Ya'u Murtala, A. Babandi, K. Babagana, M. Rajah, H. Yakasai, A. Ibrahim, D. Shehu, A. Alhassan
The increasing prices of calf rennets, their accessibility and ethical concerns associated with the production of such enzymes for general cheese making have led to systematic investigations on the possibility and suitability of their substitution by other enzymes of plant origin. In this study, ammonium sulphate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) fractionation, characterization and milk clotting activity (MCA) of protease extracted from Taffin Giwa ginger rhizome cultivar of the family Zingiberaceae from northwestern Nigeria were carried out. The protease extracted showed optimum activity at temperatures near 60 °C and pH value of 6.5 with a relative activity in a broad pH range of 5.0 to 8.0 accordingly. The enzyme was completely denatured at higher temperature of 100 °C and higher pH range of 12.0. The milk clotting property of the protease indicated 3.1 and 2.2 folds of MCA and MSCA respectively in relation to the commercial calf rennet with MCA/PA ratio of 2.52. The properties of Taffin Giwa protease shown in this study, especially its milk clotting activity, make it a potential candidate for substituting calf rennet in the food industries, particularly in cheese making processes. Keywords: Ginger Protease, Milk Clotting Activity, Calf rennet, Characterization, Extraction
{"title":"Milk clotting activity of protease, extracted from rhizome of Taffin giwa ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) cultivar, from northwestern Nigeria","authors":"Ya'u Murtala, A. Babandi, K. Babagana, M. Rajah, H. Yakasai, A. Ibrahim, D. Shehu, A. Alhassan","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing prices of calf rennets, their accessibility and ethical concerns associated with the production of such enzymes for general cheese making have led to systematic investigations on the possibility and suitability of their substitution by other enzymes of plant origin. In this study, ammonium sulphate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) fractionation, characterization and milk clotting activity (MCA) of protease extracted from Taffin Giwa ginger rhizome cultivar of the family Zingiberaceae from northwestern Nigeria were carried out. The protease extracted showed optimum activity at temperatures near 60 °C and pH value of 6.5 with a relative activity in a broad pH range of 5.0 to 8.0 accordingly. The enzyme was completely denatured at higher temperature of 100 °C and higher pH range of 12.0. The milk clotting property of the protease indicated 3.1 and 2.2 folds of MCA and MSCA respectively in relation to the commercial calf rennet with MCA/PA ratio of 2.52. The properties of Taffin Giwa protease shown in this study, especially its milk clotting activity, make it a potential candidate for substituting calf rennet in the food industries, particularly in cheese making processes. Keywords: Ginger Protease, Milk Clotting Activity, Calf rennet, Characterization, Extraction","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82076680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The analysis of four biochemical parameters such as pH, ascorbic acid, proline and soluble sugar were carried out to investigate their response to pollution stress. Fifteen samples of plant leaves were collected in duplicate along the Ughelli – Patani metropolis in Ughelli North local government area of Delta State, Nigeria. The pH of the leave samples were measured after calibrating the pH meter; Ascorbic acid content (expressed in mg/g) was measured using spectrophotometric method; Proline content in the leaves of plants was determined following the protocol based on the formation of red colored formazone with ninhydrin in acidic medium which is soluble in organic solvent like toluene. Soluble sugar was determined by ion exchange chromatography. While the biochemical content of the leaf species under investigation shows a trend of a decrease of pH values; increase ascorbic acid and proline content and a reduced sugar content all from the polluted sites except for Musa paradisiaca L. and Manihot esculenta that shows alternate results and vice versa. An overview of the entire results obtained from this study reveals that different plants respond differently to air pollution with plant growing in polluted site having higher ascorbic acid content, proline values and lower pH and soluble sugar content as compared to the polluted sites and vice versa. Keywords: Ascorbic acid, Proline, soluble sugar, pH, pollutant
{"title":"pH level, ascorbic acid, proline and soluble sugar as bio - indicators for pollution","authors":"Akpoghelie Jacob Ogagaoghene","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V8I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V8I2","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of four biochemical parameters such as pH, ascorbic acid, proline and soluble sugar were carried out to investigate their response to pollution stress. Fifteen samples of plant leaves were collected in duplicate along the Ughelli – Patani metropolis in Ughelli North local government area of Delta State, Nigeria. The pH of the leave samples were measured after calibrating the pH meter; Ascorbic acid content (expressed in mg/g) was measured using spectrophotometric method; Proline content in the leaves of plants was determined following the protocol based on the formation of red colored formazone with ninhydrin in acidic medium which is soluble in organic solvent like toluene. Soluble sugar was determined by ion exchange chromatography. While the biochemical content of the leaf species under investigation shows a trend of a decrease of pH values; increase ascorbic acid and proline content and a reduced sugar content all from the polluted sites except for Musa paradisiaca L. and Manihot esculenta that shows alternate results and vice versa. An overview of the entire results obtained from this study reveals that different plants respond differently to air pollution with plant growing in polluted site having higher ascorbic acid content, proline values and lower pH and soluble sugar content as compared to the polluted sites and vice versa. Keywords: Ascorbic acid, Proline, soluble sugar, pH, pollutant","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86041914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the compositional differences in trace elements in M. oleifera leaves grown in two different agro-ecological locations in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Fresh samples of dried M. oleifera leaves were collected and analysed for P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Ti, Cu, Mo, Fe, Zn, Ni, Re, Eu and Pb using Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry, following standard procedures. The results showed varying amounts of the studied elements in the samples from the two locations, with relatively high amounts of Pb. When the mean content of P, K Ca, Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn in the samples where compared to their daily requirements for adults and the expected quantity of M. oleifera leaves an adult will eat to achieve the daily requirements, it was concluded that the leaves could serve as veritable source of these elements to local consumers. Levels of significant differences in the concentrations of the trace elements in samples of M. oleifera leaves grown in both locations were tested at 95% confidence level ( α = 0.05) using F- and student’s t -tests. The outcome showed that although there are compositional differences in the amounts of the elements studied in the samples, these differences are not significant ( t exps < t crits ) at 95% confidence interval. Keywords: trace elements, daily requirements, M. oleifera , ED-XRF spectrometry, Mgbabor, Okposi-Okwu
本研究调查了尼日利亚埃邦伊州两个不同农业生态地点生长的油橄榄叶片中微量元素的组成差异。采用能量色散x射线荧光(ED-XRF)法，按照标准程序采集新鲜油橄榄干叶样品，分析其P、S、K、Ca、Mn、Ti、Cu、Mo、Fe、Zn、Ni、Re、Eu和Pb的含量。结果表明，两个地点的样品中所研究的元素含量不同，其中Pb含量相对较高。当样品中磷、钾、钙、锰、铜、铁和锌的平均含量与成人的每日需要量相比较，并与成人每日所需的油橄榄叶的预期摄入量相比较时，得出结论，油橄榄叶可以作为当地消费者的名副其实的这些元素的来源。采用F-检验和学生t检验，在95%的置信水平上(α = 0.05)检验了两个地点生长的油叶样品中微量元素浓度的显著差异水平。结果表明，虽然样品中所研究的元素的数量在组成上存在差异，但这些差异在95%的置信区间内并不显著(t exp < t crits)。关键词:微量元素，日需要量，油葵，ED-XRF光谱法，Mgbabor, okposii - okwu
{"title":"Energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence spectrometric study of compositional differences in trace elements in dried Moringa oleifera leaves grown in two different agro-ecological locations in Ebonyi State, Nigeria","authors":"S. Ngele, E. J. Itumoh, A. Uraku, S. Ogah","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the compositional differences in trace elements in M. oleifera leaves grown in two different agro-ecological locations in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Fresh samples of dried M. oleifera leaves were collected and analysed for P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Ti, Cu, Mo, Fe, Zn, Ni, Re, Eu and Pb using Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry, following standard procedures. The results showed varying amounts of the studied elements in the samples from the two locations, with relatively high amounts of Pb. When the mean content of P, K Ca, Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn in the samples where compared to their daily requirements for adults and the expected quantity of M. oleifera leaves an adult will eat to achieve the daily requirements, it was concluded that the leaves could serve as veritable source of these elements to local consumers. Levels of significant differences in the concentrations of the trace elements in samples of M. oleifera leaves grown in both locations were tested at 95% confidence level ( α = 0.05) using F- and student’s t -tests. The outcome showed that although there are compositional differences in the amounts of the elements studied in the samples, these differences are not significant ( t exps < t crits ) at 95% confidence interval. Keywords: trace elements, daily requirements, M. oleifera , ED-XRF spectrometry, Mgbabor, Okposi-Okwu","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80032887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The efficiency of Albizia lebbeck shell for the adsorption of auramine yellow (AY), basic malachite green (BMG) and basic violet (BV) dyes from aqueous solution has been studied in a batch system. The effects of contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, solution pH and temperature have been investigated and the optimum conditions were determined. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (ΔH o ), entropy change (ΔS o ) and free energy change (ΔG o ) were studied and the values were -53,475.648 Jmol -1 , -138.345 Jmol -1 K -1 and -11,557.125 Jmol -1 respectively for the adsorption of auramine yellow and -12,6730.302 Jmol -1 , -389.012 Jmol -1 K -1 and -8,859.648 Jmol -1 respectively for the adsorption of basic malachite green indicating exothermic, non-spontaneous and feasible processes for AY and BMG at tested low and high temperatures of 303k and 323k. However, the enthalpy, entropy and free energy changes’ values for the adsorption of basic violet were 19,030.746 Jmol -1 , 83.639 Jmol -1 K -1 and 18,335.371 Jmol -1 respectively indicating endothermic, spontaneous and infeasible process at 303k but feasible at 323k. Surface characterization of the adsorbent based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were studied before and after adsorption, and the results indicate that the adsorbent could be effective due to its large number of external cavities on the surface. Therefore, Albizia lebbeck shells could serve as an effective adsorbent for the removal of organic colorants from textile wastewater prior to disposal since it has 94.2, 72.4 and 85.3% adsorption efficiency values for the removal of AY, BMG and BV respectively. Keywords: Adsorption, Albizia lebbeck Shells, Basic Dyes, Thermodynamics
在间歇式系统中研究了小檗壳对水溶液中金胺黄(AY)、碱性孔雀石绿(BMG)和碱性紫色(BV)染料的吸附效果。考察了接触时间、吸附剂用量、初始染料浓度、溶液pH和温度等因素对吸附效果的影响，确定了最佳条件。研究了吸附金胺黄的焓变(ΔH o)、熵变(ΔS o)和自由能变化(ΔG o)的热力学参数，分别为-53,475.648 Jmol -1、-138.345 Jmol -1 K -1和-11,557.125 Jmol -1，吸附碱式孔雀石绿的焓变(- 1,6730.302 Jmol -1、-389.012 Jmol -1 K -1和-8,859.648 Jmol -1表示放热。在303k和323k的测试低温和高温下，AY和BMG的非自发和可行过程。而碱紫吸附的焓变、熵变和自由能变分别为19030.746 Jmol -1、83.639 Jmol -1 K -1和18335.371 Jmol -1，表明在303k时吸热、自发和不可行，而在323k时可行。通过扫描电镜(SEM)对吸附剂吸附前后的表面形貌进行了表征，结果表明，由于吸附剂表面有大量的外腔，因此吸附剂可能是有效的。综上所示，小檗壳对纺织废水中AY、BMG和BV的吸附效率分别为94.2、72.4和85.3%，可作为处理前去除有机着色剂。关键词:吸附，小檗壳，碱性染料，热力学
{"title":"Adsorption thermodynamics of some basic dyes uptake from aqueous solution using Albizia lebbeck shells","authors":"M. Ibrahim, A. Umar","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V7I1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V7I1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of Albizia lebbeck shell for the adsorption of auramine yellow (AY), basic malachite green (BMG) and basic violet (BV) dyes from aqueous solution has been studied in a batch system. The effects of contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, solution pH and temperature have been investigated and the optimum conditions were determined. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (ΔH o ), entropy change (ΔS o ) and free energy change (ΔG o ) were studied and the values were -53,475.648 Jmol -1 , -138.345 Jmol -1 K -1 and -11,557.125 Jmol -1 respectively for the adsorption of auramine yellow and -12,6730.302 Jmol -1 , -389.012 Jmol -1 K -1 and -8,859.648 Jmol -1 respectively for the adsorption of basic malachite green indicating exothermic, non-spontaneous and feasible processes for AY and BMG at tested low and high temperatures of 303k and 323k. However, the enthalpy, entropy and free energy changes’ values for the adsorption of basic violet were 19,030.746 Jmol -1 , 83.639 Jmol -1 K -1 and 18,335.371 Jmol -1 respectively indicating endothermic, spontaneous and infeasible process at 303k but feasible at 323k. Surface characterization of the adsorbent based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were studied before and after adsorption, and the results indicate that the adsorbent could be effective due to its large number of external cavities on the surface. Therefore, Albizia lebbeck shells could serve as an effective adsorbent for the removal of organic colorants from textile wastewater prior to disposal since it has 94.2, 72.4 and 85.3% adsorption efficiency values for the removal of AY, BMG and BV respectively. Keywords: Adsorption, Albizia lebbeck Shells, Basic Dyes, Thermodynamics","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82695981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new three arm liquid crystalline material containing 4-Hydroxy-4`-[(p-alkoxybiphenyloxy) carbonyl] valeric acid and linked by flexible spacers tris[-4-(p-alkoxybiphenyloxy)carbonyl] valeric acid phloroglucinol ester has been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods of analysis. The transition temperatures and phase behaviors were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Polarizing Optical Microscopy (POM) and X-Ray diffraction analyses. All the synthesized compounds exhibited enantiotropic nematic phase and the stability of the mesophase depends on the length of the terminal alkoxy group for the compounds studied. Keywords: Glassy phase, Liquid crystal, Nematic phase, Star shaped, Vitrification
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of three-arm star-shaped glassy liquid crystal containing biphenyl esters","authors":"A. Salisu","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V7I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V7I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"A new three arm liquid crystalline material containing 4-Hydroxy-4`-[(p-alkoxybiphenyloxy) carbonyl] valeric acid and linked by flexible spacers tris[-4-(p-alkoxybiphenyloxy)carbonyl] valeric acid phloroglucinol ester has been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods of analysis. The transition temperatures and phase behaviors were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Polarizing Optical Microscopy (POM) and X-Ray diffraction analyses. All the synthesized compounds exhibited enantiotropic nematic phase and the stability of the mesophase depends on the length of the terminal alkoxy group for the compounds studied. Keywords: Glassy phase, Liquid crystal, Nematic phase, Star shaped, Vitrification","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81463940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fixation of CO 2 using guanidine bases; 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and 5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0] dec-5-ene (TBD) has been investigated. Solution Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies were carried out for the reaction between CO 2 and the guanidine bases at normal temperature and pressure, i.e Ca. 30 °C and 1 atm. Analysis of results obtained using 1- dimentional 13 C NMR and 2-dimentional 15 N (HMBC) both indicated successful reaction between CO 2 and TBD and also CO 2 with TMG. Both products were observed to be stable at room temperature and pressure. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that, the CO 2 can be fixed with TMG and TBD at normal conditions of temperature and pressure. Finally it was also proposed that, the method used could be useful for the uptake and release of atmospheric CO 2 . Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Chemical fixation, Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation Tetramethylguanidine, Triazabicyclo decene
{"title":"The chemical fixation of carbon dioxide by tetramethylguanidine and triazabicyclo dec-5-ene bases","authors":"M. S. Batagarawa, F. Adam","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V7I1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V7I1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The fixation of CO 2 using guanidine bases; 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and 5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0] dec-5-ene (TBD) has been investigated. Solution Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies were carried out for the reaction between CO 2 and the guanidine bases at normal temperature and pressure, i.e Ca. 30 °C and 1 atm. Analysis of results obtained using 1- dimentional 13 C NMR and 2-dimentional 15 N (HMBC) both indicated successful reaction between CO 2 and TBD and also CO 2 with TMG. Both products were observed to be stable at room temperature and pressure. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that, the CO 2 can be fixed with TMG and TBD at normal conditions of temperature and pressure. Finally it was also proposed that, the method used could be useful for the uptake and release of atmospheric CO 2 . Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Chemical fixation, Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation Tetramethylguanidine, Triazabicyclo decene","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78122432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. O. kpoghelie, G. Ugochukwu, H. N. Omosigho, J. U. Esemedafe, O. Kalu
The proximate and metal content of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) samples obtained from four different villages of Enugu State, Eastern Nigeria was analyzed. Moisture content was determined by oven dehydration method at 105°C. Crude protein was determined using Kjeldhal method, Crude fat was obtained by extraction method using sohxlet. Crude fiber was obtained by Acid and Alkali digestion methods. Ash content was determined in muffle furnace at 550°C for 6 hours. Carbohydrate content was obtained by difference, subtracting the sum of protein, fat, crude fibre and ash percentages from one hundred. Calcium, Sodium, Potassium and Magnesium were determined by flame photometric method while zinc, lead, Cadmium, Copper, Nickel and Chromium were obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The results of the present investigation revealed that buckwheat species from the four sampling sites (Abor, Obinagu and Umuagu and Nkwere), showed considerable high concentration of protein, fat, and ash, and low nitrogen free extract and fiber. Gluten content was not detected in all the samples. Moderate amount of potassium and sodium recorded in this study reveals that buckwheat groat is a good source of food for patients with hypertension. Minerals such as calcium, zinc, phosphorus, iron, potassium and sodium were also detected in appreciable amounts. However, buckwheat can be safely eaten by people who have celiac disease as it does not contain gluten. Buckwheat can be a good substitute for wheat, oats, rye and barley in a gluten-free diet. Buckwheat's well-balanced starch, protein, fat and mineral composition has found a renewed interest, particularly among the food scientists. Additionally, its seeds compose proportionately of more starch and less fat content than fellow oil seeds hence can be handled in a similar way like any other staple grains. Being a short-season crop and sustainable characteristic of thriving under drought conditions, it can be a solution for malnutrition alleviation programs, particularly in famine-prone regions. Keywords: Buckwheat, Composition, Groat, Enugu – Nigeria, Mineral, Nutritional Content, Proximate
{"title":"Proximate and metal composition of buckwheat groats cultivated in selected town in Enugu State, Nigeria","authors":"J. O. kpoghelie, G. Ugochukwu, H. N. Omosigho, J. U. Esemedafe, O. Kalu","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V7I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V7I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The proximate and metal content of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) samples obtained from four different villages of Enugu State, Eastern Nigeria was analyzed. Moisture content was determined by oven dehydration method at 105°C. Crude protein was determined using Kjeldhal method, Crude fat was obtained by extraction method using sohxlet. Crude fiber was obtained by Acid and Alkali digestion methods. Ash content was determined in muffle furnace at 550°C for 6 hours. Carbohydrate content was obtained by difference, subtracting the sum of protein, fat, crude fibre and ash percentages from one hundred. Calcium, Sodium, Potassium and Magnesium were determined by flame photometric method while zinc, lead, Cadmium, Copper, Nickel and Chromium were obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The results of the present investigation revealed that buckwheat species from the four sampling sites (Abor, Obinagu and Umuagu and Nkwere), showed considerable high concentration of protein, fat, and ash, and low nitrogen free extract and fiber. Gluten content was not detected in all the samples. Moderate amount of potassium and sodium recorded in this study reveals that buckwheat groat is a good source of food for patients with hypertension. Minerals such as calcium, zinc, phosphorus, iron, potassium and sodium were also detected in appreciable amounts. However, buckwheat can be safely eaten by people who have celiac disease as it does not contain gluten. Buckwheat can be a good substitute for wheat, oats, rye and barley in a gluten-free diet. Buckwheat's well-balanced starch, protein, fat and mineral composition has found a renewed interest, particularly among the food scientists. Additionally, its seeds compose proportionately of more starch and less fat content than fellow oil seeds hence can be handled in a similar way like any other staple grains. Being a short-season crop and sustainable characteristic of thriving under drought conditions, it can be a solution for malnutrition alleviation programs, particularly in famine-prone regions. Keywords: Buckwheat, Composition, Groat, Enugu – Nigeria, Mineral, Nutritional Content, Proximate","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82032748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymeric systems based on polyesteramides (PEA) are high performance materials, which combine the useful properties of polyester and polyamide resins. In this work, a new modified polyesteramide resin was prepared and evaluated as binder for surface coating.The resin was synthesised by the reaction of N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) soya bean oil fatty acid amide (HESFAA) as a source of the polyol and as preservative against microbiological attack, with phthalic anhydride as the ingredient source of the polybasic acid. The measured acid value of the resin was found to be 7 mg KOH/g, which indicates the complete formation of the resin. The structure of the resin was confirmed by FT-IR spectral studies. The results show that the modification enhances both phyisco-mechanical and chemical properties of the PEA. From the analyses carried out, the synthesized resin could be suitable as binder for different types of paint. Keywords: Binder, Phthalic anhydride, Polyester amide, Soya bean oil fatty acid
{"title":"Preparation and characterization of polyester amide resin derived from Nigerian soya bean oil and its performance evaluation as binder for surface coatings","authors":"H. Musa, A. Hamada, M. Jamila","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V7I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V7I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Polymeric systems based on polyesteramides (PEA) are high performance materials, which combine the useful properties of polyester and polyamide resins. In this work, a new modified polyesteramide resin was prepared and evaluated as binder for surface coating.The resin was synthesised by the reaction of N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) soya bean oil fatty acid amide (HESFAA) as a source of the polyol and as preservative against microbiological attack, with phthalic anhydride as the ingredient source of the polybasic acid. The measured acid value of the resin was found to be 7 mg KOH/g, which indicates the complete formation of the resin. The structure of the resin was confirmed by FT-IR spectral studies. The results show that the modification enhances both phyisco-mechanical and chemical properties of the PEA. From the analyses carried out, the synthesized resin could be suitable as binder for different types of paint. Keywords: Binder, Phthalic anhydride, Polyester amide, Soya bean oil fatty acid","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83248272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concentration of iron was determined in wastewater, soil and vegetable (carrot, lettuce, onion, spinach, cabbage, tomato and okro) samples that were collected on seasonal basis from January, 2013 to September 2014 along Kubanni stream channels in Zaria. The results showed iron levels in wastewater were in the range of 3.85 – 42.33mg/L for the year 2013 and 15.60 – 72.08 mg/L in 2014; 0.96 – 12.73mg/Kg for the year 2013 and 4.93 – 18.24 mg/Kg in 2014 for the soil while the vegetables had concentrations in the range of 3.80 – 23.65mg/Kg for the year 2013 and 7.48 – 27.15 mg/Kg in 2014. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in iron levels across the locations and seasons for wastewater, soil and vegetables analyzed. Pearson correlation showed moderate (r = 0.527) relationship between iron levels in wastewater for the year 2013 and 2014, moderate (r = 0.526) relationship was also obtained for the soil between these two years likewise, moderate (r = 0.597) relationship was obtained for vegetables cultivated in 2013 and that of 2014 respectively. Iron concentrations obtained in this study was higher than maximum contaminant levels set by Standard Organizations such as W.H.O. and F.A.O for wastewater while the soil and vegetables were within the limits set by these bodies. Keywords: Iron level, Kubanni River, Soil, Vegetable and Wastewater
{"title":"Assessment of iron concentrations in wastewater, soil and vegetable samples grown along Kubanni Stream Channels in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria","authors":"M. Sa’id, S. Oladeji","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V7I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V7I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The concentration of iron was determined in wastewater, soil and vegetable (carrot, lettuce, onion, spinach, cabbage, tomato and okro) samples that were collected on seasonal basis from January, 2013 to September 2014 along Kubanni stream channels in Zaria. The results showed iron levels in wastewater were in the range of 3.85 – 42.33mg/L for the year 2013 and 15.60 – 72.08 mg/L in 2014; 0.96 – 12.73mg/Kg for the year 2013 and 4.93 – 18.24 mg/Kg in 2014 for the soil while the vegetables had concentrations in the range of 3.80 – 23.65mg/Kg for the year 2013 and 7.48 – 27.15 mg/Kg in 2014. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in iron levels across the locations and seasons for wastewater, soil and vegetables analyzed. Pearson correlation showed moderate (r = 0.527) relationship between iron levels in wastewater for the year 2013 and 2014, moderate (r = 0.526) relationship was also obtained for the soil between these two years likewise, moderate (r = 0.597) relationship was obtained for vegetables cultivated in 2013 and that of 2014 respectively. Iron concentrations obtained in this study was higher than maximum contaminant levels set by Standard Organizations such as W.H.O. and F.A.O for wastewater while the soil and vegetables were within the limits set by these bodies. Keywords: Iron level, Kubanni River, Soil, Vegetable and Wastewater","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81788573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Ushie, A. Onen, O. C. Ugbogu, P. Neji, V. B. Olumide
The phytochemical screening of Swietenia macrophylla was undertaken through controlled experiments. The results showed that flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, tannins, glycosides and saponins are present in all the leaf extracts. The result of the antimicrobial activity obtained from the extracts of the leaf of S. macrophylla revealed that all the crude extracts of the leaf inhibited or exhibited antibacterial activity against Salmonella paratyphi , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum . All the extracts demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both the test bacteria and the fungi with the ethyl acetate extracts demonstrating the highest activity for Salmonella typhi test. The plant S. macrophylla is commonly used traditionally for the treatment of diarrhoea, wound, headache, malaria, dysentery and fevers. The overall results confirm the significance of the use of the plant in traditional medicinal treatment of diarrhea, wound, headache, malaria, dysentery and fevers, in line with reported claims.
{"title":"Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts of Swietenia macrophylla","authors":"O. Ushie, A. Onen, O. C. Ugbogu, P. Neji, V. B. Olumide","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V7I2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V7I2.11","url":null,"abstract":"The phytochemical screening of Swietenia macrophylla was undertaken through controlled experiments. The results showed that flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, tannins, glycosides and saponins are present in all the leaf extracts. The result of the antimicrobial activity obtained from the extracts of the leaf of S. macrophylla revealed that all the crude extracts of the leaf inhibited or exhibited antibacterial activity against Salmonella paratyphi , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum . All the extracts demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both the test bacteria and the fungi with the ethyl acetate extracts demonstrating the highest activity for Salmonella typhi test. The plant S. macrophylla is commonly used traditionally for the treatment of diarrhoea, wound, headache, malaria, dysentery and fevers. The overall results confirm the significance of the use of the plant in traditional medicinal treatment of diarrhea, wound, headache, malaria, dysentery and fevers, in line with reported claims.","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83767600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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