This study investigated different drying temperatures (40°C, 50°C, and 60°C) during the preparation of dehydrated quick-cooking beans and verified the physical and chemical effects and digestibility of the grains. Two genotypes (BRS Esteio and BRS Estilo), freshly harvested and with hard-to-cook (HTC) defects, were used.
Lower drying temperature favors producing quick-cooking beans with reduced cooking times. As the temperature increases, there is an increase in grain browning. Higher temperature (60°C) promotes the most significant damage, reaching 36.35% in BRS Estilo. Phytic acid content reduced considerably at drying temperatures of 50°C and 60°C in HTC beans, and the lower content of tannin was obtained after drying at 40°C (0.45 and 0.60 mg/100 g). All quick-cooking beans had over 90% protein digestibility. The development of quick-cooking beans using a drying temperature of 40°C provided higher starch digestibility after 180 min of simulated intestinal digestion.
The drying process at 40°C improved the technological, physical, and nutritional characteristics of quick-cooking dehydrated beans.
The drying temperature directly influences the final quality of quick-cooking beans; so, it is important to consider the use of low temperatures.
In the production process of Zhongjiang traditional fermented dried noodles (TFDNs), about 10% of NaCl is added; however, the underlying mechanisms of its effects remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the impact of varying NaCl concentrations (6%–14%) on protein conformation, tensile and rheological properties, microbial communities in the dough, and quality of the dried noodles.
The results indicated that 6%–10% NaCl supplementation increased the ordered structures, disulfide bond contents, rheological parameters, the abundance of Pantoea and cumulative abundance of Mitochondria and Chloroplast in the dough, and reduced bacterial diversity and disordered structures; 8%–10% NaCl enhanced tensile properties of dough, cooking quality, and sensory attributes of noodles; cooked noodles with 10% NaCl had the best hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, and chewiness. However, excessive NaCl (12%–14%) did not confer these benefits. Furthermore, dough containing 6% NaCl exhibited excessive stickiness and reduced tensibility, rendering it unsuitable for making dried noodles.
The addition of 8%–10% NaCl improved protein structural properties and bacterial community in the dough and ultimately elevated the extensibility of the dough and the quality of TFDN.
These findings reveal the potential mechanisms of NaCl in the processing of TFDN and lay a foundation for producing healthier TFDN with lower sodium in the future.
Loaf volume is the main indicator of wheat flour quality, but test baking has major limitations. Here, prediction models were used to evaluate which methodology best captured the baking quality in Swedish commercial wheat flour and if the chemical composition of flour increased prediction accuracy.
Flour type (e.g., winter vs. spring wheat) affected prediction model results significantly. Thus, separate prediction models should be developed for each flour type. Combining data from alveograph, farinograph, and glutomatic tests with protein and damaged starch gave the best prediction results. The main loaf volume predictors were dough strength for winter wheat, stability for spring wheat, and extensibility for flour blends. The composition of protein and arabinoxylan influenced several quality parameters but did not improve loaf volume predictions.
Best predictions were obtained for winter wheat. Spring wheat and flour blend models contained only one latent variable, indicating that protein content was the main determinant for loaf volume in these samples.
This study is one of few using prediction models to evaluate instrument suitability to determine loaf volume. Instruments suitable for predicting quality were determined for commercial winter wheat flour, which is the main product of Swedish mills.
The effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) on rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain quality has been widely studied, but mostly under two contrasting levels of CO2 concentration. Our study was conducted in a new version of CO2 Gradient Tunnel (CGT) to study the responses of grain quality of japonica rice cv. Wuyoudao no.4 (WYD4) and Songjing no.9 (SJ9) to five CO2 concentrations (390–600 μmol·mol−1) gradient levels at two cultivation practices: traditional flooding (TF) and non-flooded plastic film mulching (PM).
The results showed that the response of SJ9 to eCO2 was more pronounced under TF cultivation. When the CO2 concentration increased to 450 μmol·mol−1, the brown rice ratio and milled rice ratio of SJ9 decreased by 4.2% and 17.7%, respectively. However, when CO2 concentration increased to 600 μmol·mol−1, the brown rice ratio increased by 3.7%. These results reveal that different gradients of eCO2 have different effects on rice quality. Besides that, eCO2 decreased the nutritional quality of SJ9 by decreasing the protein content and amylose content, while eCO2 improved rice appearance and eating quality. Different from SJ9, when CO2 concentration increased to 500–600 μmol·mol–1, the milled rice ratio and head rice ratio of WYD4 increased by 5.9%–7.5% and 16.7%–19.5% under PM cultivation. Furthermore, eCO2 decreased the chalky grain rate or chalkiness by 34.5%–80.5% and 53.1%–77.1%, respectively.
Under PM cultivation, the rice milling quality and appearance quality of WYD4 were promoted by eCO2. Rice nutritional quality was significantly decreased in both cultivation practices. In the comparison of rice quality between the two cultivations, except for rice eating quality, the other grain quality parameters of SJ9 under PM cultivation were better than those under TF cultivation. The opposite was true for WYD4.
Under future production conditions with eCO2, the high-yielding SJ9 cultivar is more suitable for water-saving cultivation with mulching film, while the high-quality WYD4 is suitable for TF cultivation.
The measurement of gelatinization temperatures (GTs) of rice using the Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) can be a more rapid and efficient method as compared to the traditional method of using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The objective of this research was to determine the accuracy and precision of the RVA technique in comparison to the DSC method for measuring GTs of contemporary rice cultivars produced in Arkansas.
Rice samples analyzed using the RVA had GT that ranged from 70.48 ± 0.18°C to 75.72 ± 0.11°C, while the DSC-analyzed samples had GT that ranged from 67.25 ± 0.18°C to 74.72 ± 0.64°C. The values of RVA GT consistently overestimated the values of the DSC-GT, with the RVA GT values demonstrating higher precision. A calibration equation was developed to correct the overestimation of RVA GT values, and its validity was confirmed through data obtained from both laboratory-scale tests and industry-based analysis.
The method of using RVA can serve as a standalone approach for determining the GT of rice from various cultivars.
This technique of using RVA can be beneficial to industrial and educational applications because it is less expensive, easier to follow, and more rapid in analysis as compared to DSC.
Global hunger and the prevalence of severe food malnutrition have increased worldwide, underlining the need to develop new nutritive food products. Composite flour (CF) is a growing technology that aims to increase the nutritional composition of flours. Thus, this study aimed to systematically search and investigate studies that examined the effects of CF development and its properties. In addition, perspectives for better use of CF as a real source of nutritional ingredients are underlined.
Different materials have been used for CF elaboration and their use in bakery products improves nutritional composition, mainly protein, fiber, and phenolic compound content, in addition to providing products with good sensory acceptance. However, the higher protein concentration in CF is not accompanied by higher protein digestibility, and generally, this property is not evaluated to guarantee the nutritional improvement of protein aspects.
CF may represent a strategy for food security and nutritional health, particularly in terms of protein intake. However, to ensure protein absorption, further studies on protein digestibility must be conducted. In addition, the extrusion process seems to represent a strategy for the production of cheaper and nutritional CF with improved nutritional value and high protein digestion capacity.
High β-glucan hull-less barley (cv. Chifaa) was used in functional bread production. Its technological and nutritional properties were compared with the one produced from bread wheat flour.
Increasing levels of whole barley flour supplementation resulted in consistent increases in the Farinograph water absorption due to the high hydration capacity of β-glucan in barley flour. Increasing whole barley flour supplementation levels had significant deteriorative effects on all of the bread quality characteristics probably due to dilution of gluten proteins. On the contrary, the mineral, β-glucan, and phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of breads supplemented with Chifaa were significantly higher than those of the bread produced from bread wheat.
The glycemic index (GI) of the bread supplemented with 60% barley flour (66.4) was medium while the GI of the 45% barley flour-supplemented bread (70.1) was very close to the limit value of the medium GI. The lower GI of the barley flour-supplemented breads might be attributed to their higher β-glucan contents. The results indicated that 3 g of β-glucan can be provided from barley flour-supplemented bread (at 45% and 60%), which is the limit to bear health claim.
The results of the present study indicated that high β-glucan hull-less barley can be used to produce functional breads with better nutritional properties. The findings of this study may provide insights that can contribute to the studies on functional foods.
This work determined the effect of compositing wheat flour with the resulting flour (15% and 30%) from heat-treated Bambara seeds on dough rheology and breadmaking properties. Bambara seeds (conditioned 53% moisture) were infrared or microwave heat (1200 W at 130°C) treated alone and in combination. Mixolab, Alveograph, and the creep and recovery test were used to determine the rheological properties of composite dough. A rheofementometer was used to elucidate composite dough behavior during proofing. Bread texture was determined using a texture analyzer and bread characteristics such as loaf volume and size were also determined.
The results showed that the principal component analysis (PCA) explained 67.4% of variations, with Component 1 explaining 34.4% and Component 2 explaining 33%. From the PCA, mixolab parameters, such as WA, protein weakening, and starch behavior parameters (C3–C5), were a better predictor of composite dough behavior than the alveograph and the creep and recovery test. According to the PCA plot, samples composited with 15% Bambara groundnut flour from 53% moisture conditioning and heat treated with a combination of microwave and infrared closely resemble the wheat dough and bread.
PCA showed that composites made with flours from the 53% moisture-conditioned Bambara groundnut seeds and heat-treated using a combination of microwave and infrared were closer to wheat, particularly those composited with 15% Bambara groundnut flour.
This study provides the nutrient-dense Bambara groundnut flours from heat-treated seeds as a suitable alternative to improve the nutritional quality of composite wheat bread. The study also provides insight into the composite dough's rheological and bread physical properties.
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