埃普沃斯嗜睡量表、视觉模拟量表、嗅觉障碍问卷和嗅觉重要性问卷)。OSAS 的诊断由多导睡眠监测仪确认,鼻气流则通过鼻测量仪进行评估。嗅觉评估采用嗅棒测试,并计算阈值-辨别-识别(TDI)得分。使用味觉条对一组参与者(42 名患者,38 名对照组)进行了味觉评估。OSAS 患者的平均 TDI 分数为 31 ± 5.6,对照组为 35 ± 4.6,两者差异显著(p
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引用次数: 0
Cyclophosphamide induces the loss of taste bud innervation in mice. 环磷酰胺诱导小鼠味蕾神经失调
IF 2.8 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae010
Ryan M Wood, Erin L Vasquez, Krystal A Goyins, Eduardo Gutierrez Kuri, Kevin Connelly, Saima Humayun, Lindsey J Macpherson

Many common chemotherapeutics produce disruptions in the sense of taste which can lead to loss of appetite, nutritional imbalance, and reduced quality of life, especially if taste loss persists after treatment ends. Cyclophosphamide (CYP), an alkylating chemotherapeutic agent, affects taste sensitivity through its cytotoxic effects on mature taste receptor cells (TRCs) and on taste progenitor cell populations, retarding the capacity to replace TRCs. Mechanistic studies have focused primarily on taste cells, however, taste signaling requires communication between TRCs and the gustatory nerve fibers that innervate them. Here, we evaluate cyclophosphamide's effects on the peripheral gustatory nerve fibers that innervate the taste buds. Following histological analysis of tongue tissues, we find that CYP reduces innervation within the fungiform and circumvallates taste buds within 4 days after administration. To better understand the dynamics of the denervation process, we used 2-photon intravital imaging to visualize the peripheral gustatory nerve fibers within individual fungiform taste buds up to 20 days after CYP treatment. We find that gustatory fibers retract from the taste bud properly but are maintained within the central papilla core. These data indicate that in addition to TRCs, gustatory nerve fibers are also affected by CYP treatment. Because the connectivity between TRCs and gustatory neurons must be re-established for proper function, gustatory fibers should continue to be included in future studies to understand the mechanisms leading to chemotherapy-induced persistent taste loss.

许多常见的化疗药物都会破坏味觉,从而导致食欲不振、营养失衡和生活质量下降,尤其是在治疗结束后味觉减退的情况下。环磷酰胺(CYP)是一种烷基化化疗药物,它通过对成熟的味觉受体细胞(TRCs)和味觉祖细胞群产生细胞毒性作用来影响味觉敏感性,从而延缓 TRCs 的替代能力。机理研究主要集中在味觉细胞上,然而味觉信号的传递需要味觉受体细胞与支配它们的味觉神经纤维之间的交流。在此,我们评估了环磷酰胺对支配味蕾的外周味觉神经纤维的影响。通过对舌头组织进行组织学分析,我们发现环磷酰胺会在用药后 4 天内减少漏斗状味蕾和环状味蕾的神经支配。为了更好地了解神经支配过程的动态变化,我们使用双光子眼内成像技术观察了 CYP 治疗后 20 天内各个漏斗状味蕾内的外周味觉神经纤维。我们发现,味觉纤维从味蕾本体缩回,但仍保留在中央乳头核心内。这些数据表明,除了TRCs,味觉神经纤维也会受到CYP处理的影响。由于味觉神经元和味觉神经元之间的连接必须重新建立才能发挥正常功能,因此味觉纤维应继续被纳入未来的研究中,以了解导致化疗引起的持续性味觉丧失的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Monorhinal and birhinal odor processing in humans: an fMRI investigation. 人类的单鼻孔和双鼻孔气味处理:fMRI 研究。
IF 2.8 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae038
Anupa Ekanayake, Senal Peiris, Sangam Kanekar, Michael Tobia, Qing Yang, Biyar Ahmed, Silas McCaslin, Deepak Kalra, Paul Eslinger, Prasanna Karunanayaka

The olfactory nerve, also known as cranial nerve I, is known to have exclusive ipsilateral projections to primary olfactory cortical structures. However, the lateralization of olfactory processes is known to depend on the task and nature of stimuli. It still remains unclear whether olfactory system projections in humans also correspond to functional pathways during olfactory tasks without any trigeminal, perceptual, or cognitive-motor components. Twenty young healthy subjects with a normal sense of smell took part in an olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. We used 2 types of nostril-specific stimulation, passive (no sniffing), and active (with sniffing), with phenyl ethyl alcohol, a pure olfactory stimulant, to investigate fMRI activity patterns in primary and secondary olfactory-related brain structures. Irrespective of the stimulated nostril and the type of stimulation, we detected symmetrical activity in primary and secondary olfactory-related brain structures such as the primary olfactory cortex, entorhinal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. In the absence of perceptual or cognitive-motor task demands, the perception of monorhinally presented pure odors is processed bilaterally in the brain.

众所周知,嗅神经(又称颅神经 I)具有对初级嗅皮层结构的同侧专属投射。然而,众所周知,嗅觉过程的侧向性取决于任务和刺激的性质。在没有三叉神经、知觉或认知运动成分的嗅觉任务中,人类的嗅觉系统投射是否也与功能通路相对应,目前仍不清楚。20 名嗅觉正常的年轻健康受试者参加了一项嗅觉功能磁共振成像(fMRI)研究。我们使用纯嗅觉刺激物苯乙醇对被动(不嗅)和主动(嗅)两种类型的鼻孔进行特定刺激,以研究初级和次级嗅觉相关大脑结构的 fMRI 活动模式。无论刺激的鼻孔和刺激的类型如何,我们都在初级嗅觉皮层、内嗅觉皮层和眶额叶皮层等初级和次级嗅觉相关大脑结构中检测到了对称的活动。在没有感知或认知运动任务要求的情况下,大脑会对单鼻孔呈现的纯气味进行双侧处理。
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引用次数: 0
Psychometric validity of the sum score of the Sniffin' Sticks-Extended Test. 嗅棒扩展测试总分的心理测量有效性。
IF 2.8 4区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae032
Eva Tolomeo, Carla Masala, Antonio Aversa, Giancarlo Ottaviano, Flavia Gasperi, Leonardo Menghi, Valentina Parma, Marco Tullio Liuzza

A common tool to measure olfactory function is the Sniffin' Sticks Test extended version (SSET). The SSET evaluates olfactory ability by summing the scores of three subtests: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification. Recent meta-scientific literature revealed that many psychometric instruments currently in use have not been adequately validated, leading to a measurement crisis that raises concerns about the validity of the conclusions drawn with these instruments. Two examples of the measurement crisis are (i) the use of sum scores without testing their assumptions (e.g. unidimensionality and tau-equivalence), which indicate that all subtests have the same, stable relationship with their underlying construct, and (ii) the lack of assessment of measurement invariance across groups. Here, we aim to investigate the unidimensionality and tau-equivalence assumptions, internal consistency, and measurement invariance of sex and age groups of the SSET. We tested 988 (555 females, mean ± SD: 39.75 ± 18.60 years) participants with the Italian version of the SSET. The tau-equivalent model demonstrated excellent fit indices (CFI robust = 1, TLI robust = 1, RMSEA robust = 0, SRMR = 0.013), which best explain the data, indicating that all subtests are equally important in measuring olfactory function, but not necessarily equally precise. The results also revealed full measurement invariance across age groups and configural, partial metric, and scalar invariance across sexes, indicating that the use of latent means to compare sex groups should be chosen over raw scores. However, the SSET demonstrated moderate internal consistency. Future studies should clarify whether the reliability of the SSET can be increased.

嗅觉棒测试扩展版(SSET)是测量嗅觉功能的常用工具。SSET 通过将三个子测试的分数相加来评估嗅觉能力:阈值、辨别和识别。最近的元科学文献显示,目前使用的许多心理测量工具都没有经过充分验证,从而导致了测量危机,使人们对使用这些工具得出的结论的有效性产生了担忧。测量危机的两个例子是:i) 使用总分而不测试其假设(如单维性和 tau-等价性),这表明所有子测试与其基本结构具有相同的、稳定的关系;ii) 缺乏对跨组测量不变性的评估。在此,我们旨在研究 SSET 的单维性和头等性假设、内部一致性以及性别和年龄组的测量不变性。我们使用意大利语版 SSET 对 988 名参与者(555 名女性,平均年龄(±SD):39.75±18.60 岁)进行了测试。tau等效模型显示了极佳的拟合指数(CFI稳健性=1,TLI稳健性=1,RMSEA稳健性=0,SRMR=.013),能够最好地解释数据,表明所有子测验在测量嗅觉功能方面同等重要,但不一定同等精确。结果还显示了不同年龄组之间的完全测量不变性,以及不同性别之间的构型、部分度量和标度不变性,这表明在比较性别组时,应选择使用潜在平均值,而不是原始分数。不过,SSET 显示出中等程度的内部一致性。未来的研究应明确是否可以提高 SSET 的可靠性。
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Chemical Senses
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