E. Vunain, Chosadziwa Nkhuzenje, J. Mwatseteza, S. Sajidu
In the present study, groundwater samples were collected from ten boreholes in the Phalombe plain, Southern Malawi. The main objective was to assess the suitability of the borehole water for human consumption. Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of the groundwater samples were determined using standard methods. Results were compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Malawi Standard (MS) drinking water guidelines to assess suitability. All analyses for physicochemical parameters were within acceptable limits except for fluoride concentration levels which were above WHO recommended limit of 1.5 mg/L in twoboreholes (Lihaka Primary School, 2.9 mg/L and Phalombe T.C, 2.0 mg/L). Trace metal contamination was below detection limits with atomic absorption spectrometry. Feacal coliform units exceeding WHO tolerated limits of 0 cfu/100 mg/L were observed in five groundwater samples from Lihaka Primary School (11 cfu/100 mL), Migowi trading center (4 cfu/100 mL), Phalombe T.C (77 cfu/100 mL), Thetheleya Village (73 cfu/100 mL), and Mpasa T.D.C (102 cfu/100 mL) boreholes. It was concluded that not all the borehole water is safe for human consumption. The presence of feacal coliform in some boreholes is indicative of health risk to the inhabitants of the geographical location. The study recommends mobilization of onsite possible means of treatment of groundwater such as boiling and use of chlorination tablets so as to prevent possible adverse health effects. Keywords: Bacteriological, Borehole, Malawi, Phalombe Plain, Water quality, WHO/MS drinking water guidelines
{"title":"Mangifera indica leaves powder for the removal of rhodamine B.: isotherm and kinetic studies","authors":"E. Vunain, Chosadziwa Nkhuzenje, J. Mwatseteza, S. Sajidu","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V10I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V10I1","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, groundwater samples were collected from ten boreholes in the Phalombe plain, Southern Malawi. The main objective was to assess the suitability of the borehole water for human consumption. Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of the groundwater samples were determined using standard methods. Results were compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Malawi Standard (MS) drinking water guidelines to assess suitability. All analyses for physicochemical parameters were within acceptable limits except for fluoride concentration levels which were above WHO recommended limit of 1.5 mg/L in twoboreholes (Lihaka Primary School, 2.9 mg/L and Phalombe T.C, 2.0 mg/L). Trace metal contamination was below detection limits with atomic absorption spectrometry. Feacal coliform units exceeding WHO tolerated limits of 0 cfu/100 mg/L were observed in five groundwater samples from Lihaka Primary School (11 cfu/100 mL), Migowi trading center (4 cfu/100 mL), Phalombe T.C (77 cfu/100 mL), Thetheleya Village (73 cfu/100 mL), and Mpasa T.D.C (102 cfu/100 mL) boreholes. It was concluded that not all the borehole water is safe for human consumption. The presence of feacal coliform in some boreholes is indicative of health risk to the inhabitants of the geographical location. The study recommends mobilization of onsite possible means of treatment of groundwater such as boiling and use of chlorination tablets so as to prevent possible adverse health effects. Keywords: Bacteriological, Borehole, Malawi, Phalombe Plain, Water quality, WHO/MS drinking water guidelines","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73701372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ande Sesugh, Obolo E. Idowu, Aondo Titus, Agbendeh Zack, Oije Mavis, Tuma Joseph
The content of Pb and Cr in some vegetables (viz lettuce, onion, carrot, tomato, pepper and amaranthus) grown on irrigated farm lands in the vicinity of Sharada industrial waste water drainage basin at Kaba village, Challawa, Kano, Challawa-Yandanko rivers and Thomas Dam, Danbatta, Kano, Nigeria were evaluated. It is situated at 8 o 29` 42” to 8 o 30` 54” E longitude and 11 o 5`18” to 11 o 5` 54” N latitude, also 8 o 30` 18” to 8 o 31` 30”E Longitude and 12 o 17` 6” to 12 o 16` 30”N Latitude. The objectives have been mainly to determine Cr, and Pb in edible parts of these vegetable samples which were frequently consumed by people in Kano and other parts of Nigeria in order to compare the heavy metals contents with the results obtained in analogous studies carried out in relation to the permissible limits specified by WHO/FAO, standards. Samples of vegetable were obtained in the dry season for the year 2018 from upstream and downstream portion of the sample sites. Analyses for the concentration of these heavy metals (Pb and Cr) were conducted by the use of Mass plama-Atomic Emission spectrometry (MP-AES) method. The Data obtained were expressed in terms of descriptive statistics while the figures were presented with mean values of three replicates. The statistical significance was computed using pair samples T-test to test the variation among the heavy metals in the vegetables and sites with a software JMP4 version 14. Results for the study indicated that concentration values of Pb (0.71-8.39 mgkg -1 ) and (Cr 9.58-28.30 mgkg -1 ) were higher than WHO/FAO maximum permissible limits for (Pb 0.3mgkg -1 ) and (Cr 2.3mgkg -1 ). The two way Anova test showed significant differences by farming site, vegetable type and their interaction. Furthermore, the study revealed that some areas of the sample site were more polluted by a particular metal than the other due to the revealing and anthropogenic activities such as the use of untreated industrial and municipal effluents, pesticides, fertilizer supplements for irrigation purposes in the area. Therefore, consumers of these vegetables run the risk of health problems like elevated blood pressure, developmental and neuro-behavioural effects on fetuses, in infants and children, cardiovascular, tubular dysfunction in kidneys and nervous disorders due the elevated concentrations of Cr and Pb in the vegetables. Keywords: Effluent, Heavy metals, Kano, Nigeria, Vegetables
{"title":"Evaluation of heavy metals contamination in some irrigated vegetables from Kano, Nigeria","authors":"Ande Sesugh, Obolo E. Idowu, Aondo Titus, Agbendeh Zack, Oije Mavis, Tuma Joseph","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V10I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V10I2","url":null,"abstract":"The content of Pb and Cr in some vegetables (viz lettuce, onion, carrot, tomato, pepper and amaranthus) grown on irrigated farm lands in the vicinity of Sharada industrial waste water drainage basin at Kaba village, Challawa, Kano, Challawa-Yandanko rivers and Thomas Dam, Danbatta, Kano, Nigeria were evaluated. It is situated at 8 o 29` 42” to 8 o 30` 54” E longitude and 11 o 5`18” to 11 o 5` 54” N latitude, also 8 o 30` 18” to 8 o 31` 30”E Longitude and 12 o 17` 6” to 12 o 16` 30”N Latitude. The objectives have been mainly to determine Cr, and Pb in edible parts of these vegetable samples which were frequently consumed by people in Kano and other parts of Nigeria in order to compare the heavy metals contents with the results obtained in analogous studies carried out in relation to the permissible limits specified by WHO/FAO, standards. Samples of vegetable were obtained in the dry season for the year 2018 from upstream and downstream portion of the sample sites. Analyses for the concentration of these heavy metals (Pb and Cr) were conducted by the use of Mass plama-Atomic Emission spectrometry (MP-AES) method. The Data obtained were expressed in terms of descriptive statistics while the figures were presented with mean values of three replicates. The statistical significance was computed using pair samples T-test to test the variation among the heavy metals in the vegetables and sites with a software JMP4 version 14. Results for the study indicated that concentration values of Pb (0.71-8.39 mgkg -1 ) and (Cr 9.58-28.30 mgkg -1 ) were higher than WHO/FAO maximum permissible limits for (Pb 0.3mgkg -1 ) and (Cr 2.3mgkg -1 ). The two way Anova test showed significant differences by farming site, vegetable type and their interaction. Furthermore, the study revealed that some areas of the sample site were more polluted by a particular metal than the other due to the revealing and anthropogenic activities such as the use of untreated industrial and municipal effluents, pesticides, fertilizer supplements for irrigation purposes in the area. Therefore, consumers of these vegetables run the risk of health problems like elevated blood pressure, developmental and neuro-behavioural effects on fetuses, in infants and children, cardiovascular, tubular dysfunction in kidneys and nervous disorders due the elevated concentrations of Cr and Pb in the vegetables. Keywords: Effluent, Heavy metals, Kano, Nigeria, Vegetables","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"145-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73911681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Complex of Cu (II) with Schiff base derived from 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 1,3- Phenylenediamine have been mechanochemically (liquid-assistant grinding) synthesized and characterized by infrared, powder x-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray and CHN analysis. Evidence from Infrared spectral study indicated a strong band in the spectra of free ligand occurring at 1619 cm -1 which assigned to ν(C=N). It shifted to lower frequency region 1587 cm-1 in the complex indicating the involvement of nitrogen atom of azomethine group. The coordination of Schiff base with the metal ion is confirmed by the appearance of low frequency band at 461 cm -1 due to metal-oxygen ν(M-O) and at 579 cm -1 due to metal azothemine nitrogen (MN) band. The Powder-XRD analysis reveals that, the patterns of the ground mixture were entirely different from the starting constituents, indicating that, all the starting materials were transformed to product, furthermore the colour of the complex was different from that of the Schiff base suggesting the formation of coordination compound. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized Schiff base and complex were tested using serial dilution method, against bacterial strains ( Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus ) and fungal strain ( Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger ). It has been observed that the complex has higher activity than the free Schiff base ligand. Keywords : Mechanochemistry, Power-X-ray, Azomethine, Ligand, Complex.
以2-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛和1,3-苯二胺为原料合成了希夫碱配合物Cu (II)，并用机械化学(液体辅助研磨)方法对其进行了表征，并用红外光谱、粉末x射线衍射、能量色散x射线和CHN分析对其进行了表征。红外光谱研究表明，自由配体在1619 cm -1处有一个强波段，该波段属于ν(C=N)。在配合物中向低频区1587 cm-1偏移，表明氮原子参与了亚甲基。在461 cm -1处出现金属氧ν(M-O)低频带，在579 cm -1处出现金属氮(MN)低频带，证实了席夫碱与金属离子的配位。粉末xrd分析表明，混合物的形貌与起始成分完全不同，说明起始物质全部转化为产物，配合物的颜色与席夫碱的颜色不同，说明形成了配位化合物。采用连续稀释法检测合成的希夫碱及其配合物对细菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)和真菌(黄曲霉、黑曲霉)的抑菌活性。已观察到该配合物比自由席夫碱配体具有更高的活性。关键词:机械化学，功率x射线，亚甲基，配体，配合物
{"title":"Solid State Synthesis, Spectroscopic and X-ray Studies of Cu(II) Schiff base Complex Derived from 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 1,3- Phenylenediamine","authors":"S. Sani, M. A. Kurawa, I. T. Siraj","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V9I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V9I1","url":null,"abstract":"Complex of Cu (II) with Schiff base derived from 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 1,3- Phenylenediamine have been mechanochemically (liquid-assistant grinding) synthesized and characterized by infrared, powder x-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray and CHN analysis. Evidence from Infrared spectral study indicated a strong band in the spectra of free ligand occurring at 1619 cm -1 which assigned to ν(C=N). It shifted to lower frequency region 1587 cm-1 in the complex indicating the involvement of nitrogen atom of azomethine group. The coordination of Schiff base with the metal ion is confirmed by the appearance of low frequency band at 461 cm -1 due to metal-oxygen ν(M-O) and at 579 cm -1 due to metal azothemine nitrogen (MN) band. The Powder-XRD analysis reveals that, the patterns of the ground mixture were entirely different from the starting constituents, indicating that, all the starting materials were transformed to product, furthermore the colour of the complex was different from that of the Schiff base suggesting the formation of coordination compound. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized Schiff base and complex were tested using serial dilution method, against bacterial strains ( Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus ) and fungal strain ( Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger ). It has been observed that the complex has higher activity than the free Schiff base ligand. Keywords : Mechanochemistry, Power-X-ray, Azomethine, Ligand, Complex.","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"76-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88107456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sani, M. A. Kurawa, I. Sira, A. H. Birniwa, S. Zauro
In this paper, two Schiff bases of different solid primary aromatic amines were successfully synthesized using 1:1 and 2:1 molar ratio of 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde to solid amine, by Liquid-assistant grinding. The Schiff-bases were investigated by analytical and spectroscopic techniques using FT-IR, Powder X-ray Diffraction Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Melting point and CHN microanalysis. The Schiff bases were found to be soluble in polar solvent such as methanol and ethanol but insoluble in non-polar solvent such as hexane. Evidence from Infrared spectral study indicated that, the characteristics band attributed to aldehyde stretching disappeared on the final Schiff bases and the new absorption band at 1624 - 1644 cm -1 was due to the ν(C=N) stretching vibration, which is the characteristic band of Schiff base. The Powder-XRD analysis reveals that, the PXRD patterns of the Schiff bases were different from their respective starting materials which indicate the formation of new phase of the product. The elemental microanalysis of the Schiff base ligand is consistent with the calculated results from the empirical formula of the proposed structure of each compound. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized Schiff base were tested using agar well diffusion method, against different strains of bacterial and fungal isolates. The antimicrobial results indicated that, the antibacterial activity of the (H2L 1 ) Schiff base ligand was found to be more effective against Escherichia coli . Keywords : Azomethine, Liquid-assistant grinding, Mechanochemistry, Powder x-ray, Schiff base
本文以2-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛与固体胺的摩尔比为1:1和2:1，通过液体辅助研磨，成功合成了两种不同的固体伯胺希夫碱。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、粉末x射线衍射能谱(EDX)熔点和CHN微量分析等分析和光谱技术对希夫碱进行了研究。席夫碱可溶于极性溶剂，如甲醇和乙醇，但不溶于非极性溶剂，如己烷。红外光谱研究结果表明，最终席夫碱的醛拉伸特征带消失，在1624 ~ 1644 cm -1处出现了新的吸收带，这是由于ν(C=N)拉伸振动引起的，这是席夫碱的特征带。粉末xrd分析表明，希夫碱的PXRD谱图与各自的起始材料不同，表明产物形成了新相。希夫碱配体的元素微量分析与所提化合物结构的经验公式计算结果一致。采用琼脂孔扩散法对合成的希夫碱对不同菌株的细菌和真菌的抑菌活性进行了测试。结果表明，(H2L 1)希夫碱配体对大肠杆菌的抑菌活性更强。关键词:亚甲胺，液体辅助研磨，机械化学，粉末x射线，希夫碱
{"title":"Liquid-assisted Mechanochemical Conversion of 2-hydroxy-3- methoxybenzaldehyde and Some Primary Aromatic Amines to Corresponding Schiff bases","authors":"S. Sani, M. A. Kurawa, I. Sira, A. H. Birniwa, S. Zauro","doi":"10.4314/csj.v9i2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/csj.v9i2","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, two Schiff bases of different solid primary aromatic amines were successfully synthesized using 1:1 and 2:1 molar ratio of 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde to solid amine, by Liquid-assistant grinding. The Schiff-bases were investigated by analytical and spectroscopic techniques using FT-IR, Powder X-ray Diffraction Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Melting point and CHN microanalysis. The Schiff bases were found to be soluble in polar solvent such as methanol and ethanol but insoluble in non-polar solvent such as hexane. Evidence from Infrared spectral study indicated that, the characteristics band attributed to aldehyde stretching disappeared on the final Schiff bases and the new absorption band at 1624 - 1644 cm -1 was due to the ν(C=N) stretching vibration, which is the characteristic band of Schiff base. The Powder-XRD analysis reveals that, the PXRD patterns of the Schiff bases were different from their respective starting materials which indicate the formation of new phase of the product. The elemental microanalysis of the Schiff base ligand is consistent with the calculated results from the empirical formula of the proposed structure of each compound. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized Schiff base were tested using agar well diffusion method, against different strains of bacterial and fungal isolates. The antimicrobial results indicated that, the antibacterial activity of the (H2L 1 ) Schiff base ligand was found to be more effective against Escherichia coli . Keywords : Azomethine, Liquid-assistant grinding, Mechanochemistry, Powder x-ray, Schiff base","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73956779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study examined the bioactive phytochemical and nutritional compositions of Hibiscus rosasinensis , Moringa oleifera and Musa paradisiaca flowers collected from Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Various researches suggest that some flowers are eaten by man since ancient times and have therapeutic properties as well as nutritional value. Fresh flowers were collected, washed, dried and ground into powder for analysis. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins, Phenols, Terpenoids, Phlobatannins, Cardiac glycosides, Anthraquinones and Steroids in M. oleifera and M. paradisiaca flowers while Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Tannins, Phenols and Terpernoids were absent in H. rosasinensis . Quantitatively, M. oleifera and M. paradisiaca contained (mg/100g) Tannins 54.61 and 48.93, Saponins 46.51 and 25.42, and Phenols 44.37 and 36.09 respectively. H. rosasinensis contained 63.03mg/100g saponins while the estimated quantity of flavonoids in M. paradisiaca was 17.98mg/100g. The percentage estimation of the proximate composition of the three flowers revealed carbohydrate values ranging from 49.01 to 61.11, crude protein 1.90 - 3.07, crude fiber 17.27 - 29.00, ash 1.89 - 3.34, crude fat 3.36 - 5.60 and moisture content 12.37 - 13.66. All the flowers showed high level of mineral elements in order of Na>K>Ca >Cu>Fe>Mn>Mg and Zn while Pb and Ni found in M. oleifera and M. paradisiaca were below the permissible level and considered safe for human consumption. The presence of phytochemical in the flowers suggests possible preventive and curative property of the flowers. Also, the flowers are rich in carbohydrate, fiber and minerals hence can be fortified as supplementary food for man and livestock feeds. Keywords: Ekiti State, Flower, Nutritional composition, Phytochemical, Supplementary food
{"title":"Phytochemical constituents and nutritional evaluation of three selected edible flowers in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria","authors":"S. Oyeyemi, S. Arowosegbe, M. A. Famosa","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined the bioactive phytochemical and nutritional compositions of Hibiscus rosasinensis , Moringa oleifera and Musa paradisiaca flowers collected from Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Various researches suggest that some flowers are eaten by man since ancient times and have therapeutic properties as well as nutritional value. Fresh flowers were collected, washed, dried and ground into powder for analysis. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins, Phenols, Terpenoids, Phlobatannins, Cardiac glycosides, Anthraquinones and Steroids in M. oleifera and M. paradisiaca flowers while Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Tannins, Phenols and Terpernoids were absent in H. rosasinensis . Quantitatively, M. oleifera and M. paradisiaca contained (mg/100g) Tannins 54.61 and 48.93, Saponins 46.51 and 25.42, and Phenols 44.37 and 36.09 respectively. H. rosasinensis contained 63.03mg/100g saponins while the estimated quantity of flavonoids in M. paradisiaca was 17.98mg/100g. The percentage estimation of the proximate composition of the three flowers revealed carbohydrate values ranging from 49.01 to 61.11, crude protein 1.90 - 3.07, crude fiber 17.27 - 29.00, ash 1.89 - 3.34, crude fat 3.36 - 5.60 and moisture content 12.37 - 13.66. All the flowers showed high level of mineral elements in order of Na>K>Ca >Cu>Fe>Mn>Mg and Zn while Pb and Ni found in M. oleifera and M. paradisiaca were below the permissible level and considered safe for human consumption. The presence of phytochemical in the flowers suggests possible preventive and curative property of the flowers. Also, the flowers are rich in carbohydrate, fiber and minerals hence can be fortified as supplementary food for man and livestock feeds. Keywords: Ekiti State, Flower, Nutritional composition, Phytochemical, Supplementary food","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":"76 1","pages":"41-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75719342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Decarbonylation of Mo and W hexacarbonyls in the presence of dimethylglyoxime was carried out under the control of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMNO). The two DMG substituted carbonyl complexes were prepared in a one pot synthesis using manipulated Schlenk techniques under dinitrogen in tetrahydrofuran. The Mo complex system was successfully carried out by stirring the mixture of the molybdenum hexacarbonyl and DMG in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature for 18hrs. A similar procedure afforded the starting ligand material for the W complex analogue. However, further refluxing for 6 h gave the desired W complex. The complexes were characterized using 1 H NMR, IR, and CHN analyses. Results showed that the reactions produced analytically pure, mono-product dicarbonyl species; Mo(CO) 2 (DMG) 2 I and W(CO) 2 (DMG) 2 II where two DMG moieties were coordinated to the central metal atom through one N and O atoms respectively of each of the oxime groups. Keywords: Bioorganometallic, Metal carbonyl, CO-RMs, Decarbonylation, Trimethylamine N-oxide
{"title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide promoted decarbonylation reactions of molybdenum and tungsten hexacarbonyls with dimethylglyoxime","authors":"A. Abubakar, U. Eke","doi":"10.4314/csj.v8i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/csj.v8i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Decarbonylation of Mo and W hexacarbonyls in the presence of dimethylglyoxime was carried out under the control of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMNO). The two DMG substituted carbonyl complexes were prepared in a one pot synthesis using manipulated Schlenk techniques under dinitrogen in tetrahydrofuran. The Mo complex system was successfully carried out by stirring the mixture of the molybdenum hexacarbonyl and DMG in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature for 18hrs. A similar procedure afforded the starting ligand material for the W complex analogue. However, further refluxing for 6 h gave the desired W complex. The complexes were characterized using 1 H NMR, IR, and CHN analyses. Results showed that the reactions produced analytically pure, mono-product dicarbonyl species; Mo(CO) 2 (DMG) 2 I and W(CO) 2 (DMG) 2 II where two DMG moieties were coordinated to the central metal atom through one N and O atoms respectively of each of the oxime groups. Keywords: Bioorganometallic, Metal carbonyl, CO-RMs, Decarbonylation, Trimethylamine N-oxide","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"29-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74395584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1-o-Carboxyphenyltriazene (HT) was synthesized by coupling ethanolic solution of diazonium salt of 2-aminobenzoic acid with phenylhydroxylamine in 1:1 molar proportion at 0-5 O C in a refrigerator. Interaction of ethanolic solution of the ligand and aqueous solution of Manganese (II) sulphate heptahydrate formed bis (3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1-o-carboxyphenyltriazene) Manganese (II) monohydrate. The ligand is soluble in many organic solvents; however, it is slightly soluble in water. Similarly the Manganese (II) complex is soluble in some organic solvents and water. The molar conductance of the complex is 36.7 Ohm -1 Cm 2 Mol -1 which is quite low, suggesting that the compound is non-electrolyte. The complex compound decomposed at 208 O C, indicating good thermal stability. The infrared of the ligand and the complex showed bands, which are attributable to ʋ (N=N) stretching vibration at 1397 and 1400 Cm -1s . The bands at 3425 and 3463 Cm -1 are assigned to ʋ (O-H) vibration in the complex and the ligand respectively. The empirical formular calculation from gravimetric analysis results revealed a 1: 2 metal to ligand ratio. Keywords: Schiff base complex, 3-hydroxy 3- phenyl-1-o-carboxyphenyltriazene
以2-氨基苯甲酸重氮盐乙醇溶液与苯基羟胺为原料，在0-5℃条件下，以1:1摩尔比偶联制备了3-羟基-3-苯基-1- O -羧基苯基三氮烯(HT)。配体的乙醇溶液与七水合硫酸锰水溶液相互作用形成二(3-羟基-3-苯基-1-o-羧基苯基三氮)一水合锰。该配体可溶于许多有机溶剂;然而，它是微溶于水的。同样，锰(II)配合物可溶于某些有机溶剂和水。该配合物的摩尔电导为36.7欧姆-1 Cm - 2 Mol -1，相当低，表明该化合物是非电解质。该配合物在208℃时分解，热稳定性好。配体和配合物的红外光谱显示了在1397和1400 Cm -1s处由N=N的伸缩振动引起的条带。在3425和3463 Cm -1处的波段分别归属于配合物和配体的h (O-H)振动。根据重量分析结果计算经验公式，金属与配体的比例为1:2。关键词:希夫碱配合物，3-羟基3-苯基-1-o-羧基苯基三氮杂烯
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of Bis (3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1-O-carboxyphenyl triazene) Manganese (II) complex","authors":"U. Muhammad, H. Aliyu","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.10","url":null,"abstract":"3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1-o-Carboxyphenyltriazene (HT) was synthesized by coupling ethanolic solution of diazonium salt of 2-aminobenzoic acid with phenylhydroxylamine in 1:1 molar proportion at 0-5 O C in a refrigerator. Interaction of ethanolic solution of the ligand and aqueous solution of Manganese (II) sulphate heptahydrate formed bis (3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1-o-carboxyphenyltriazene) Manganese (II) monohydrate. The ligand is soluble in many organic solvents; however, it is slightly soluble in water. Similarly the Manganese (II) complex is soluble in some organic solvents and water. The molar conductance of the complex is 36.7 Ohm -1 Cm 2 Mol -1 which is quite low, suggesting that the compound is non-electrolyte. The complex compound decomposed at 208 O C, indicating good thermal stability. The infrared of the ligand and the complex showed bands, which are attributable to ʋ (N=N) stretching vibration at 1397 and 1400 Cm -1s . The bands at 3425 and 3463 Cm -1 are assigned to ʋ (O-H) vibration in the complex and the ligand respectively. The empirical formular calculation from gravimetric analysis results revealed a 1: 2 metal to ligand ratio. Keywords: Schiff base complex, 3-hydroxy 3- phenyl-1-o-carboxyphenyltriazene","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"70-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83934949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, styrene was successfully grafted onto chitosan by conventional free radical polymerization technique, using potassium persulphate (KPS) as the initiator. The effect of various reaction conditions including chitosan:monomer weight ratio, polymerization temperature, reaction time and concentration of initiator were studied. The highest percentage grafting (G %) 180% was found at 1:4 chitosan:styrene weight ratio, 0.4 g KPS and 70 o C reaction temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed the presence of polystyrene peaks, indicating the success of the grafting procedure. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) revealed that the thermal stability of the prepared copolymer is higher than that of chitosan alone. M w and M n of the isolated polystyrene from the graft copolymer were found to be 9.5249 × 10 4 g/mol and 3.0755 × 10 4 g/mol, respectively, with a polydispersity index of 3.1 Keywords: Biomaterials, Chitosan, Grafting, Polymers, Polystyrene, Potassium persulphate
{"title":"Graft copolymerization and characterization of styrene with chitosan via radical polymerization","authors":"U. Abdulganiyu, M. Saminu, M. Aminu","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.8","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, styrene was successfully grafted onto chitosan by conventional free radical polymerization technique, using potassium persulphate (KPS) as the initiator. The effect of various reaction conditions including chitosan:monomer weight ratio, polymerization temperature, reaction time and concentration of initiator were studied. The highest percentage grafting (G %) 180% was found at 1:4 chitosan:styrene weight ratio, 0.4 g KPS and 70 o C reaction temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed the presence of polystyrene peaks, indicating the success of the grafting procedure. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) revealed that the thermal stability of the prepared copolymer is higher than that of chitosan alone. M w and M n of the isolated polystyrene from the graft copolymer were found to be 9.5249 × 10 4 g/mol and 3.0755 × 10 4 g/mol, respectively, with a polydispersity index of 3.1 Keywords: Biomaterials, Chitosan, Grafting, Polymers, Polystyrene, Potassium persulphate","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"56-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89782383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Standard analytical techniques were employed to determine the proximate composition and lycopene content of three tomato cultivars namely: Roma VF, Ronita and UTC grown in six local government areas of Kano state, Nigeria. Results indicated mean values of 0.15±0.03, 0.16±0.01, 0.15±0.01% titratable acidity; 8.36±0.01, 8.14±0.02, 8.25±0.03% total soluble solids; 1.19±0.04, 1.25±0.03, 1.12±0.01% crude fiber; 2.26±0.05, 2.32±0.02, 2.60±0.02% crude protein; 0.18±0.01, 0.14±0.01, 0.14±0.02% ash content; 90.75±0.03, 88.43±0.04, 84.15±0.01% moisture content; 3.73±0.09, 4.59±0.09, 4.34±0.18 mg/100g vitamin C and 6.88±0.06, 6.88±0.02, 7.83±0.04 mg/100g lycopene content for Roma VF, Ronita and UTC respectively. The levels of the proximate parameters and lycopene contents have shown that the cultivars were of high nutritional quality and can be good sources of raw material for industrial use due to their high total soluble solids which are twice the minimum level recommended for tomato to be employed for industrial processing. Keywords: Antioxidant, lycopene content, proximate composition, tomato cultivars
{"title":"Proximate analysis and total lycopene content of some tomato cultivars obtained from Kano State, Nigeria","authors":"S. Mohammed, A. Abdurrahman, M. Attahiru","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Standard analytical techniques were employed to determine the proximate composition and lycopene content of three tomato cultivars namely: Roma VF, Ronita and UTC grown in six local government areas of Kano state, Nigeria. Results indicated mean values of 0.15±0.03, 0.16±0.01, 0.15±0.01% titratable acidity; 8.36±0.01, 8.14±0.02, 8.25±0.03% total soluble solids; 1.19±0.04, 1.25±0.03, 1.12±0.01% crude fiber; 2.26±0.05, 2.32±0.02, 2.60±0.02% crude protein; 0.18±0.01, 0.14±0.01, 0.14±0.02% ash content; 90.75±0.03, 88.43±0.04, 84.15±0.01% moisture content; 3.73±0.09, 4.59±0.09, 4.34±0.18 mg/100g vitamin C and 6.88±0.06, 6.88±0.02, 7.83±0.04 mg/100g lycopene content for Roma VF, Ronita and UTC respectively. The levels of the proximate parameters and lycopene contents have shown that the cultivars were of high nutritional quality and can be good sources of raw material for industrial use due to their high total soluble solids which are twice the minimum level recommended for tomato to be employed for industrial processing. Keywords: Antioxidant, lycopene content, proximate composition, tomato cultivars","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"64-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89612772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The root, stalk and leaf essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus grown in Kaduna, North Central Nigeria were extracted separately by hydrodistillation and characterized by GC-MS. The chemical composition analysis by GC-MS of the oils allowed the identification of 34, 26 and 16 compounds respectively. In the three oils, the main components were the isomers geranial and neral, which together form the compound citral. This corresponds to a total of 8.7, 27.8 and 35.1% of the compounds identified in the root, stalk and leaf oils respectively. The results obtained revealed a significant variability in the chemical composition and yield of the essential oils. Keywords: Chemical composition, Cymbopogon citratus , Citral, Essential oil, GC/MS, Yield
{"title":"Comparative study of root, stalk and leaf essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass)","authors":"R. F. Olayemi","doi":"10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V8I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The root, stalk and leaf essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus grown in Kaduna, North Central Nigeria were extracted separately by hydrodistillation and characterized by GC-MS. The chemical composition analysis by GC-MS of the oils allowed the identification of 34, 26 and 16 compounds respectively. In the three oils, the main components were the isomers geranial and neral, which together form the compound citral. This corresponds to a total of 8.7, 27.8 and 35.1% of the compounds identified in the root, stalk and leaf oils respectively. The results obtained revealed a significant variability in the chemical composition and yield of the essential oils. Keywords: Chemical composition, Cymbopogon citratus , Citral, Essential oil, GC/MS, Yield","PeriodicalId":9900,"journal":{"name":"ChemSearch Journal","volume":"87 1","pages":"20-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82678187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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