Ceskoslovenska patologie最新文献

Recent years have brought an immense increase of knowledge regarding the molecular genetic background of mesenchymal tumors which in turn has significantly expanded the repertoire of molecular markers available for the routine diagnostic practice. This progress has also been followed by a rising number of available immunohistochemical markers useful for the diagnosis of soft tissue neoplasia. Both lineage specific and tumor-specific immunohistochemical antibodies have been discovered and subsequently tested in the surgical pathology practice. This article will review some of the immunohistochemical and molecular genetic markers useful in the diagnosis of vascular tumors, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, low-grade fibromyxoid sarcomas/sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcomas, solitary fibrous tumors, epithelioid sarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas and other lesions showing skeletal muscle differentiation. The immunohistochemical and molecular genetic features of some recently characterized and clinically particularly important entities will be discussed as well.

The Czech Head and Neck Cancer Cooperative Group (CHNCCG) held a meeting in Tabor on 11-12 October 2019 with the aim of reaching an interdisciplinary consensus on some controversial points where international unity is absent. The meeting resulted in recommendations on resection margin size terminology (definition of terms: negative margin, close margin and positive margin) and on the adoption of terminology for neck dissections reporting according to the International Recommendation of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group and on assessment of HPV/p16 status in head and neck tumors.

Placental mesenchymal dysplasia is a rare placental lesion characterized by placentomegaly, vascular abnormalities and formation of cystic structures in the placental parenchyma. It can be associated with various genetic abnormalities, fetal growth restriction or intrauterine fetal demise. Placental mesenchymal dysplasia needs to be distinguished from its main differential diagnosis, partial hydatidiform mole. The aim of this article is to provide readers with a basic overview of the morphology and differential diagnosis of this pathological entity.

Immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology play an essential role in the diagnosis of some focal bone lesions. These techniques may greatly help to distinguish primary bone tumors from metastatic diseases and allow a biologically important refinements in subclassification of round cell sarcomas. Recently, the diagnostic accuracy of organ and tumor specific antibodies has improved significantly. Knowledge of new type of antibodies and their meaningful use enables an accurate classification of the most undifferentiated carcinomas of unknown primary. However, the interpretation of immunohistochemical stains and molecular genetic analysis can be difficult in bone biopsies due to previous decalcification. This article summarizes the most important algorithmic approach to the diagnosis of bone tumors. It outlines the most frequently used tissue-specific antibodies. New advances in the understanding of bone tumorigenesis are also discussed.

The goal of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive overview of the use of immunohistochemical methods in diagnosing mesenchymal tumours of the uterus. The main points discussed include, especially, the issue of determining smooth muscle differentiation, the differential diagnosis between smooth muscle and endometrial stromal tumours, and the diagnosis of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour. The role of immunohistochemical examination in the diagnosis of some of the only recently definedentities such as YWHAE-altered high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HG-ESS), BCOR-altered HG-ESS, tumours with NTRK fusion, and SMARCA4-deficient sarcomas is also discussed. The last aspect of this work is an analysis of the significance of immunohistochemical methods in the determination of the biological behaviour of leiomyocellular tumours. The issue of their molecular classification for those lesions associated with the presence of recurrent molecular aberrations is also discussed.

This article focuses on the biography of the famous Czech pathologist Dušan Lambl (1824-95), especially during his period of life in Kharkiv, Sloboda Ukraine (part of the Russian Empire). At the end of the 1850s, pursued by the authorities of the Austrian Empire as a politically compromised person (being a Czech patriot and slavophile, he took an active part in the so-called Spring of Nations in 1848), Dušan Lambl was forced to seek refuge in the Russian Empire. He put forward his candidacy for the post of professor in the department of anatomy at the School of Medicine of Kharkiv University and was selected for this position. Being a professor of anatomy, Dušan Lambl also actively developed other disciplines at the School of Medicine, particularly pathological anatomy and histology. Therefore, when in 1867 the departments of pathological anatomy and histology were established, Lambl was invited to become the head of any of them. Having chosen the former, Dušan Lambl became the head of the first department of pathological anatomy in Sloboda Ukraine. Heading this department until 1871, Dušan Lambl was able to raise the level of teaching of pathological anatomy at Kharkiv University to that of the best universities in Europe. This article considers the memoirs of Dušan Lambl`s life in Kharkiv, left by his contemporaries. It focuses on information about his social activities, relations with colleagues and friends, and his work as a teacher and medical specialist.

Molecular genetic methods have evolved dramatically in the last decade. In particular, sequencing of the new generation - NGS has become a financially and technically available examination. Thus, it begins to be used in the clinical practice of many specializations, including oncology. The proper use of these methods is a way to personalized oncology - treatment of the patient based on the occurrence of specific genetic aberrations, which are confirmed in his cancer, regardless of the histopathological type of tumor. This principle is completely new in oncology and raises number of questions and problems. The interpretation of the results of molecular genetic examinations is very complex and demanding, and therefore new multidisciplinary teams, so-called molecular tumor boards, are being created. The worldwide standardization of these boards is currently underway. Recommendations regarding the indication of NGS examinations in oncology patients are also being set.At the European level in the form of ESMO recommendations and at the national level also. Personalized oncology is the future of this field, which will lead to the best treatment response and minimize side effects.

In this paper, we report autopsy findings of a 1-day old full-term mature female neonate with pulmonary hypoplasia diagnosed postnatally. Death was attributed to acute respiratory failure due to hyaline membrane disease. We describe pathological features of calcified Meckels diverticulum with osseous metaplasia and inflammatory changes in adjacent peritoneum. As far as we know, this case report documents the youngest patient ever diagnosed with calcified Meckels diverticulum with osseous metaplasia.

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the opening of the Hlava institute, which was ceremoniously held on April 18, 1921. The opening of the institute was the result of many years of Professor Hlava´s efforts to provide a dignified space for pathology at the Czech university. Hlava fundamentally influenced Czech pathology and was undoubtedly one of the most important personalities of not only Czech and European pathology, but the entire field of Czech medicine of the period. His influence on pathology and microbiology is indisputable and widely known, but he has also fundamentally influenced other fields, especially oncology. On the occasion of this important anniversary the following entry offers a look at the personality of Professor Jaroslav Hlava and provides an overview of his research activities, as well as a complete list of his publications. The successors of Professor Hlava in the position of the head of institute are also briefly listed.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic relapsing intestinal inflammatory processes primarily represented by ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn´s disease (CD). Nearly half of IBD cases are followed by extraintestinal complications and renal involvement can occur independatly or along with other complications and are described with the patients sufferring from UC or CD. Most frequent renal involvement is nephrolithiasis, tubulointerstinal nephritis, different kinds of glomerulonephritis and AA amyloidosis. We are presenting an unusal form of renal involvement of a young female patient with a severe form of Crohn´s disease treated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies.